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Pan-Slavism and romanticism dominated Czech literature in the first half of the 19th cent. Frantisek PalackY highlighted Slavic scholarship. The 9th- and 13th-century Slavic texts produced by VAclav Hanka (1791–1861) were proved spurious; they became, however, part of the Czech literary tradition and remained influential. In the later 19th cent., when the poetry of Svatopluk cech, Jan Neruda, and Joseph V. SlAdek and the novels of Alois JirAsek achieved fame, literature was oriented toward the intellectual and the bourgeois.
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