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Germaine de StaEl[zhermen´ du stAl] Pronunciation Key, 1766–1817, French-Swiss woman of letters, whose full name was Anne Louise Germaine Necker, baronne de StaEl-Holstein. Born in Paris, the daughter of Jacques and Suzanne Necker, she early absorbed the intellectual and political atmosphere of her mother's salon. In 1786 she married Baron StaEl-Holstein, a Swedish diplomat. Though moderately sympathizing with the French Revolution, she left France in 1792. Returning to Paris under the Directory, she made her salon a powerful political and intellectual center. She separated, amicably, from her husband and became intimately associated with Benjamin Constant. Her love life remained, to the end, both complicated and unconventional. In 1803 her spirited opposition to Bonaparte caused her exile from Paris. Mme de StaEl retired to her estate at Coppet, on the Lake of Geneva, where she attracted a brilliant circle. Already the author of a successful novel, Delphine (1802), and of a study of the influence of social conditions on literature (De la littErature considErEe dans ses rapports avec les institutions sociales, 1800), she was inspired by a trip to Italy to write the novel Corinne (1807). Her principal work, De l'Allemagne (1810), was the result of a tour through Germany. Napoleon, who resented the book as an invidious comparison between German and French culture and mores, ordered the destruction of the entire first edition (1811) on the ground that it was "un-French." Threatened by Napoleon's police, Mme de StaEl fled to Russia and England; in 1815 she returned to Coppet. Republished, De l'Allemagne tremendously influenced European thought and letters, which became imbued with Mme de StaEl's enthusiasm for German romanticism. Among her other works are ConsidErations sur les principaux EvEnements de la REvolution franCaise (1818) and the autobiographical Dix AnnEes d'exil (1818). There are English translations of most of her works.
See her correspondence (tr. 1970); her memoirs (new ed. 1968); biography by C. Herold (1964); and M. Levaillant, The Passionate Exiles (1958, repr. 1971).
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