• ABBREVIATION
• SYNONYMS
• NRCS PLANT CODE
• COMMON NAMES
• TAXONOMY
• LIFE FORM
• FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS
• OTHER STATUS
• AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION

ABBREVIATION:

ARTCAM

SYNONYMS:

Artemisia borealis Pallas [16,19]
     = Artemisia campestris L. ssp. borealis (Pallas) H. & C. [17,21,44]
Artemisia canadensis Michx. [19,33,34]
     = Artemisia campestris ssp. borealis var. borealis (Pallas) M. E. Peck [21]
Artemisia caudata Michx. [16,30,34]
     = Artemisia campestris ssp. caudata (Michx). H. & C. [10]
Artemisia pacifica Nutt. [16,22]
     = Artemisia campestris ssp. pacifica (Nutt.) H. & C. [21]
Artemisia pycnocephala D. C. [18,27]
     = Artemisia campestris ssp. pacifica (Nutt.) H. & C. [21]
Oligosporus caudatus (Michx.) Poljakov [26]
     = Artemisia campestris ssp. caudata [15,18,21,45]
Oligosporus pacificus (Nutt.) Poljakov [26]
     = Artemisia campestris ssp. pacifica (Nutt.) H. & C. [21]

NRCS PLANT CODE:

ARCA12
ARCAB2
ARCAB4
ARCAP
ARCAS5
ARCAW
ARCAC4
ARCAC
ARCAP2

COMMON NAMES:

sagewort wormwood

TAXONOMY:

The scientific name of sagewort wormwood is Artemisia campestris L. (Asteraceae) [17,21,44]. The species is composed of many races and the taxonomy is confused [14]. Infrataxa of North America include:

A. c. ssp. borealis (Pallas) H.& C. [15,18,21,44] - northern wormwood
     A. c. ssp. b. var. borealis (Pallas) M. E. Peck [17,21,44] - Pacific wormwood
     A. c. ssp. b. var. petiolata Welsh [43]
     A. c. ssp. b. var. purshii (Hook.) Cronq. [21] - Pursh's wormwood
     A. c. ssp. b. var. scouleriana (Benth.) Cronq. [21,44] - Scouler's wormwood
     A. c. ssp. b. var. wormskioldii (Bess.ex Hook.) Cronq. [21] -
         Wormskiold's wormwood

A. c. ssp. campestris L. [21,44] - field wormwood
A. c. ssp. caudata (Michx.) H. & C. [15,18,21,45] - western wormwood
A. c. ssp. pacifica (Nutt.) H. & C. [21] - Pacific wormwood

LIFE FORM:

forb

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:

No legal status

OTHER STATUS:

Northern wormwood is state-listed as endangered in Massachusetts [9], and Wormskiold's wormwood is state-listed as endangered in Washington [42].

AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:

Howard, Janet L. (1998, March). Artemisia campestris. In: Remainder of Citation

• GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
• ECOSYSTEMS
• STATES
• BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS
• SAF COVER TYPES
• SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES
• HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:

Sagewort wormwood occurs in North America and Eurasia [14,17,19]. In North America it occurs from Alaska east to Newfoundland and south to Mexico, Texas, and Florida [14,19,33,45]. Distribution of subspecies follows.

(1) Northern wormwood is a circumpolar taxon [17,18]. Distribution of northern wormwood infrataxa occurring in North America is:

(a) Pursh's wormwood occurs at high elevations from the Coast Ranges of Washington east and south through the Rocky Mountains to Montana and Colorado [18]
(b) Scouler's wormwood is circumpolar. In North America it occurs primarily on plains and at low elevations of the western cordillera [18,25]
(c) Wormskiold's wormwood occurs in the Columbia River Basin [18]

(2) Western wormwood occurs primarily east of the Rocky Mountains, especially in the Great Plains [14,15,17,18,34,26]

(3) Pacific wormwood occurs from coastal Oregon and California east to Arizona and Colorado [27,26].

ECOSYSTEMS:

FRES11 Spruce-fir
FRES12 Longleaf-slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly-shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak-pine
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES44 Alpine

STATES:

AK   AZ   CA   CO   CT   FL   ID   IL   IN   IA   KS   ME
MA   MI   MN   MO   MT   NE  NH   NM   ND   NV  OH
RI   SD   TX   UT   VT   VA   WA   WI   WY

AB  BC  MB  NB  NF  NS   NT  ON   PE  PQ  SK  YT

MEXICO

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS:

 1 Northern Pacific border
 2 Cascade Mountains
 3 Southern Pacific border
 4 Sierra Mountains
 5 Columbian Plateau
 6 Upper Basin and Range
 7 Lower Basin and Range
 8 Northern Rocky Mountains
 9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands

KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:

K037 Mountain mahogany-oak scrub
K040 Saltbrush-greasewood
K047 Fescue-oatgrass
K050 Fescue-wheatgrass
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K053 Grama-galleta steppe
K054 Grama-tobosa prairie
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
K058 Grama-tobosa shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass
K065 Grama-buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalograss
K069 Bluestem-grama prairie
K070 Sandsage-bluestem prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sand Hills prairie
K076 Blackland prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K082 Mosaic of bluestem prairie and oak-hickory forest
K083 Cedar glades
K084 Cross Timbers
K088 Fayette prairie
K089 Blackbelt
K093 Great Lakes spruce-fir
K096 Northeastern spruce-fir forest
K100 Oak-hickory forest
K110 Northeastern oak-pine forest
K111 Oak-hickory-pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest

SAF COVER TYPES:

 12 Black spruce
 14 Northern pin oak
 40 Post oak-blackjack oak
 42 Bur oak
 46 Eastern redcedar
 52 White oak-black oak-northern red oak
 53 White oak
 55 Northern red oak
 57 Yellow poplar
 59 Yellow poplar-white oak-northern red oak
 70 Longleaf pine
 71 Longleaf pine-scrub oak
 73 Southern redcedar
 75 Shortleaf pine
 76 Shortleaf pine-oak
 80 Loblolly pine-shortleaf pine
 81 Loblolly pine
 82 Loblolly pine-hardwood
 83 Longleaf-slash pine
107 White spruce
110 Black oak

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES:

101 Bluebunch wheatgrass
213 Alpine grassland
302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama
310 Needle-and-thread-blue grama
410 Alpine rangeland
413 Gambel oak
502 Grama-galleta
505 Grama-tobosa shrub
601 Bluestem prairie
602 Bluestem prairie-prairie sandreed
603 Prairie sandreed-needlegrass
604 Bluestem prairie-grama prairie
605 Sandsage prairie
606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass
609 Wheatgrass-grama
611 Blue grama-buffalograss
702 Black grama-alkali sacaton
703 Black grama-sideoats grama
705 Blue grama-galleta
706 Blue grama-sideoats grama
707 Blue grama-sideoats grama-black grama
708 Bluestem-dropseed
709 Bluestem-grama
710 Bluestem prairie
712 Galleta-alkali sacaton
713 Grama-muhly-threeawn
714 Grama-bluestem
715 Grama-buffalograss
720 Sand bluestem-little bluestem (dunes)
721 Sand bluestem-little bluestem (plains)
722 Sand sagebrush-mixed prairie
732 Cross Timbers-Texas
809 Mixed hardwood and pine
810 Longleaf pine-turkey oak hills
811 South Florida flatwoods
812 North Florida flatwoods

HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:

Plant species commonly associated with sagewort wormwood are listed below by state or province.

AK:  Associates of sagewort wormwood on coastal tundra near Prudhoe Bay include creeping alkali grass (Puccinellia phryganodes), common scurvygrass (Cochlearia officinalis), Hoppner's sedge (Carex subspathacea), merckia (Wilhelmsia physodes), and willows (Salix spp.) [6].

IL and IN:  Associates in black oak (Quercus velutina) savanna include blackjack oak (Q. marilandica), eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana), wafer ash (Ptelea trifoliata), and sassafras (Sassafras albidum) [2].

MN:  Associates in a blue grama-porcupine grass (Bouteloua gracilis-Stipa spartea) community in Clay County include prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia), prairie junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), and longstolon sedge (Carex inops) [11].

NE:  Associates in sandhill prairie include sand bluestem (Andropogon gerardii var. paucipilus), prairie sandreed, blue grama, hairy grama (B. hirsuta), and stiff sunflower (Helianthus pauciflorus) [23].

SD:  Associates in a needle-and-thread grass-threadleaf sedge-buffalo grass (Hesperostipa comata-Carex filifolia-Buchloe dactyloides) community of south-cental South Dakota include lacy tansyaster (Machaeranthera pinnatifida), fringed sagebrush (Artemisia frigida), leadplant (Amorpha canescens), eastern prickly-pear (Opuntia humifusa), and dotted gayfeather (Liatrus punctata) [39].

BC:  Associates of northern wormwood on subalpine grassland in the boreal white spruce-black spruce (Picea glauca-P. mariana) zone include glaucous bluegrass (Poa glauca), Altai fescue (Festuca altaica), hairy wildrye (Elymus villosus), slender wheatgrass (E. trachycaulum), three-toothed saxifrage (Saxifraga tricuspidata), and fringed sagebrush [29].

• IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE
• PALATABILITY
• NUTRITIONAL VALUE
• COVER VALUE
• VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES
• OTHER USES AND VALUES
• MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:

No information is available on this subject.

PALATABILITY:

No information is available on this subject.

NUTRITIONAL VALUE:

No information is available on this subject.

COVER VALUE:

No information is available on this subject.

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:

Sagewort wormwood is recommended for restoration work [3,4,5]. It has been successfully outplanted on the Northern Great Plains [3] and on severely disturbed alpine sites in the Beartooth Mountains of Montana [5].

OTHER USES AND VALUES:

No information is available on this subject.

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

An increase of sagewort wormwood may indicate deteriorating rangeland conditions [20]. Sagewort wormwood tends to increase on overgrazed rangelands, especially in years of favorable precipitation [23,32].

Sagewort wormwood litter may indirectly inhibit growth of other herbaceous species. In a greenhouse experiment using plant species native to sand dunes of Lake Huron, Ontario, herbs sown in soil with sagewort wormwood leaf litter showed reduced germination or growth compared to herbs sown in soil without the litter. Allelopathic compounds were apparently not initially present in the sagewort wormwood leaf litter, but were produced by microorganisms that decomposed the leaves [46].

• GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM
• REGENERATION PROCESSES
• SITE CHARACTERISTICS
• SUCCESSIONAL STATUS
• SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Sagewort wormwood is a warm-season native forb from 0.8 to 40 inches (2-7 cm) tall [4,17,18]. It is usually a biennial or short-lived perennial [14], but is sometimes a facultative annual [36]. First-year leaves are basal, lobed in form, and crowded; they are usually persistent but may be deciduous [14,18]. Second-year leaves occur mostly on the upper stem and are linear, small, and few [15]. The inflorescence is a small panicle. The fruit is a small achene (< 1 mm) [17,44]. Sagewort wormwood has a taproot [14].

RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM:

Chamaephyte
Phanerophyte
Therophyte

REGENERATION PROCESSES:

Sagewort wormwood reproduces by seed. It generally grows as a rosette in the first year and produces a stem, flowers, and seed in the second or third year [25]. Little is known of sagewort wormwood germination and seedling establishment requirements. Seed is probably stored in litter or soil. Sagewort wormwood seed collected from various wetlands in southeastern Canada and stratified for 9 months began germinating after 3 days in a warm greenhouse. Germination rate after 30 days was 23 percent. At 30 days of age, root-to-shoot ratio and relative growth rate of sagewort wormwood seedlings were about average compared to other perennial herbs collected from the same wetlands [36,37].

SITE CHARACTERISTICS:

Sagewort wormwood occurs in valleys and on slopes and ridges on a variety of soil textures. It grows well in sand, and is common on sand dunes and sand prairies [23,46].

Elevation:  Sagewort wormwood has a wide elevational range [8,17,27]. It occurs from near sea level in California [27] to 10,560 feet (3,200 m) elevation on the Beartooth Plateau of Montana [8]. Elevational range by state is as follows:

AZ:  5,500 to 8,500 feet (1,650-2,550 m) [22]
CA:  sea level to 7,260 feet (0-2,200 m) [17,27]
CO:  4,500 to 9,000 feet (1,350-2,700 m) [16]
UT:  4,125 to 6,850 feet (1,250-2,075 m) [46]

SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:

Sagewort wormwood occurs in all stages of plant succession. On the Beartooth Plateau of Montana, it colonized early seral sites severely disturbed by gravel mining, and also occurred on an adjacent late-seral Ross' avens-silver lupine (Geum rossii-Lupinus argenteus) community [8]. It has been classified as early seral on sand dunes of Lake Michigan [28] and as mid-seral on sandhill prairies of the Great Plains [7].

Sagewort wormwood occurs on severely grazed sites and on sites long protected from grazing. In tallgrass prairie of Minnesota, it was about equally frequent on overgrazed sites and on undisturbed sites [11]. On plains grassland of South Dakota, it was most common on ungrazed sites with sandy soils but also occurred on grazed sites of various soil textures. Sagewort wormwood is a component of undisturbed remnant tallgrass prairies in Indiana and Illinois [2].

SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:

Flowering and fruiting dates of sagewort wormwood are as follows:  

                 Flowers      Fruits     Entity
Arizona          July-Oct.    ----       Pacific wormwood [22]
Carolinas        Sept.-Oct.   ----       western wormwood [30]      
Great Plains     Aug.-Sept.   ----       western wormwood [15]
New England      July-Sept.   Oct.       field wormwood 
New England      July         Sept.      northern wormwood [34]

• FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS
• POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY

FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:

Published information on fire ecology of sagewort wormwood is lacking. Sagewort wormwood probably sprouts and establishes from soil-stored seed after fire. Most established plants probably have sufficient carbohydrate and water reserves stored in taproots to sprout from caudices after top-kill by fire. Plants on poor sites and facultative annuals may be killed by fire.

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY:

Caudex, growing points in soil
Ground residual colonizer

• IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT
• PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE
• FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:

Sagewort wormwood is probably top-killed by fire.

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:

No entry

PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:

Sagewort wormwood probably sprouts from the caudex and establishes from seed after fire.

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:

No entry

FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

No entry

FIRE CASE STUDIES:

No entry

Artemisia campestris: References

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Related categories for SPECIES: Artemisia campestris | Sagewort Wormwood