|
Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
|
|
Introductory
SPECIES: Convolvulus arvensis | Field Bindweed
ABBREVIATION :
CONARV
SYNONYMS :
Convolvulus ambigens House
Convolvulus incanus Vahl
Strophocaulos arvensis (L.) Small
SCS PLANT CODE :
COAR4
COMMON NAMES :
field bindweed
bindweed
European bindweed
creeping jenny
wild morning-glory
orchard morning-glory
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted name of field bindweed is Convolvulus arvensis
L., in the morning-glory family (Convolvulaceae). There are no
recognized subspecies or varieties. Three forms based on leaf shape are
used infrequently [11]:
C. a. f. arvensis
C. a. f. cordifolius Lasch
C. a. f. auriculatus Desr.
LIFE FORM :
Forb
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
Field bindweed has been declared a noxious weed in 48 states, the
District of Columbia, and the southern provinces of Canada [28,40].
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Diane S. Pavek, October 1992.
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Pavek, Diane S. 1992. Convolvulus arvensis. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Convolvulus arvensis | Field Bindweed
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Field bindweed is a native of southern Europe and naturalized throughout
the United States and Canada [11]. In the United States, field
bindweed's range extends from California [26]; throughout the Pacific
Northwest [16], Intermountain region [8,9,14,41], and Great Plains
[13,21]; south into Arizona [19] and Texas [4]; and in all states east
of the Mississippi River [11,17,29,34,36,38]. It is adventitious is
Hawaii [43]. Field bindweed occurs in the southern provinces of Canada
from the East Coast across the plains to the West Coast [33].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES31 Shinnery
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
STATES :
AL AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA HI
ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA
MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM
NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD
TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY AB
BC MB NB NS ON PE PQ SK MEXICO
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
ACAD BADL BITH BICA BLCA BRCA
CACH CARE CATO COLO COLM CODA
CUVA DETO FLFO GATE GWCA GLAC
GLCA GRCA GRTE GRKO GRBA GUMO
INDU JECA JODA LAME LAMR LAVO
LABE MANA MEVE MOCA MORU NABR
NERI NOCA OLYM PEFO PINN PORE
REDW ROCR SAMO SCBL SLBE THRO
TICA VAFO WICR WICA YELL ZION
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K025 Alder - ash forest
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K030 California oakwoods
K031 Oak - juniper woodlands
K047 Fescue - oatgrass
K048 California steppe
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass - bluegrass
K053 Grama - galleta steppe
K054 Grama - tobosa prairie
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K057 Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe
K058 Grama - tobosa shrubsteppe
K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
K060 Mesquite savanna
K061 Mesquite - acacia savanna
K062 Mesquite - live oak savanna
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K065 Grama - buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
K068 Wheatgrass - grama - buffalograss
K069 Bluestem - grama prairie
K070 Sandsage - bluestem prairie
K071 Shinnery
K074 Bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
K076 Blackland prairie
K077 Bluestem - sacahuista prairie
K078 Southern cordgrass prairie
K079 Palmetto prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K084 Cross Timbers
K088 Fayette prairie
K089 Black Belt
K090 Live oak - sea oats
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
K109 Transition between K104 and K106
K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
1 Jack pine
15 Red pine
16 Aspen
17 Pin cherry
18 Paper birch
20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple
21 Eastern white pine
22 White pine - hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
24 Hemlock - yellow birch
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
26 Sugar maple - basswood
27 Sugar maple
28 Black cherry - maple
30 Red spruce - yellow birch
31 Red spruce - sugar maple - beech
32 Red spruce
33 Red spruce - balsam fir
34 Red spruce - Fraser fir
35 Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
37 Northern white-cedar
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
40 Post oak - blackjack oak
42 Bur oak
43 Bear oak
44 Chestnut oak
45 Pitch pine
50 Black locust
51 White pine - chestnut oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
57 Yellow-poplar
58 Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock
59 Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
60 Beech - sugar maple
61 River birch - sycamore
62 Silver maple - American elm
63 Cottonwood
64 Sassafras - persimmon
70 Longleaf pine
71 Longleaf pine - scrub oak
73 Southern redcedar
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
78 Virginia pine - oak
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
84 Slash pine
85 Slash pine - hardwood
88 Willow oak - water oak - diamondleaf oak
89 Live oak
93 Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
98 Pond pine
108 Red maple
110 Black oak
111 South Florida slash pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
216 Blue spruce
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
232 Redwood
233 Oregon white oak
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
235 Cottonwood - willow
236 Bur oak
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
239 Pinyon - juniper
240 Arizona cypress
241 Western live oak
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
246 California black oak
247 Jeffrey pine
248 Knobcone pine
249 Canyon live oak
250 Blue oak - Digger pine
255 California coast live oak
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Field bindweed is more indicative of disturbed areas than natural
systems. Field bindweed is listed as a dominant forb in 12.4 percent of
the sample sites in a riverine United States Fish and Wildlife Service
deep water-wetland classification. The main factors listed as
influencing field bindweed occurrence were livestock and wildlife
grazing and recreation use [27]. In Wyoming it is a dominanat
herbaceous plant in the blue spruce (Picea pugens)-lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta)-white fir (Abies concolor) subtype of the coniferous overstory
habitat type. The publication that lists field bindweed as a dominant
is:
A physical and biological characterization of riparian habitat and its
importance to wildlife in Wyoming [27].
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Convolvulus arvensis | Field Bindweed
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Field bindweed is consumed by ungulates, small mammals, and birds
[1,5,18]. It comprised 1.7 percent of mule deer summer diet on a
central Colorado ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)-bunchgrass range [5].
Analysis of rumen samples showed that field bindweed was consumed by 30
percent of the individuals in one white-tailed deer population in
Montana [1].
PALATABILITY :
The palatability of field bindweed for wildlife species in Montana and
Utah is rated as follows:
MT UT
Pronghorn fair good
Elk -- good
Mule deer -- good
White-tailed deer poor good
Small mammals poor fair
Small non-game birds poor fair
Upland game birds poor fair
Waterfowl -- fair
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
Field bindweed provides poor environmental protection during one or more
seasons for wild ungulates, game and small nongame birds, and small
mammals in Utah.
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Field bindweed is one of the ten worst weeds in the world [6,7,18,37].
Efforts must be made to prevent field bindweed from establishing on
disturbed sites. Soil pasteurization is recommended to prepare a clean
seedbed for native plant production [2]. Long-lasting control of field
bindweed can be achieved with an integrated pest management program
utilizing biological, mechanical, and chemical methods [28]. Tillage
has been less successful as a control method and should be combined with
fall cover crop seedings [28].
Biological Control: Research is progressing on various fungal pathogens
(Altenaria brassicae, Bartalinia robillardoides, Myrothecium roridum)
from India for field bindweed control [32,35]. In one study, the fungus
Phomopsis convolvulus killed 95 percent of field bindweed seedlings
[24]. Insects (e.g., Galeruca rufa, Eriophyes sp., Spermophagus
sericeus, Erysiphe convolvuli) from Europe have been introduced with
mixed levels of control [31].
Chemical Control: Chemical control has been used successfully against
mature field bindweed plants [28]. Chemical choice depends upon (1)
extent of infestation, (2) use of land where growing, and (3) proximity
to water or likelihood of irrigation. Some effective chemicals used are
2,4-D, dicamba, picloram, or chlorates [28].
Seeds are impervious to water and to water-soluble chemicals (i.e.,
herbicides). After herbaceous growth is killed, seed bank reserves will
continue to establish infestations [37]. Therefore, seedlings must be
controlled; they are susceptible to 2,4-D or glyphosate [37].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Convolvulus arvensis | Field Bindweed
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Field bindweed has prostrate to climbing stems that grow from 7 to 80
inches (20-200 cm) long [16,34]. The main root system can penetrate 20
feet (6 m) deep [7,28]. It has extensive and deeply descending
rhizomes. Leaves are variable in form but are more or less arrow shaped
and 1 to 2 inches (2-6 cm) long [11]. Fruits are egg-shaped capsules
that split open when mature, each yielding two to four dark brown seeds
[16,28,29].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Geophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Field bindweed spreads by seeds and rhizomes. Seeds may live in the
soil for 30 to 50 years before germinating [7,28,37]. Seeds of field
bindweed are not readily cleaned from crop seeds and are spread through
unclean seed or feed [28]. Additionally, seeds are spread when
livestock move from infested grazing areas to weed-free land [28]. The
hard seed coats must be scarified before germination occurs; seeds
remain viable after passing through animal digestive tracts [18]. While
vernalization at 41 degrees Fahrenheit (5 deg C) increased germination
rates, it was not necessary for germination to occur in laboratory
trials [18]. Seeds optimally germinated at 84 degrees Fahrenheit (29
deg C) with 24 hours of darkness; however, the seeds will germinate at
tempertures ranging from freezing (34 degrees Fahrenheit [1 deg C]) to
above 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 deg C) [37]. Rhizomes grow rapidly,
creating dense colonies [28].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Field bindweed occurs and is competitive in disturbed ground: waste
places, roadsides, railroad right-of-ways, fields, gardens, and open
river banks [4,11,14,23,26]. Field bindweed often occurs on
well-drained soils and also is found on shallow, less productive soils
[23,28,42]. It occurs on a wide variety of soil textural classes, from
loams to clays [23]. Field bindweed is found from sea level to 7,500
feet (2,286 m) [26,27].
Some associated species found in disturbed riparian areas were mugwort
(Artemisia vulgaris), common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), and bird
vetch (Vicia cracca) [6]. A dominant species found with field bindweed
in degraded, wet meadow margins was medusahead (Taeniatherum asperum)
[42].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Obligate Initial Community Species
Field bindweed occurs as a component of ruderal flora in disturbed areas
that are rich in introduced species [23]. Dall'Armellina and Zimdahl
[6] reported that reductions in light intensity resulted in significant
reductions in shoot and root dry matter. Field bindweed cannot tolerate
shade and uses its viney stems to move into sunlight. Therefore,
depending upon community physiognomy, it is unlikely that field bindweed
persists in later stages of community succession.
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Field bindweed flowers from late April to October throughout its range
[4,13,16,29]. Seeds mature within 2 weeks after pollination during hot
summer days; germination occurs in the fall and spring [37]. Foliage
dies with the first heavy frost. Rhizomes overwinter and readily sprout
in the spring [28].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Convolvulus arvensis | Field Bindweed
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Field bindweed has deeply growing rhizomes that would escape injury or
death from fire. Vegetative growth will rapidly sprout from these
protected rhizomes [15].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
Geophyte, growing points deep in soil
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Convolvulus arvensis | Field Bindweed
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
While prescribed fires are used in agriculture for weed control and
seedbed preparation, no studies have been done exclusively on field
bindweed. Fire top-kills field bindweed [15]. Its deep rhizomes would
survive most fires; however, Degennaro and Weller [7] found 70 percent
of the roots of field bindweed were in the top 6 inches (15 cm) of soil.
Low to moderately severe fires could set back plant growth or kill those
plants without extensive rhizomes.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Field bindweed sprouts from surviving rhizomes after fire has killed the
vegetative plant parts [15]. Plants would sprout after spring or summer
burning and continue growing until fall frosts. After vegetative growth
is restored, rhizomes extend and continue to create dense colonies in
any open habitat [15]. Since field bindweed seed can germinate after
several decades, buried seed that survives fire would sprout whenever it
is brought to the surface in succeeding years [37]. Because seed
survives digestive tracts, small mammals and birds could transport seed
onto a burned site. In addition to seed scarification occurring by
stomach acids, fire scarification of surviving seed could enhance or
promote germination.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
In North Dakota, a 30 acre (12 ha) field was prepared for planting to
native grasses by burning and summer fallowing for 2 years [15]. Within
2 months after burning, perennial weeds, including field bindweed, were
very dense. Follow-up treatment with 1 year of herbicide (2,4-D)
application was not successful. A second year of herbicide treatment
was planned.
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Prescribed fires do not successfully control field bindweed. An
integrated approach should include herbicide applications and/or
soil pasteurization to achieve control [28,37].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Convolvulus arvensis | Field Bindweed
REFERENCES :
1. Allen, Eugene O. 1968. Range use, foods, condition, and productivity of
white-tailed deer in Montana. Journal of Wildlife Management. 32(1):
130-141. [16331]
2. Bainbridge, David A. 1990. Soil solarization for restorationists.
Restoration & Management Notes. 8(2): 96-98. [14160]
3. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
4. Correll, Donovan S.; Johnston, Marshall C. 1970. Manual of the vascular
plants of Texas. Renner, TX: Texas Research Foundation. 1881 p. [4003]
5. Currie, P. O.; Reichert, D. W.; Malechek, J. C.; Wallmo, O. C. 1977.
Forage selection comparisons for mule deer and cattle under managed
ponderosa pine. Journal of Range Management. 30(5): 352-356. [4697]
6. Dall'Armellina, Armando A.; Zimdahl, Robert L. 1988. Effect of light on
growth and development of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) and
Russian knapweed (Centaurea repens). Weed Science. 36: 779-783. [6487]
7. Degennaro, Francis P.; Weller, Stephen C. 1984. Growth and reproductive
characteristics of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) biotypes. Weed
Science. 32: 525-528. [19136]
8. Dorn, Robert D. 1977. Willows of the Rocky Mountain States. Rhodora. 79:
390-429. [6000]
9. Dorn, Robert D. 1984. Vascular plants of Montana. Cheyenne, WY: Mountain
West Publishing. 276 p. [819]
10. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
11. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. [Corrections
supplied by R. C. Rollins]. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press. 1632 p.
(Dudley, Theodore R., gen. ed.; Biosystematics, Floristic & Phylogeny
Series; vol. 2). [14935]
12. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
13. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains.
Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
14. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed.
Chicago: The Swallow Press Inc. 666 p. [6851]
15. Higgins, Kenneth F.; Duebbert, Harold F.; Jacobson, Erling T. 1983.
Successful establishment of stands of cool-season native grasses (North
Dakota). Restoration & Management Notes. 1(2): 12. [11647]
16. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1973. Flora of the Pacific
Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p. [1168]
17. Jones, G. N.; Fuller, G. D. 1955. Vascular plants of Illinois. Urbana,
IL: University of Illinois Press. 593 p. [18964]
18. Jordan, L. S.; Jordan, J. L. 1982. Effects of pre-chilling on
Convolvulus arvensis L. seed coat and germination. Annals of Botany. 49:
421-423. [19137]
19. Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H.; Howell, John Thomas; McClintock,
Elizabeth. 1960. Arizona flora. 2d ed. Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press. 1085 p. [6563]
20. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
21. Lakela, O. 1965. A flora of northeastern Minnesota. Minneapolis, MN:
University of Minnesota Press. 541 p. [18142]
22. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession
following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall
Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council
fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No.
14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496]
23. Morin, Edith; Bouchard, Andre; Jutras, Pierre. 1989. Ecological analysis
of disturbed riverbanks in the Montreal area of Quebec. Environmental
Management. 13(2): 215-225. [13233]
24. Morin, L.; Watson, A. K.; Reeleder, R. D. 1989. Efficacy of Phomopsis
convolvulus for control of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis). Weed
Science. 37(6): 830-835. [19145]
25. Muenscher, W. C. 1940. Poisonous plants of the United States. New York:
MacMillan Co. 266 p. [18141]
26. Munz, Philip A. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]
27. Olson, R. A.; Gerhart, W. A. 1982. A physical and biological
characterization of riparian habitat and its importance to wildlife in
Wyoming. Cheyenne, WY: Wyoming Game and Fish Department. 188 p. [6755]
28. Pacific Northwest Extension. 1974. Field bindweed. PNW 115. Corvallis,
OR; Pullman, WA; Moscow, ID. 3 p. [6611]
29. Radford, Albert E.; Ahles, Harry E.; Bell, C. Ritchie. 1968. Manual of
the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of
North Carolina Press. 1183 p. [7606]
30. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
31. Rosenthal, S. S. 1981. European organisms of interest for the biological
control of Convolvulus arvensis in the United States. In: Del Fosse, E.
S., ed. Proceedings, 5th International symposium on biological control
of weeds. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO: 537-544. [19139]
32. Saharan, G. S.; Kaushik, J. C.; Kaushik, C. D. 1982. Two new host
records of Alternaria brassicae; Angallis arvensis and Convolvulus
arvensis, India. Indian Phytophathology. 35(1): 172. [19140]
33. Scoggan, H. J. 1978. The flora of Canada. Ottawa, Canada: National
Museums of Canada. (4 volumes). [18143]
34. Seymour, Frank Conkling. 1982. The flora of New England. 2d ed.
Phytologia Memoirs 5. Plainfield, NJ: Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L.
Moldenke. 611 p. [7604]
35. Srivastava, R. C.; Srivastava, H. C. 1980. Two new leaf spot diseases,
Bartalinia robillardoides, Myrothecium roridum from India on
Fradescantia virginis and Confolculus arvensis. Indian Journal of Mycol.
Plant Path. 10(2): 172. [19141]
36. Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. Ames, IA: Iowa State
University Press. 1725 p. [18144]
37. Swan, D. G. 1983. Regeneration of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)
seedlings. Weeds Today. 14(4): 3-4. [19138]
38. Tidestrom, I.; Kittell, T. 1941. A flora of Arizona and New Mexico.
Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press. 897 p.
[18145]
39. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982.
National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names.
SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573]
40. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Oregon State
Office. 1985. Final Northwest Area noxious weed control program
environmental impact statement. Portland, OR. 295 p. [12796]
41. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry
C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo,
UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
42. Young, James A.; Evans, Raymond A.; Eckert, Richard E., Jr. 1969.
Wheatgrass establishment with tillage and herbicides in a mesic
medusahead community. Journal of Range Management. 22: 151-155. [2666]
43. St. John, Harold. 1973. List and summary of the flowering plants in the
Hawaiian islands. Hong Kong: Cathay Press Limited. 519 p. [25354]
Index
Related categories for Species: Convolvulus arvensis
| Field Bindweed
|
 |
