Introductory
SPECIES: Clintonia uniflora | Queencup Beadlily 



ABBREVIATION : 
CLIUNI

SYNONYMS : 
NO-ENTRY


SCS PLANT CODE : 
   CLUN2


COMMON NAMES : 
   queencup beadlily
   beadlily
   bride's bonnet
   blue bead
   bluebead lily
   clintonia
   one-flowered clintonia
   queen's cup


TAXONOMY : 
The currently accepted scientific name of queencup beadlily is Clintonia
uniflora (Schult.) Kunth [17].  There are no recognized subspecies,
varieties, or forms.


LIFE FORM : 
Forb

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : 
No special status

OTHER STATUS : 
NO-ENTRY


COMPILED BY AND DATE : 
R. J. Habeck, December 1991


LAST REVISED BY AND DATE : 
NO-ENTRY


AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : 
Habeck, R. J. 1991. Clintonia uniflora. In: Remainder of Citation

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Clintonia uniflora | Queencup Beadlily 



GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : 
This forb inhabits the West Coast from Alaska south into California.
Inland populations occur from southern Alberta and British Columbia
south through Montana, Idaho, and into eastern Oregon [16,17,23].


ECOSYSTEMS : 
   FRES23  Fir - spruce
   FRES24  Hemlock - Sitka spruce


STATES : 
     AL  CA  ID  MT  OR  WA  AB  BC


ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS : 
     CRLA  GLAC  MORA  NOCA  OLYM  YOSE


BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 
   1  Northern Pacific Border
   2  Cascade Mountains
   3  Southern Pacific Border
   4  Sierra Mountains
   8  Northern Rocky Mountains


KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : 
   K001  Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
   K003  Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K004  Fir - hemlock forest
   K015  Western spruce - fir forest


SAF COVER TYPES : 
   206  Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
   213  Grand fir
   226  Coastal true fir - hemlock


SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : 
NO-ENTRY


HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : 
Queencup beadlily occurs within many habitat type series.  In Montana
and Idaho, these include the spruce (Picea), grand fir (Abies grandis),
subalpine fir (A. lasiocarpa), mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana), and
western red cedar (Thuja plicata) series.  Typical phases associated
with queencup beadlily habitat types include menziesia (Menziesia
ferruginea), beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax), and queencup beadlily.  In
Montana, queencup beadlily is an indicator of more maritime microsites.
In northern and central Idaho, however, it is an indicator of more mesic
microsites [5,24,29].

Publications listing queencup beadlily as an indicator or dominant
species in habitat types (hts), community types (cts), or plant
associations (pas) are listed below:

Area                    Classification        Authority

   MT                   forest hts            Pfister & others 1977
   MT                   forest pas            Hansen & others  1991
sw MT                   forest hts            Hansen & others  1989
 n ID                   forest hts            Cooper & others  1991
 c ID                   forest hts            Steele & others  1981
 w WA                   forest cts            Franklin & Dyrness 1984
 s WA, n OR             forest cts            Franklin & Dyrness 1984
 e WA, n ID             forest cts            Daubenmire & Daubenmire 1968
WA: Gifford Pinchot     forest pas            Topik 1989    
    National Forest

VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Clintonia uniflora | Queencup Beadlily 



WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : 
NO-ENTRY


IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : 
No information is available concerning the specific use of queencup
beadlily by livestock or wildlife.  The forage potential is basically
fair in early seral habitat types which include queencup beadlily as an
understory associate.  As these sites mature, however, the forage
potential becomes poor to nonexistent in late-seral to near-climax
stands with closed canopies [5,14,24,29].  Low forage quality and
abundance indicate that mature stands that include queencup beadlily are
nonrange for livestock [32].


PALATABILITY : 
The fruit of queencup beadlily is often eaten by small mammals and
birds.  Birds in southeastern Washington chose it as food more than
other species; this preference may be based on the amount of fresh pulp
contained in the fruit [26].  Elk in central Idaho forage on queencup
beadlily leaves, but the palatability is rated low [34].


NUTRITIONAL VALUE : 
Nutritional quality of queencup beadlily fruits from the Rainbow Creek
Research Natural Area, southeastern Washington, was as follows [26]:

                   Mean           Standard Error
                  ------         ----------------
% Protein          5.950               0.01
% Lipid            3.060               0.29
% Neutral       
  Detergent        
  Fiber           13.150               0.36
% Ash             12.400               0.06
% Calcium          0.768                NA
% Magnesium        0.310                NA
% Phosphorus       0.424                NA
% Potassium        5.594                NA

* Percentages based on dry pulp masses.


COVER VALUE : 
NO-ENTRY


VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : 
Queencup beadlily is not transplanted for site recovery projects.  It
has low resistance to human trampling but also exhibits high short-term
resilience to disturbance.  Visitor-use disturbance to queencup
beadlily, as well as its recovery rate, can be predicted [17].


OTHER USES AND VALUES : 
NO-ENTRY


MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
Queencup beadlily is not specifically managed.  The associated
overstory, however, is usually highly productive [5,24,29].  Partial
cutting on these sites generally leads to marked seral shrub and forb
increase.  Queencup beadlily has been observed to grow larger and
possess more root biomass in open sun than in shade (35% open sun) [25].
Conversely, it has been reported to decrease in percent cover from uncut
sites to cut sites [1,12,31].  This may indicate that queencup beadlily
is prone to injury from logging, intolerant to excessive sunlight, or
sensitive to change in soil moisture.

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Clintonia uniflora | Queencup Beadlily 



GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : 
Queencup beadlily is a small, perennial, rhizomatus forb, with a single
white flower about 1 inch (2 cm) long.  Following pollination, a
solitary, smooth, blue berry approximately 0.25 to 0.40 inch (6-10 mm)
long forms on the stem.  The plant has two or three shiny-green basal
leaves which are broad and flat, and about 3 to 6 inches (7-15 cm) long.
Both the stem and leaves are clothed with fine white epidermal hairs
[16,17,23].

Means and ranges of queencup beadlily morphological characteristics are
as follows [2]:

                                 Mean            Range
                                ------          -------
Number of Shoots                 2.90             1-9
Number of Leaves                 5.30             2-15
Total Rhizome Length (cm)      118.00            15-392
Max. Rhizome Depth (cm)          4.80             3-6
Number of Roots                 18.00             8-48
Max. Root Depth (cm)            23.00            15-30
Total Plant Biomass (g)          1.13          0.47-3.69
Max. Age of Live Tissue (yr)    21.30             8-30


RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : 
   Geophyte


REGENERATION PROCESSES : 
Queencup beadlily generally reproduces through rhizomes located 1.2 to
2.4 inches (3-6 cm) below the soil surface.  In a laboratory study
analyzing germination rates from seeds collected in the fall, queencup
beadlily germinated approximately 250 days after sowing and continued to
germinate steadily for 375 days.  In early fall it germinated faster
(approximately 100 days) and peaked quicker (approximately 140 days)
[25].

Morphological characteristics of queencup beadlily fruit from the
Rainbow Creek Research Natural Area, southeastern Washington, are as
follows [26]:

                                  Mean              Standard Error
                                --------           ----------------
Fruit Diameter (mm)               9.94                   0.15
Fruit Mass (mg)                 435.66                  18.92
Pulp Dry Mass (mg)               16.40                   0.67
No. of Seeds per Fruit            6.76                   0.36
Fresh Seed Mass per Fruit (mg)   82.23                   5.10
Fresh Pulp Mass (mg)              6.85                   0.69

* n=100


SITE CHARACTERISTICS : 
Queencup beadlily occupies moist, coniferous forest areas on high
slopes, benches, and stream terraces.  The elevational distribution of
queencup beadlily ranges from 2,000 to 6,100 feet (555-1,860 m)
[5,24,29].  It tends to occur on warm, moist sites, although it can be
found on all aspects.

Soils:  Queencup beadlily occurs on a variety of soil types ranging from
silty clay loams, loams, to gravelly loams.  Parent materials generally
include granite, quartz, and other noncalcareous substrates.  Volcanic
ash seems to be widely present in the upper soil horizons of most
queencup beadlily habitat types [22].  Soil pH usually ranges from 5.5
to 6.5.


SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : 
Obligate Climax Species

Queencup beadlily is an understory indicator species primarily found in
mature forests [5,24,29].  Its understory associates mostly include
twinflower (Linnaea borealis), bunchberry dogwood (Cornus canadensis),
and wintergreen (Pyrola spp.) [19].  Queencup beadlily is often a
dominant understory species, making it a dependable habitat type
indicator.


SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : 
Phenological observations for queencup beadlily in northern Idaho and
west of the Continental Divide in Montana from 1928 to 1937 were as
follows [28]:

                      Average    Earliest    Latest    Standard    Number of
                       Date        Date       Date       Error     Observations
                     ---------   --------    -------   ---------  -------------
First Appearance      May 10      Apr 25      May 20       2           13 
Leaves Full Grown    June 21     June  1     July  2       3           13
Flowers Start        June 16      May 30     July  1       3           15
Flowers End          July  1     June 15     July 25       3           15
Fruits Ripe           Aug 11     July 22      Aug 26       3           14
Seed Fall Starts      Aug 19      Aug  1      Aug 31       4            7
Leaves Wither         Aug 23      Aug  1     Sept  1       2           14
Leaves Fallen         Oct  1     Sept 14      Oct  7       2           13
First Frost Injury   Sept 10      Aug 23     Sept 24       4            8

FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Clintonia uniflora | Queencup Beadlily 



FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : 
Stickney [30] listed queencup beadlily as an on-site survivor following
fire.  It sprouts from rhizomes buried approximately 1.5 inches (4 cm)
in the soil [1,9,16].


POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : 
   Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
   Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
   Secondary colonizer - off-site seed

FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Clintonia uniflora | Queencup Beadlily 



IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : 
Queencup beadlily is typically top-killed by fire.  High-severity fires
may lead to the total destruction of the plant.  Miller and Miller [21]
reported it to be absent from sample sites during 4 years of study
following wildfires in North Cascades National Park, Washington.


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : 
NO-ENTRY


PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : 
Although no information is available for queencup beadlily specifically,
it usually decreases following fire.  The postfire environment is not
thought to be suitable for rapid recovery of queencup beadlily [9].  A
queencup beadlily ecosystem in British Columbia steadily increased in
percent cover following fire, leveling off about 9 years after the burn
[13].


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : 
NO-ENTRY


FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
NO-ENTRY

References for species: Clintonia uniflora

1. Antos, Joseph Avery. 1977. Grand fir (Abies grandis (Dougl.) Forbes) forests of the Swan Valley, Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 220 p. Thesis. [6720]

2. Antos, Joseph A. 1988. Underground morphology and habitat relationships of three pairs of forest herbs. American Journal of Botany. 75(1): 106-113. [15052]

3. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]

4. Cole, David N. 1988. Disturbance and recovery of trampled montane grassland and forests in Montana. Res. Pap. INT-389. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 37 p. [3622]

5. Cooper, Stephen V.; Neiman, Kenneth E.; Roberts, David W. 1991. (Rev.) Forest habitat types of northern Idaho: a second approximation. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-236. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 143 p. [14792]

6. Daubenmire, Rexford F.; Daubenmire, Jean B. 1968. Forest vegetation of eastern Washington and northern Idaho. Technical Bulletin 60. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Agricultural Experiment Station. 104 p. [749]

7. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]

8. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]

9. Fischer, William C.; Bradley, Anne F. 1987. Fire ecology of western Montana forest habitat types. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-223. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 95 p. [633]

10. Franklin, Jerry F.; Dyrness, C. T. 1973. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-8. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 417 p. [961]

11. Freedman, June D. 1983. The historical relationship between fire and plant succession within the Swan Valley white-tailed deer winter range, western Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana. 139 p. Dissertation. [6486]

12. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]

13. Hamilton, Evelyn H.; Yearsley, H. Karen. 1988. Vegetation development after clearcutting and site preparation in the SBS zone. Economic and Regional Development Agreement: FRDA Report 018. Victoria, BC: Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forestry Centre; British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Lands. 66 p. [8760]

14. Hansen, Paul; Boggs, Keith; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John. 1990. Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in central and eastern Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, Montana Riparian Association. 279 p. [12477]

15. Hansen, Paul; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John; [and others]. 1989. Classification and management of riparian sites in southwestern Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Riparian Association. 292 p. Draft Version 2. [8900]

16. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p. [1168]

17. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur; Ownbey, Marion. 1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 1: Vascular cryptograms, gymnosperms, and monocotyledons. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 914 p. [1169]

18. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]

19. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 648 p. [13798]

20. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 10 p. [20090]

21. Miller, Margaret M.; Miller, Joseph W. 1976. Succession after wildfire in the North Cascades National Park complex. In: Proceedings, annual Tall Timbers fire ecology conference: Pacific Northwest; 1974 October 16-17; Portland, OR. No. 15. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 71-83. [6574]

22. Nimlos, Thomas J. 1981. Volcanic ash soils in Montana. Bulletin 45. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 21 p. [8193]

23. Patterson, Patricia A.; Neiman, Kenneth E.; Tonn, Jonalea. 1985. Field guide to forest plants of northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-180. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 246 p. [1839]

24. Pfister, Robert D.; Kovalchik, Bernard L.; Arno, Stephen F.; Presby, Richard C. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-34. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 174 p. [1878]

25. Piper, Jon K. 1986. Germination and growth of bird-dispersed plants: effects of seed size and light on seedling vigor and biomass allocation. American Journal of Botany. 73(7): 959-965. [5033]

26. Piper, Jon K. 1986. Seasonality of fruit characters and seed removal by birds. Oikos. 46: 303-310. [15348]

27. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]

28. Schmidt, Wyman C.; Lotan, James E. 1980. Phenology of common forest flora of the northern Rockies--1928 to 1937. Res. Pap. INT-259. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 20 p. [2082]

29. Steele, Robert; Pfister, Robert D.; Ryker, Russell A.; Kittams, Jay A. 1981. Forest habitat types of central Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-114. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 138 p. [2231]

30. Stickney, Peter F. 1986. First decade plant succession following the Sundance Forest Fire, northern Idaho. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-197. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 26 p. [2255]

31. Tobalske, Bret W.; Shearer, Raymond C.; Hutto, Richard L. 1991. Bird populations in logged and unlogged western larch/Douglas-fir forest in northwestern Montana. Res. Pap. INT-442. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 12 p. [15994]

32. Topik, Christopher. 1989. Plant association and management guide for the grand fir zone, Gifford Pinchot National Forest. R6-Ecol-TP-006-88. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 110 p. [11361]

33. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982. National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names. SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573]

34. Young, Vernon A.; Robinette, W. Leslie. 1939. A study of the range habits of elk on the Selway Game Preserve. Bull. No. 9. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho, School of Forestry. 47 p. [6831]

Related categories for Species: Clintonia uniflora | Queencup Beadlily