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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Neotoma cinerea | Bushy-Tailed Woodrat
ABBREVIATION :
NECI
COMMON NAMES :
bushy-tailed woodrat
packrat
woodrat
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name for the bushy-tailed woodrat is
Neotoma cinerea (Ord). It is a member of the family Cricetidae. The
13 recognized subspecies are listed below [15,37].
N. cinerea cinerea
N. cinerea acraia (Elliot)
N. cinerea alticola (Hooper)
N. cinerea arizonae (Merriam)
N. cinerea cinnamomea J. A. Allen
N. cinerea drummondii (Richardson)
N. cinerea fusca True
N. cinerea lucida Goldman
N. cinerea macrodon Kelson
N. cinerea occidentalis Baird
N. cinerea orolestes Merriam
N. cinerea pulla Hooper
N. cinerea rupicola J. A. Allen
ORDER :
Rodentia
CLASS :
Mammal
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Julie L. Tesky, November 1994
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Tesky, Julie L. 1994. Neotoma cinerea. In: Remainder of Citation
WILDLIFE DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Neotoma cinerea | Bushy-Tailed Woodrat
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Bushy-tailed woodrats occur from the Yukon Territory and Northwest
Territories south to Arizona and New Mexico and from California east to
the Black Hills, South Dakota and the Badlands of the upper Missouri
River drainage area of South Dakota and Nebraska [22]. The specific
ranges of the subspecies are listed below [15]:
N. c. drummondii - Occurs from the Yukon Territory and Northwest
Territories south to eastern British Columbia and western Alberta.
N. c. occidentalis - Occurs from the Yukon Territory to Washington,
the Cascade Range of Oregon, and northern Idaho.
N. c. cinerea - Occurs from southeastern British Columbia, southern
Alberta, and southwestern Saskatchewan south to central Idaho, western
Wyoming, Montana, and western North Dakota.
N. c. alticola - Occurs in southern Washington, Oregon, southern Idaho,
northeastern Caliifornia, and northern Nevada.
N. c. rupicola - Occurs from southeastern Montana and North Dakota to
western Nebraska and northeastern Colorado.
N. c. cinnomomea - Occurs in southwestern Wyoming, northeastern Utah,
and northwestern Colorado.
N. c. fusca - Occurs in the Coast Ranges of Washington and Oregon.
N. c. pulla - Occurs from southwestern Oregon to northern California.
N. c. acraia - Occurs from east-central California to southeastern
Idaho, Utah, and northern Arizona.
N. c. lucida - Occurs in southeastern California and southwestern
Nevada.
N. c. orolestes - Occurs from southeastern Montana and southwestern
South Dakota to northern New Mexico.
N. c. arizonae - Occurs in Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona.
N. c. macrodon - Occurs in east-central Utah.
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES24 Hemlock-Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
STATES :
| AZ |
CA |
CO |
ID |
MT |
NE |
NV |
NM |
OR |
SD |
| UT |
WA |
WY |
WY |
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K025 Alder - ash forest
K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass - bluegrass
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
SAF COVER TYPES :
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
207 Red fir
208 Whitebark pine
209 Bristlecone pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
216 Blue spruce
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood - willow
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
231 Port-Orford-cedar
232 Redwood
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
239 Pinyon - juniper
244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
247 Jeffrey pine
248 Knobcone pine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Bushy-tailed woodrats inhabit a wide variety of life zones from the
arctic-alpine to the Sonoran Desert. They have definite habitat
preferences in particular regions, but the species as a whole appears to
have a wide ecological amplitiude. Bushy-tailed woodrats in Canada
inhabit open forests of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) and
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) [1]. In the southern Oregon Coast
Range, bushy-tailed woodrats are more common in mixed-conifer forests
along streams than in Douglas-fir forests [3,4]. In this area,
bushy-tailed woodrats prefer shrub through closed sapling-pole red alder
(Alnus rubra) stands, shrub through old-growth mixed conifer forests,
and closed sapling-pole through old-growth temperate, high temperate, and
coniferous wetland forests [3].
In northern California, Tevis [34] found that bushy-tailed woodrats were
rare in the mixed-conifer forests of the Douglas-fir zone, but inhabited
redwood (Sequoia sempervirens) forests. In the Sierra Nevada,
bushy-tailed woodrats are widespread in rocky habitat in upper elevation
coniferous forests. Here, they prefer early successional stages of
Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi), red fir (Abies magnifica), and lodgepole
pine (Pinus contorta) [30]. In the White Mountains of California,
bushy-tailed woodrats have a patchy distribution above timberline among
plant communities that typically include sagebrush (Artemisia spp.), wax
currant (Ribes cereum), and scattered grasses [14].
In south-central Idaho on the upper Snake River Plain, bushy-tailed
woodrats occupy the northern cold desert shrub biome in which basin big
sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. tridentata) covers more than 90
percent of the area. Major plant associates are bottlebrush
squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata),
and needle-and-thread (Stipa comata) [21]. In the spruce-fir (Picea
spp.-Abies spp.) zone of northern Utah, bushy-tailed woodrats were found
in meadow and quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) seral stages at a
subalpine site, but were not found in the fir or spruce-fir communities
[27].
In the Piceance Basin of Colorado, bushy-tailed woodrats occurred in a
rolling uplands area of sagebrush communities, true pinyon-Utah juniper
(Pinus edulis-Juniperus osteosperma) communities, mixed mountain shrub
communities, and bottomland sagebrush communities [17].
REFERENCES :
NO-ENTRY
BIOLOGICAL DATA AND HABITAT REQUIREMENTS
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Neotoma cinerea | Bushy-Tailed Woodrat
TIMING OF MAJOR LIFE HISTORY EVENTS :
Breeding season - Bushy-tailed woodrats breed from January to August.
In Canada, the peak of the breeding season is generally between March
and June [1]. In a laboratory study, bushy-tailed woodrats bred from
February to July [9].
Social organization - Bushy-tailed woodrats occur in small family
groups, which are often widely separated [3]. Males keep harems of one
to three females. The males are territorial and aggressively defend
both dens and foraging areas [1]. Harems appearently begin to form in
groups of immigrating subadults during the year before breeding. Young
males leave home areas by 2.5 months, but females remain home to breed
there the next year [9].
Gestation period and litter size - The gestation period is 27 to 32
days. Litter size averages 3.5 young, but may vary from one to six
[1,8]. In the laboratory, females may have up to seven litters in 1
year, but under favorable conditions in the wild, two litters may be
produced during the same year about 2 months apart. In the northern
part of their range, probably only one litter is produced each year.
Some females experience postpartum oestrus and breed within 24 to 48
hours after parturition, while others may not breed until after the
first litter is weaned [1].
Maturation of young - Young venture out of the nest at 22 days of age
and are weaned between 25 and 30 days [1,9]. Maturation time seems to
vary from one area to another. In Colorado, Finley [11] considered
bushy-tailed woodrats mature at 4 months of age. During a laboratory
study, Escherish [9] found that bushy-tailed woodrats mature between 5
and 10 months of age, and stated that bushy-tailed woodrats generally
can breed the spring or summer after birth. According to Banfield [1],
bushy-tailed woodrats in Canada are capable of breeding at about 11
months old. Clark and Stromberg [6] found that bushy-tailed woodrats in
Wyoming do not breed until they are 2 years old. In a laboratory study,
Egoscue [8] found that females born in late spring or summer began
breeding later the following year and had fewer litters their first
breeding season than females born early in the year.
Dispersal - Dispersal of young may occur shortly after weaning or over
several years. Dispersal distances of 1.4 to 2 miles (2.2-3.2 km) have
been recorded [3]. Since the distribution of family groups is patchy
and the families are generally well separated, dispersal of young is an
important component of metapopulation viability. The ability to
recolonize vacated habitats is necessary.
Habits - Bushy-tailed woodrats are primarily nocturnal and are most
active during the half hour after sunset and at dawn, year-round
[1,9,30].
Longevity - Bushy-tailed woodrats may live to be 3 to 4 years of age
[22].
PREFERRED HABITAT :
Bushy-tailed woodrats are found from sea level to mountaintops up to
14,110 feet (4,300 m) elevation. They are associated primarily with
rocky environments in mountainous country, inhabiting cliffs, talus,
caves, river canyons, rocky streamsides, and rock outcrops [1,3,22]. In
southwestern Oregon, bushy-tailed woodrats generally occur in heavily
forested areas among rocks overgrown with vegetation. Buildings, old
logs, and log piles suffice where rocks are scarce. In the transition
zone between the Douglas-fir-western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) forest
and mixed conifer forest in southwestern Oregon, bushy-tailed woodrats
persist without rock outcrops or talus. There, streamside forests
provide the best environment followed by closed sapling-pole stands of
mixed conifers and old growth [3].
Home range - Most bushy-tailed woodrats will forage up to 450 feet (137
m) from the den; this constitutes a 15-acre (6.1-ha) home range. In
southwestern Oregon, Carey [3] recorded movements of up to 1,250 feet
(381 m) within trapping grids that were only 1,300 feet [396 m] wide,
which suggests a maximum home range of about 110 acres (44.5 ha). The
average maximum distance moved per individual was 280 feet (85.3 m).
The minimum habitat needed per family group has been estimated as 80
acres (32.4 ha) [3]. It is rare to find more than one family group on a
talus slope covering 2 to 5 acres (0.8-2.0 ha). Banfield [1] reported
an average population density of one bushy-tailed woodrat to 20 acres
(8.1 ha) in Canada.
Dispersal corridors - Persistence of a bushy-tailed woodrat population
often depends on corridors that connect family groups. Steamside zones
might play a key role in providing dispersal corridors. Heavily
timbered streamsides are characterized by a diversity of plant species
and vertical diversity of vegetation that includes forbs, shrubs, and
deciduous trees. These provide food and, together with the noise of the
stream, some protection from predation. Mixed-conifer old growth may
also be used as a dispersal corridor [3].
COVER REQUIREMENTS :
In most areas, adequate rock cover is the most important resource for
the bushy-tailed woodrat, especially in areas that have cold weather and
heavy snowfall. In areas of mild climate, hollow trees, tree cavities,
and fallen trees provide adequate cover [9].
Shelters - Bushy-tailed woodrats often build shelters on or near the
ground [1,3,9,11]. Shelters are commonly found in rock crevices or
burrows under overhanging rocks. Shelters may also be built in hollow
trees, hollow logs, log piles, and burrows under logs. In the Oregon
Coast Range, bushy-tailed woodrats occasionally build arboreal shelters
up to 50 feet (15 m) above ground that are loosely constructed of sticks
[3].
Shelters consist of two parts: the den (external structure) and the
nest (internal nest cup). Bushy-tailed woodrats usually build a bulky
den of sticks, bones, foliage, debris, and human artifacts [1,3]. The
den serves as a defensive maze to ensure time to escape from a predator,
and also provides an eating platform and a food drying platform [1].
Within these dens bushy-tailed woodrats build small, open, cuplike
nests [3].
FOOD HABITS :
Bushy-tailed woodrats have a varied diet of woody plants, mushrooms,
berries, seeds, and herbage [3,9,22]. In fall, cuttings are gathered and
stored in crevices or dens for winter use [6,22].
In the Pacific Northwest, bushy-tailed woodrats eat the leaves and
cambium of Douglas-fir, Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), and western
hemlock, the leaves of western redcedar (Thuja plicata), and the green
parts of Pacific bleeding heart (Dicentra formosa), red elderberry
(Sambucus racemosa ssp. pubens), waterleaf (Hydrophyllum spp.), trailing
blackberry (Rubus ursinus), Himalaya blackberry (R. discolor), and many
other species [3].
In Canada, bushy-tailed woodrats show a preference for the leaves of
quaking aspen, cherry (Prunus spp.), rose (Rosa spp.), snowberry
(Symphoricarpos spp.), currants (Ribes spp.), elderberries (Sambucus
spp.), and willows (Salix spp.). The twigs and needles of western white
pine (Pinus monticola), Douglas-fir, Engelmann spruce (Picea
engelmannii), subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa), and junipers (Juniperus
spp.), and the seeds and/or fruits of Douglas-fir, anemones (Anemone
spp.), fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium), gentians (Gentianella spp.),
honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.), cinquefoils (Potentilla spp.), gooseberries
(Ribes spp.), raspberries (Rubus spp.), and elderberries are also eaten
[1].
In the pinyon-juniper ecosystem of the Piceance basin of Colorado, woody
plants accounted for over 75 percent of the bushy-tailed woodrat's diet.
Bitterbrush (Purshia spp.) was the predominant food item. Big sagebrush
(Artemisia tridentata) seemed to be avoided. Forbs were eaten, but
composed less than 15 percent of the diet [17].
PREDATORS :
Bushy-tailed woodrats are prey for many predators including the spotted
owl (Strix occidentalis), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), boreal
owl (Aegolius funereus), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), goshawk
(Accipiter gentilis) and other hawks, rattlesnakes (Crotalus spp.),
American marten (Martes americana), bobcat (Lynx rufus), weasels
(Mustela spp.), spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius), striped skunk
(Mephitis mephitis), wolverine (Gulo gulo), foxes (Vulpes spp. and
Urocyon spp.), coyote (Canis latrans), and wolf (Canis lupus)
[1,3,9,18,22]. Within spotted owl home ranges, especially near nest
groves, the rate of predation on bushy-tailed woodrats may be very high,
since bushy-tailed woodrats consistute a major portion of the spotted
owl prey base [3].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE EFFECTS AND USE
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Neotoma cinerea | Bushy-Tailed Woodrat
DIRECT FIRE EFFECTS ON ANIMALS :
Bushy-tailed woodrats can probably escape most fires by taking refuge in
rocky habitats. A study in California showed that during a prescribed
fire, woodrats (Neotoma spp.) evaded harm by escaping to rock outcrops
[19]. Woodrats that do not escape to these refugia may be killed by
fire [33]. Bushy-tailed woodrats residing in riparian areas are
probably protected by their habitat, which tends to burn infrequently
and in a patchy pattern.
HABITAT RELATED FIRE EFFECTS :
Specific information was not available regarding the effects of fire on
bushy-tailed woodrat habitat. Fire regimes vary in the communities in
which bushy-tailed woodrats occur. For example, the mean fire-free
interval for Douglas-fir communities in southwestern Montana is about 40
to 45 years [35]. Western hemlock forests along the coast have a
fire-free interval of about 750 years. Before the arrival of European
settlers, redwood forests burned about every 200 to 500 years [36].
Bushy-tailed woodrats are found in early successional through climax
stages of succession. Their presence depends more on cover and food
availability than on seral stage. In the spruce-fir zone of northern
Utah, for example, bushy-tailed woodrats were found in meadows and aspen
stands. These communities are commonly the first successional stages
after fire [27]. In the Sierra Nevada, bushy-tailed woodrats often
inhabit early successional stages of Jeffrey pine and lodgepole pine,
which are commonly created by fire [2,23]. Some berry-producing plants
which provide food for bushy-tailed woodrats such as blackberries,
raspberries, and gooseberries, often thrive after fire [32]. However,
severe, stand-destroying fires that consume the organic layer can kill
the roots of many berry-producing shrubs, reducing the potential for
sprouting and delaying revegetation [26,31]
Mature trees and old growth are also used by bushy-tailed woodrats. In
some areas of southwestern Oregon, where rocky environments are not
available, bushy-tailed woodrats may use fire-created cavities in trees
as nest sites. Carey [3] found a bushy-tailed woodrat den in an
old-growth tree having a fire-scar opening 3 feet (0.9 m) high and 2
feet (0.6 m) wide at the base.
FIRE USE :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
WILDLIFE SPECIES: Neotoma cinerea | Bushy-Tailed Woodrat
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Index
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Related categories for Wildlife Species: Neotoma cinerea
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