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Carl Gustav Jung[kArl goos´tAf yoong] Pronunciation Key, 1875–1961, Swiss psychiatrist, founder of analytical psychology. He studied at Basel (1895–1900) and ZUrich (M.D., 1902). After a stint at the University Psychiatric Clinic in ZUrich, Jung worked (1902) under Eugen Bleuler at the Burgholzli Clinic. He wrote valuable papers, but more important was his book on the psychology of dementia praecox (1906), which led to a meeting (1907) with Sigmund Freud. Finding that their theoretical positions had much in common, the two formed a close relationship for a number of years: Jung edited the Jahrbuch fUr psychologische und psychopathologische Forschungen and was made (1911) president of the International Psychoanalytic Society. A formal break with Freud came in 1914, however, when Jung's revolutionary work on the subject of the unconscious disagreed with the Freudian emphasis on sexual trauma as the basis for all neurosis, and on the literal interpretation of the Oedipus complex.
Prior to World War II, Jung became president of the German Association for Psycho-therapy, a Nazi-influenced organization. As the Nazis forced their Aryan ideology on the association, Jung became increasingly uncomfortable and resigned. Questions have arisen, however, regarding his alleged racial theories of the unconscious. Nonetheless, Jung's work remains widely influential in such fields as religious studies and literary criticism.
Jungian psychology is based on psychic totality and psychic energism; he postulated two dimensions in the unconscious : the personal and the archetypes of a collective unconscious. He developed the concepts of extroversion and introversion for the study of personality types, as well as the theory of synchronicity, the coincidence of causally unrelated events having identical or similar meaning. For Jung the most important and lifelong task imposed upon any person is fulfillment through the process of individuation, achievement of harmony of conscious and unconscious, which makes a person one and whole. Jung's many works are compiled in H. Read, M. Fordham, and G. Adler, ed., Collected Works of C. G. Jung (20 vol., 1953–79).
See his autobiographical Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1963, repr. 1989); his letters, ed. by G. Adler (2 vol., 1973); his correspondence with Sigmund Freud, ed. by R. Manheim and R. F. Hull (1974); biographies by F. McLynn (1997) and R. Hayman (2001); studies by J. Jacobi (rev. ed. 1973), M. A. Mattoon (1985), A. Samuels (1986), and M. Pauson (1989); M. Stein, ed., Jungian Analysis (1982); R. Noll, The Jung Cult (1994) and The Aryan Christ (1997).
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