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Euphorbia esula: References


1. Alley, H. P.; Vore, R. E.; Whitson, T. D. 1983. A summary of original and three repetitive herbicide treatments for control of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) Proceedings, Western Society of Weed Science. 36: 87-93. [35785]

2. Anon. 1990. Noteworthy collections: Arizona: Euphorbia esula L. (Euphorbiaceae). Madrono. 37(1): 60-65. [10615]

3. Baker, H. G. 1986. Patterns of plant invasion in North America. In: Mooney, Harold A.; Drake, James A., eds. Ecology of biological invasions of North America and Hawaii. Ecological Studies 58. New York: Springer-Verlag: 44-57. [17511]

4. Baker, J. L. 1996. Expression of Aphthona nigriscutis from rangeland onto chemically treated pastures. Leafy Spurge News. 18(1): 5. [29942]

5. Bakke, A. L. 1936. Leafy spruge, Euphorbia esula L. Research Bulletin 198. Ames, IA: Iowa State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, Agricultural Experiment Station, Botany and Plant Pathology Section. 246 p. [35770]

6. Beck, K. G.; Sebastian, J. R. 1991. First year results of leafy spurge control with sequential spring and fall herbicide applications. Leafy Spurge News. 13: 13. [16986]

7. Beck, K. George. 1990. Leafy spurge control with glyphosate compounds. In: Leafy spurge symposium: Proceedings and progress reports; 1990 July 10-12; Gillette, WY. [Place of publication unknown]: Great Plains Agricultural Council: 17-20. [13105]

8. Belcher, Joyce W.; Wilson, Scott D. 1989. Leafy spurge and the species composition of a mixed-grass prairie. Journal of Range Management. 42(2): 172-175. [6892]

9. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]

10. Best, K. F.; Bowes, G. G.; Thomas, A. G.; Maw, M. G. 1980. The biology of Canadian weeds. 39. Euphorbia esula L. Canadian Journal of Science. 60: 651-663. [35539]

11. Biesboer, D. D.; Koukkari, W. L. 1992. The taxonomy and biology of leafy spurge (with special reference to the leafy spurge problem in Minnesota) Leafy Spurge News. 14(2): 17-18. [20591]

12. Biesboer, David D.; Koukkari, Willard L. 1990. Control of leafy spurge along rights-of-way with burning and herbicides. In: Leafy spurge symposium: Proceedings and progress reports; 1990 July 10-12; Gillette, WY. [Place of publication unknown]: Great Plains Agricultural Council: 15. [13103]

13. Blockstein, David E.; Maxwell, Bruce D.; Fay, Peter K. 1987. Dispersal of leafy spurge seeds (Euhorbia esula) by mourning doves (Zenaida macroura). Weed Science. 35: 160-162; 1987. [475]

14. Bowes, G. G.; Thomas, A. G. 1978. Longevity of leafy spurge seeds in the soil following various control programs. Journal of Range Management. 31(2): 137-140. [190]

15. Bultsma, Paul. 1990. Weeds, wildlife, and hunters. Wyoming Wildlife. 54(9): 10-15. [14374]

16. Caesar, A. J.; Rees, N. E.; Spencer, N. R.; Quimby, P. C., Jr. 1993. Characterization of Rhizoctonia spp. causing disease of leafy spurge in the Northern Great Plains. Plant Disease. 77: 681-684. [22114]

17. Carlson, R.; Mundal, D.; Nelson, J. 1993. NDSU entomology department leafy spurge work in 1992. Leafy Spurge News. 15(1): 1. [20807]

18. Cash, S. Dennis; Zamora, David L.; Lenssen, Andrew W. 1998. Viability of weed seeds in feed pellet processing. Journal of Range Management. 51(2): 181-185. [28433]

19. Chamrad, A. Dean. 1991. Natural approach to management and control of leafy spurge. Leafy Spurge News. 13(1): 1-2. [18718]

20. Cole, Margaret A. R. 1991. Vegetation management guideline: leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.). Natural Areas Journal. 11(3): 171-172. [15251]

21. Davis, Edward S. 1990. The fuel value of leafy spurge pellets. Leafy Spurge News. 12(3): 6-7. [18720]

22. DeLoach, C. Jack. 1991. Past successes and current prospects in biological control of weeds in the United States and Canada. Natural Areas Journal. 11(3): 129-142. [15248]

23. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]

24. Dix, Ralph L. 1960. The effects of burning on the mulch structure and species composition of grasslands in western North Dakota. Ecology. 41(1): 49-56. [808]

25. Dunn, P. H. 1985. Origins of leafy spurge in North America. In: Watson, Alan K., ed. Leafy spurge. Monograph Series No. 3. Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America: 7-13. [14679]

26. Evans, James E.; Heitlinger, Mark. 1984. IPM: a review for natural area managers. Restoration and Management Notes. 2(1): 18-22. [3991]

27. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]

28. Farrell, M. A.; Whitson, T. D.; Koch, D. W.; Gade, A. E. 1992. The control of leafy spurge by the interaction of herbicides and perennial grasses. Leafy Spurge News. 14(2): 15. [20593]

29. Fay, Pete. 1992. The role of herbicides in weed management. Western Wildlands. 18(2): 24-26. [19463]

30. Fellows, David P.; Newton, Wesley E. 1999. Prescribed fire effects on biological control of leafy spurge. Journal of Range Management. 52(5): 489-493. [31105]

31. Fox, Dean; Kirby, Don; Lym, Rodney G.; [and others]. 1991. Chemical composition of leafy spurge and alfalfa. North Dakota Farm Research. 48(6): 7-9. [18049]

32. Galitz, D. S. 1993. Biology of crown and root buds of leafy spurge. Leafy Spurge News. 15(1): 4. [20810]

33. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]

34. Glass, Steve. 1992. Fosamine shows promise in control of leafy spurge. Restoration & Management Notes. 10(2): 198-199. [20163]

35. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]

36. Hanson, T.; Kirby, D. 1992. Control of leafy spurge using angora goats. Leafy Spurge News. 14(2): 10-11. [20589]

37. Harris, P. 1988. Environmental impact of weed-control insects. BioScience. 38(8): 542-548. [5326]

38. Harris, Peter. 1979. The biological control of leafy spurge. In: Proceedings, Leafy spurge symposium; 1979 June 26-27; Bismarck, ND. Bismarck, ND: North Dakota State University, Cooperative Extension Service, Agricultural Experiment Station: 25-34. [35680]

39. Harrod, Richy J.; Taylor, Ronald J.; Gaines, William L.; [and others]. 1996. Noxious weeds in the Blue Mountains. In: Jaindl, R. G.; Quigley, T. M., eds. Search for a solution: sustaining the land, people, and economy of the Blue Mountains. Washington, DC: American Forests: 107-117. [27087]

40. Heidel, Bonnie. 1982. Leafy spurge--a challenge in natural areas management. Natural Areas Journal. 2(2): 10-13. [15193]

41. Hein, David G.; Miller, Stephen D. 1992. Influence of leafy spurge on forage utilization by cattle. Journal of Range Management. 45(4): 405-407. [18810]

42. Hickman, Michael V.; Messersmith, Calvin G.; Lym, Rodney G. 1990. Picloram release from leafy spurge roots. Journal of Range Management. 43(5): 442-448. [13220]

43. Hight, Stephen D.; Drea, John J., Jr. 1991. Prospects for a classical biological contol project against purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.). Natural Areas Journal. 11(3): 151-157. [15145]

44. Hogan, Mary Ellen; Manners, Gary D.; Campbell, Bruce C. 1990. Development of Aphthona flava larvae on a leafy spurge cell suspension culture diet. In: Leafy spurge symposium: Proceedings and progress reports; 1990 July 10-12; Gillette, WY. [Place of publication unknown]: Great Plains Agricultural Council: 6. [13096]

45. Holmgren, Arthur H. 1958. Weeds of Utah. Special Report 12. Logan, UT: Utah State University, Agricultural Experiment Station. 85 p. [2935]

46. Hull-Sieg, C. 1994. Herbicides and fire effects on leafy spruge density and seed germinations. Leafy Spurge News. 16(3): 10. [29946]

47. Johnston, A.; Peake, R. W. 1960. Effect of selective grazing by sheep on the control of leafy spruge (Euphorbia esula L.) Journal of Range Management. 13: 192-195. [35547]

48. Jordahl, J. G.; Francl, L. J.; Christianson, K. M.; Lym, R. G. 1991. Enhancement of herbicide activity by Alternaria angustiovoidae. Leafy Spurge News. 13: 8. [16979]

49. Kartesz, John T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume I--checklist. 2nd ed. Portland, OR: Timber Press. 622 p. [23877]

50. Kirby, D. R.; Fox, D.; Lym, R. G.; [and others]. 1991. Chemical composition of leafy spurge and alfalfa. Leafy Spurge News. 13: 14. [16987]

51. Kronberg, Scott. 1990. Leafy spurge toxicity to cattle. Leafy Spurge News. 12(3): 7. [18721]

52. Krupinsky, Joseph M.; Lorenz, Russell J. 1983. An Alternaria sp. on leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). Weed Science. 31: 86-88. [14427]

53. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. United States [Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States]. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 1:3,168,000; colored. [3455]

54. Lacey, John R.; Wallander, Rosie; Olson-Rutz, Kathrin. 1992. Recovery, germinability, and viability of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) seeds ingested by sheep and goats. Weed Technology. 6(3): 599-602. [20143]

55. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 648 p. [13798]

56. Lajenuesse, Sherry; Sheley, Roger; Duncan, Celestine; Lym, Rodney. 1999. Leafy spurge. In: Sheley, Roger L.; Petroff, Janet K., eds. Biology and management of noxious rangeland weeds. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press: 249-260. [35734]

57. Landgraf, Barbara K.; Fay, Peter K.; Havstad, Kris M. 1984. Utilization of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) by sheep. Weed Science. 32: 348-352. [14424]

58. Leitch, Jay A.; Leistritz, F. Larry; Bangsund, Dean A. 1994. Economic effect of leafy spurge in the upper Great Plains: methods, models, and results. Agricultural Economics Report No. 316. Fargo, ND: North Dakota State University, Department of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Experiment Station. 8 p. [30428]

59. Lym, R. 1996. Integration of herbicides with grazing for leafy spurge control. Leafy Spurge News. 18(1): 4. [29941]

60. Lym, R. G. 1992. Integrated biological and chemical control of leafy spurge. Leafy Spurge News. 14(1): 5-6. [18724]

61. Lym, R. G. 1996. Effect of leafy spurge biotype and herbicide application on Aphthona spp. establishment. Leafy Spurge News. 18(1): 6. [29944]

62. Lym, Rodney G. 1989. Microfoil boom application of picloram and 2,4-D for leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) control. Weed Technology. 3: 393-398. [11157]

63. Lym, Rodney G.; Kirby, Donald R. 1987. Cattle foraging behavior in leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula)-infested rangeland. Weed Technology. 1: 314-318. [3009]

64. Lym, Rodney G.; Messersmith, Calvin G. 1987. Carbohydrates in leafy spurge roots as influenced by environment. Journal of Range Management. 40(2): 139-144. [1491]

65. Lym, Rodney G.; Messersmith, Calvin G. 1987. Leafy spurge control and herbicide residue from annual picloram and 2,4-D application. Journal of Range Management. 40(3): 194-198. [1492]

66. Lym, Rodney G.; Messersmith, Calvin G. 1990. Cost-effective long-term leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) control with herbicides. Weed Technology. 4(3): 635-641. [14774]

67. Lym, Rodney G.; Messersmith, Calvin G. 1991. Environmental effects on picloram translocation in leafy spurge. Rangelands. 13(6): 270-272. [17357]

68. Lym, Rodney G.; Messersmith, Calvin G. 1994. A decade of herbicide treatments controlled leafy spurge. North Dakota Farm Research. Fargo, ND: University of North Dakota, Agricultural Research Station. 50(3): 9-12. [30474]

69. Macisaac, S. A.; Bewely, J. D. 1992. Storage reserves in the roots of leafy spurge. Leafy Spurge News. 14(2): 19. [20592]

70. Masters, R. A. 1995. Response of leafy spurge to burning. Leafy Spurge News. 16(2): 3. [29937]

71. Masters, R.; Stougaard, R.; Nissen, S. 1991. Leafy spurge response to rate and time of application of imidazolinone herbicides. Leafy Spurge News. 13: 10. [16982]

72. Masters, Robert A.; Nissen, Scott J.; Stougaard, Robert N. 1992. Uptake and translocation of imazethapyr and imazapyr by leafy spurge. In: Lym, Rodney G., ed. Proceedings, Western Society of Weed Science; 1992 March 10-12; Salt Lake City, UT. Volume 45. [Place of publication unknown]. Western Society of Weed Science: 76-77. [20613]

73. Masters, Robert A.; Stougaard, Robert N.; Nissen, Scott J. 1990. Imidazolinone herbicides for leafy spurge control in Nebraska. In: Leafy spurge symposium: Proceedings and progress reports; 1990 July 10-12; Gillette, WY. [Place of publication unknown]: Great Plains Agricultural Council: 16. [13104]

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75. McIntyre, G. I.; Raju, M. V. S. 1967. Developmental studies on Euphorbia esula L.: some effects of the nitrogen supply on the growth and development of the seedling. Canadian Journal of Botany. 45: 975-984. [35549]

76. McIntyre, Gordon I. 1972. Developmental studies on Euphorbia esula. The influence of the nitrogen supply on the correlative inhibition of root bud activity. Canadian Journal of Botany. 50: 949-956. [35546]

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81. Nissen, Scott J.; Foley, Michael E. 1987. Correlative inhibition and dormancy in root buds of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula). Weed Science. 35: 155-159. [1757]

82. Nissen, Scott J.; Masters, Robert A.; Stougaard, Robert N. 1992. Metabolism of imazethapyr and imazapyr by leafy spurge. In: Lym, Rodney G., ed. Proceedings, Western Society of Weed Science; 1992 March 10-12; Salt Lake City, UT. Volume 45. [Place of publication unknown]. Western Society of Weed Science: 77. [20614]

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98. Stougaard, R. N.; Masters, R. N.; Nissen, S. J. 1991. Leafy spurge control with imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides. Leafy Spurge News. 13: 9. [16981]

99. Thomas, V. M.; Clark, C. K.; Kott, R. W.; Olson, B. 1994. Influence of leafy spurge on ruminal digestion and metabolism and blood metabolite profiles in sheep. Sheep & Goat Research Journal. 10(3): 168-172. [30458]

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106. Wolters, Gale L.; Sieg, Carolyn Hull; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Gartner, F. Robert. 1994. Herbicide and fire effects on leafy spurge density and seed germination. Res.Note RM-526. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 5 p. [27923]

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