|
Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
|
|
Introductory
SPECIES: Thelypteris noveboracensis | New York Fern
ABBREVIATION :
THENOV
SYNONYMS :
Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.) Gray
Polypodium noveboracensis L.
Aspidium noveboracensis Schrad.
Aspidium conterminum strigosum Eaton
Dryopteris contermina stigosa Underw.
SCS PLANT CODE :
THNO
COMMON NAMES :
New York fern
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of New York fern is Thelypteris
noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. in the Polypodiaceae family [14]. There are
two forms: T. n. noveboracensis forma noveboracensis and T. n. forma
fragrans (Peck) Burnham [8,24]. The most commonly used synonym in the
literature is Dryopteris novebaracensis.
LIFE FORM :
Fern or Fern Ally
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
S. A. Snyder, August 1993
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Snyder, S. A. 1993. Thelypteris noveboracensis. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Thelypteris noveboracensis | New York Fern
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
New York fern is distributed from Newfoundland west to Ontario and south
to Arkansas and Georgia [8]. It occurs throughout the New England and
Atlantic coastal states and has been noted in some parts of Florida
[14,24,25]. It is also found in Hawaii and some midwestern states [21].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES14 Oak - pine
STATES :
AL AR CT FL GA HI IL IN KY ME
MD MA MI MS NH NJ NY NC OH PA
RI SC TN VT VA WV NB NF NS ON
PQ
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
ACAD ALPO BISO CATO COLO CUGA
CUVA DEWA GWMP GRSM HOBE INDU
JOFL MACA MORR NERI OBRI PRWI
RICH ROCR SARA SHEN SHIL SLBE
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
NO-ENTRY
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
14 Northern pin oak
15 Red pine
20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine - hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
27 Sugar maple
28 Black cherry - maple
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
44 Chestnut oak
46 Eastern redcedar
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
57 Yellow-poplar
58 Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock
59 Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
64 Sassafras - persimmon
108 Red maple
110 Black oak
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
New York fern is an understory component of the yellow birch (Betula
alleghaniensis)-sugar maple (Acer saccharum) association in Quebec [15]..
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Thelypteris noveboracensis | New York Fern
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
NO-ENTRY
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
In hardwood forests of the Northeast, New York fern can sometimes be an
undesirable species because of its ability to outcompete seedlings of
commercially important tree species [3,10,11,12]. It can form a dense
ground cover, especially following clearcutting, preventing
establishment of hardwood seedlings. Treatment with glyphosate or
sulfometuron before clearcutting is recommended to reduce New York fern
cover [10,12].
White-tailed deer browsing of Allegheny hardwood seedlings, particularly
black cherry (Prunus serotina), can cause increases of New York fern
[11,26]. New York fern produces phenols which can kill black cherry
seedlings [5].
Acid rain studies on Long Island, New York, showed that New York fern
became a dominant understory species where pH levels declined to between
3.8 to 4.1 [9].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Thelypteris noveboracensis | New York Fern
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
New York fern is a deciduous fern with leaves about 18 inches (46 cm)
long and 6 inches (15 cm) wide. It grows in tufts along horizontal
rhizomes which are somewhat scaly and widely creeping [2,25]. Spore
clusters are submarginal, and spore covers are absent or minute and
quickly shrivel [24,25]. The fronds of Thelypteris noveboracensis forma
fragrans are glandular and aromatic [8,24].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Chamaephyte
Geophyte
Hemicrytophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Sexual reproduction will occur on bare mineral soil, but New York fern
reproduces mainly by a creeping rootstock that allows it to form dense
ground cover [11]. The rhizomes grow faster in partially cut than in
uncut stands. New rhizomes form on the frond petiole [11]. The
rhizomes can be pulled out of the ground like a mat of sod and
transplanted [25].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
New York fern grows in moist woodlands and pastures, ravines, bogs,
swamps, and field margins of Eastern deciduous forests [24,25,28]. It
is rarely found in dry woodlands of Illinois [21]. In the Adirondack
Mountains it grows on well-drained to "imperfectly-drained" sites from
100 feet (30 m) in elevation near Lake Champlain to 2,300 feet (701 m)
in the MacIntyre Range [14]. It occurs up to 5,000 feet (1,524 m)
elevation in the Blue Ridge Province [25]. It is found on marine sandy
and glacial meltwater sites on well-drained slopes in disturbed forests
southwest of Montreal, Quebec [20]. It grows on calcareous sites in the
southern Blue Ridge escarpment. Soils ther are Brevard phyllite, with a
pH of 6.2 to 6.5 [6]. It can also grow on sites with a pH as low as 3.8
[9].
Some overstory species with which New York fern is associated are swamp
white oak (Quercus bicolor), mazzard cherry (Prunus avium), mockernut
hickory (Carya tomentosa), pignut hickory (C. glabra), shagbark hickory
(C. ovata), white ash (Fraxinus americana), American hornbeam (Carpinus
caroliniana), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and spicebush
(Lindera benzoin) [19,29]. Some understory associates include
hayscented fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula), short huskgrass
(Bracheylytrum erectum), violet (Viola spp.), woodsorrel (Oxalis spp.),
aster (Aster spp.), clubmoss (Lycopodium spp.), viburnum (Viburnum
spp.), evergreen woodfern (Dryopteris intermedia), common greenbrier
(Smilax rotundifolia), circaea (Circaea quadrisulcata), ladyfern
(Athyrium filex-femina), Indian jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema
triphyllum), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), and wild
lily-of-the-valley (Maianthemum canadense) [1,9,17,18].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
New York fern is shade tolerant, but will grow in canopy openings in
hardwood forests [2,11,29].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
New York fern produces spores from May through August from Virginia
south to Georgia [28], from late July through late September in New
England [24], and from June through September in Illinois [21]. Leaves
turn brown in autumn, usually before other wood ferns [25].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Thelypteris noveboracensis | New York Fern
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
New York fern has widely creeping rhizomes that allow it to regenerate
following fire [11].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Thelypteris noveboracensis | New York Fern
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
NO-ENTRY
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
In general, rhizomatous species respond to fire by sprouting. No
specific effects of fire on New York fern were found in the literature.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
In Allegheny hardwood types, fire does not control undesirable species
like New York fern [12].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Thelypteris noveboracensis | New York Fern
REFERENCES :
1. Baird, John W. 1980. The selection and use of fruit by birds in an
eastern forest. Wilson Bulletin. 92(1): 63-73. [10004]
2. Cobb, Broughton. 1956. A field guide to the ferns. Boston: Houghton
Mifflin Company. 281 p. [21691]
3. Drew, Allan P. 1988. Interference of black cherry by ground flora of the
Allegheny uplands. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 18: 652-656.
[8729]
4. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
5. Fisher, Richard F. 1980. Allelopathy: a potential cause of regeneration
failure. Journal of Forestry. 78: 1980. [9049]
6. Gaddy, L. L. 1990. Glade Fern Ravine, a rich fern site in the Blue Ridge
province of South Carolina. Castanea. 55(4): 282-285. [21692]
7. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
8. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. [Corrections
supplied by R. C. Rollins]. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press. 1632 p.
(Dudley, Theodore R., gen. ed.; Biosystematics, Floristic & Phylogeny
Series; vol. 2). [14935]
9. Greller, Andrew M.; Locke, David C.; Kilanowski, Victoria; Lotowycz, G.
Elizabeth. 1990. Changes in vegetation composition and soil acidity
between 1922 and 1985 at a site on the north shore of Long Island, New
York. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 117(4): 450-458. [19192]
10. Horsley, Stephen B. 1982. Development of reproduction in Allegheny
hardwood stands after herbicide-clearcuts and herbicide-shelterwood
cuts. NE-308. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 4 p. [12575]
11. Horsley, Stephen B. 1988. How vegetation can influence regeneration. In:
Smith, H. Clay; Perkey, Arlyn W.; Kidd, William E., Jr, eds. Guidelines
for regenerating Appalachian hardwood stands: Workshop proceedings; 1988
May 24-26; Morgantown, WV. Society of American Foresters Publ. 88-03.
Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Books: 38-54. [13544]
12. Horsley, Stephen B. 1991. Using Roundup and Oust to control interfering
understories in Allegheny hardwood stands. In: McCormick, Larry H.;
Gottschalk, Kurt W., eds. Proceedings, 8th central hardwood forest
conference; 1991 March 4-6; University Park, PA. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-148.
Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern
Forest Experiment Station: 281-290. [15317]
13. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
14. Kudish, Michael. 1992. Adirondack upland flora: an ecological
perspective. Saranac, NY: The Chauncy Press. 320 p. [19376]
15. Lemieux, G. J. 1963. Soil-vegetation relationships in northern hardwoods
of Quebec. In: Forest-soil relationships in North America. Corvallis,
OR: Oregon State University Press: 163-176. [8874]
16. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern
Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
17. Mackun, I. R.; Brach, A. R.; Smallidge, P. J.; [and others]. 1990.
Upland vegetation responses to watershed liming studied. Restoration &
Management Notes. 8(1): 36-37. [13551]
18. Marquis, David A. 1990. Prunus serotina Ehrh. black cherry. In: Burns,
Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical coordinators. Silvics of
North America. Volume 2. Hardwoods. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 594-604. [13972]
19. McNab, W. Henry. 1991. Land classification in the Blue Ridge province:
state-of-the-science report. In: Mengel, Dennis L.; Tew, D. Thompson,
eds. Ecological land classification: applications to identify the
productive potential of southern forests: Proc. of a symp; 1991 January
7-9; Charlotte, NC. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-68. Asheville, NC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest
Experiment Station: 37-47. [15708]
20. Meilleur, A.; Bouchard, A.; Bergeron, Y. 1992. The use of understory
spp. as indicators of landform ecosystem type in heavily disturb.
forest: an evaluat. in the Haut-Saint-Laurent, Quebec. Vegetatio. 102:
13-32. [20101]
21. Mohlenbrock, Robert H. 1986. (Revised edition). Guide to the vascular
flora of Illinois. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
507 p. [17383]
22. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
23. Ross, S. Rachel. 1978. The effects of prescribed burning on ground cover
vegetation of white pine and mixed hardwood forests in southeastern New
Hampshire. Durham, NH: University of New Hamshire. 151 p. Thesis.
[20674]
24. Seymour, Frank Conkling. 1982. The flora of New England. 2d ed.
Phytologia Memoirs 5. Plainfield, NJ: Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L.
Moldenke. 611 p. [7604]
25. Small, John Kunkel. 1964. Ferns of the southeastern states. New York:
Hafner Publishing Company. 517 p. [21690]
26. Tilghman, Nancy G. 1989. Impacts of white-tailed deer on forest
regeneration in northwestern Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife
Management. 53(3): 524-532. [8914]
27. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982.
National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names.
SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573]
28. Wofford, B. Eugene. 1989. Guide to the vascular plants of the Blue
Ridge. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press. 384 p. [12908]
29. Yahner, R. H.; Storm, G. L.; Melton, R. E.; Vecellio, G. M.; Cottam, D.
F. 1991. Floral inventory and vegetative cover type mapping of
Gettysburg National Military Park and Eisenhower National Historic Site.
Tech. Rep. NPS/MAR/NRTR - 91/050. Philadelphia, PA: U.S. Department of
the Interior, National Park Service, Mid-Atlantic Region. 149 p.
[17988]
Index
Related categories for Species: Thelypteris noveboracensis
| New York Fern
|
 |
