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The romantic era, with its revolutionary and reform movements, was one of extraordinary productivity. Themes of nationalism and freedom predominated, developed by the patriotic poets Adam Mickiewicz, Juliusz Slowacki, and Zygmunt Krasinski. Romantic novelists of note were Jozef Korzeniowski (1797–1863) and Henryk Rzewuski (1791–1866), and the major dramatist was Alexander Fredro (1793–1876). In the 19th cent. much Polish literature was written by EmigrEs in Paris and other European centers; these included the poet Cyprjan Norwid (1821–83).
Positivism, stimulated by the revolutionary fiasco of 1863, marked an effort to gain national strength through literary attacks on ignorance and reaction. A notable representative of this school was Boleslaw Prus. The colorful historical novels of the Nobel laureate Henryk Sienkiewicz gained international popularity at this time. The last decade of the 19th cent. saw the appearance of the neoromantic school of Young Poland, influenced by French poetry and by Nietzsche. The poet and dramatist Stanislaw Wyspianski, the novelists and dramatists Stefan zeromski and Stanislaw Przybyszewski, and the novelist Wladislaw Stanislaw Reymont were the outstanding writers of this period.
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