FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Selaginella densa | Little Clubmoss 



IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : 
Little clubmoss is killed by fire except where it is protected by site
conditions [51].


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : 
NO-ENTRY


PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : 
Generally, clubmosses are lacking following recent fire or other major
disturbance [55].  In a study of paired stands in mixed grass prairie in
Manitoba, little clubmoss cover was 14.9 percent in a control plot, 6.2
percent following a single fire and 2.3 percent following two fires
[67].  In paired stands in western North Dakota, the frequency of
little clubmoss was much less following fires that burned from 3 months
to 4 years before sampling [17].


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : 
NO-ENTRY


FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
Prescribed fire can be used to reduce the cover of little clubmoss.  Any
method of reducing little clubmoss would be most successful if done
during a cycle of wet years on the mixed prairie, as drought would
severely set back the recovery of desirable vegetation [1].

Selaginella densa: References

1. Bailey, Arthur W. 1978. Effects of fire on the mixed prairie vegetation. In: Proceedings: Prairie prescribed burning symposium and workshop; 1978 April 25-28; Jamestown, ND. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown]: [5 pages]. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [3598]

2. Bamberg, Samuel A.; Major, Jack. 1968. Ecology of the vegetation and soils associated with calcareous parent materials in three alpine regions of Montana. Ecological Monographs. 38(2): 127-167. [12554]

3. Bell, Katherine L. 1974. Autumn, winter and spring phenology of some Colorado alpine plants. The American Midland Naturalist. 91(2): 460-464. [233]

4. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]

5. Brand, M. D.; Goetz, H. 1978. Secondary succession of a mixed grass community in southwestern North Dakota. Annual Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science. 32(2): 67-78. [7512]

6. Brand, Michael D.; Goetz, Harold. 1986. Vegetation of exclosures in southwestern North Dakota. Journal of Range Management. 39(5): 434-437. [507]

7. Campbell, J. B.; Lodge, R. W.; Johnston, A.; Smoliak, S. 1962. Range management of grasslands and adjacent parklands in the prairie provinces. Publ. 1133. Ottawa, ON: Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch. 32 p. [595]

8. Carroll, S. B.; Bliss, L. C. 1982. Jack pine - lichen woodland on sandy soils in northern Saskatchewan and northeastern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany. 60: 2270-2282. [7283]

9. Clarke, S. E.; Tisdale, E. W.; Skoglund, N. A. 1943. The effects of climate and grazing practices on short-grass prairie vegetation in southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan. Technical Bulletin No. 46. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Dominion, Department of Agriculture. 53 p. [635]

10. Coupland, Robert T. 1950. Ecology of mixed prairie in Canada. Ecological Monographs. 20(4): 271-315. [700]

11. Coupland, Robert T.; Brayshaw, T. Christopher. 1953. The fescue grassland in Saskatchewan. Ecology. 34(2): 386-405. [701]

12. Coupland, Robert T.; Johnson, R. E. 1965. Rooting characteristics of native grassland species of Saskatchewan. Journal of Ecology. 53: 475-507. [702]

13. Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; Reveal, James L. 1972. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 1. New York: Hafner Publishing Company, Inc. 270 p. [717]

14. Daubenmire, Rexford. 1978. Plant geography--with special reference to North America. Physiological Ecology. New York: Academic Press. 338 p. [8949]

15. Bold, H. C.; Alexopoulos, C. J.; Delevoryas, T. 1980. Morphology of plants and fungi. New York: Harper and Row. 819 p. [21159]

16. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]

17. Dix, Ralph L. 1960. The effects of burning on the mulch structure and species composition of grasslands in western North Dakota. Ecology. 41(1): 49-56. [808]

18. Dolan, John J.; Taylor, John E. 1972. Residual effects of range renovation on dense clubmoss and associated vegetation. Journal of Range Management. 25(1): 32-37. [12248]

19. Dolan, John Joseph. 1966. Long-term responses of dense clubmoss (Selaginella densa Rydb.) to range renovation practices in northern Montana. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 83 p. Thesis. [12330]

20. Douglas, George W.; Bliss, L. C. 1977. Alpine and high subalpine plant communities of the North Cascades Range, Washington and British Columbia. Ecological Monographs. 47: 113-150. [9487]

21. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]

22. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]

23. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]

24. Hansen, Paul L.; Hoffman, George R. 1988. The vegetation of the Grand River/Cedar River, Sioux, and Ashland Districts of the Custer National Forest: a habitat type classification. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-157. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 68 p. [771]

25. Hansen, Paul L.; Hoffman, George R.; Bjugstad, Ardell J. 1984. The vegetation of Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota: a habitat type classification. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-113. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 35 p. [1077]

26. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed. Chicago: The Swallow Press Inc. 666 p. [6851]

27. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur; Ownbey, Marion. 1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 1: Vascular cryptograms, gymnosperms, and monocotyledons. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 914 p. [1169]

28. Johnston, Barry C. 1987. Plant associations of Region Two: Potential plant communities of Wyoming, South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, and Kansas. 4th ed. R2-ECOL-87-2. Lakewood, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. 429 p. [3519]

29. Johnson, P. L.; Billings, W. D. 1962. The alpine vegetation of the Beartooth Plateau in relation to cryopedogenic processes and patterns. Ecological Monographs. 32(2): 105-135. [12218]

30. Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H.; Howell, John Thomas; McClintock, Elizabeth. 1960. Arizona flora. 2d ed. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1085 p. [6563]

31. Kartesz, John T.; Kartesz, Rosemarie. 1980. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume II: The biota of North America. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press; in confederation with Anne H. Lindsey and C. Richie Bell, North Carolina Botanical Garden. 500 p. [6954]

32. Koller, Alan L.; Scheckler, Stephen E. 1986. Variations in microsporangia and microspore dispersal in Selaginella. American Journal of Botany. 73: 1274-1288. [12264]

33. Kooiman, Marianne; Linhart, Yan B. 1986. Structure and change in herbaceous communities of four ecosystems in the Front Range, Colorado, U.S.A. Arctic and Alpine Research. 18(1): 97-110. [4076]

34. Kruckeberg, A. R. 1982. Gardening with native plants of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 252 p. [9980]

35. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. United States [Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States]. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 1:3,168,000; colored. [3455]

36. Kufeld, Roland C. 1973. Foods eaten by the Rocky Mountain elk. Journal of Range Management. 26(2): 106-113. [1385]

37. Lewis, Mont E. 1970. Alpine rangelands of the Uinta Mountains: Ashley and Wasatch National Forests. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 4. 75 p. [1451]

38. Lynch, Daniel. 1955. Ecology of the aspen groveland in Glacier County, Montana. Ecological Monographs. 25(4): 321-344. [950]

39. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1966. Two forest fires: and some specific implications in big-game management. Proceedings, Annual Conference of Western Association of Game and Fish Commissioners. 46: 181-193. [17169]

40. Martin, Alexander C.; Zim, Herbert S.; Nelson, Arnold L. 1951. American wildlife and plants. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 500 p. [4021]

41. Moss, E. H. 1959. Flora of Alberta. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 546 p. [8948]

42. Munz, Philip A. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]

43. Peck, Morton E. 1941. A manual of the higher plants of Oregon. Portland, OR: Binfords & Mort. 800 p. [12444]

44. Peet, Robert K. 1981. Forest vegetation of the Colorado Front Range: composition and dynamics. Vegetatio. 45: 3-75; 1981. [1867]

45. Ralston, R. D.; Dix, R. L. 1966. Green herbage production of native grasslands in the Red River valley. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science. 20: 57-66. [5413]

46. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]

47. Reed, John F. 1952. The vegetation of the Jackson Hole Wildlife Park, Wyoming. The American Midland Naturalist. 48(3): 700-729. [1949]

48. Riggs, Robert A.; Peek, James M. 1980. Mountain sheep habitat-use patterns related to post-fire succession. Journal of Wildlife Management. 44(4): 933-938. [4546]

49. Roemer, H. L; Ogilvie, R. T. 1983. Additions to the flora of the Queen Charlotte Islands on limestone. Canadian Journal of Botany. 61(10): 2577-2580. [12217]

50. Ross, Robert L.; Hunter, Harold E. 1976. Climax vegetation of Montana: Based on soils and climate. Bozeman, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 64 p. [2028]

51. Rowe, J. S. 1969. Lightning fires in Saskatchewan grassland. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 83: 317-324. [6266]

52. Ryerson, D. E.; Taylor, J. E.; Baker, L. O.; [and others]. 1970. Clubmoss on Montana rangelands: Distribution, control, range relationships. Bulletin 645. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University, Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. 116 p. [10855]

53. Spence, John R.; Shaw, Richard J. 1983. Observations on alpine vegetation near Schoolroom Glacier, Teton Range, Wyoming. The Great Basin Naturalist. 43(3): 483-491. [8265]

54. Taylor, John Edgar. 1967. Range pitting and nitrogen fertilization on mixed prairie rangeland in northern Montana. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 71 p. Thesis. [12328]

55. Tryon, Rolla M., Jr. 1955. Selaginella rupestris and its allies. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 42(1): 1-95. [11036]

56. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1994. Plants of the U.S.--alphabetical listing. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 954 p. [23104]

57. Van Dyne, G. M.; Vogel, W. G. 1967. Relation of Selaginella densa to site, grazing, and climate. Ecology. 48(3): 438-444. [2419]

58. Vogel, W. G.; Van Dyne, G. M. 1966. Vegetation responses to grazing management on a foothill sheep range. Journal of Range Management. 19: 80-85. [12263]

59. Wagner, Stephen Francis. 1966. Selaginella densa Rydb. and its chemical control. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 61 p. Thesis. [12329]

60. Weaver, J. E.; Albertson, F. W. 1956. Grasslands of the Great Plains. Lincoln, NE: Johnsen Publishing Company. 395 p. [2463]

61. Webster, Terry R.; Steeves, Taylor A. 1964. Observations on drought resistance in Selaginella densa Rydb. American Fern Journal. 54(4): 189-196. [12265]

62. Welden, Charles. 1985. Structural pattern in alpine tundra vegetation. American Journal of Botany. 72(1): 120-134. [8267]

63. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. The Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo, UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]

64. Whitman, W. C. 1979. Analysis of grassland vegetation on selected key areas in southwestern North Dakota. REAP [Regional Environmental Assessment Program] Contract No. 7-01-2. Fargo, ND: North Dakota State University, Department of Botany. 199 p. [3321]

65. Smoliak, S. 1960. Effects of deferred-rotation and continuous grazing on yearling steer gains and shortgrass prairie vegetation of southeastern Alberta. Journal of Range Management. 13: 239-243. [28733]

66. Smoliak, S. 1965. Effects of manure, straw and inorganic fertilizers on Northern Great Plains ranges. Journal of Range Management. 18(1): 11-15. [28734]

67. Wilson, Scott D.; Shay, Jennifer M. 1990. Competition, fire and nutrients in a mixed-grass prairie. Ecology. 71(5): 1959-1967. [12305]

Related categories for Species: Selaginella densa | Little Clubmoss