|
Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
|
|
Introductory
SPECIES: Galium triflorum | Sweetscented Bedstraw
ABBREVIATION :
GALTRI
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
GATR3
COMMON NAMES :
sweetscented bedstraw
fragrant bedstraw
cudweed
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted name for sweetscented bedstraw is Galium
triflorum Michx. [23,33]. It is a member of the Rubiacaea family.
Recognized varieties are as follows [24,37]:
Galium triflorum var. triflorum
Galium triflorum var. asprelliforme F.
LIFE FORM :
Forb
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
William R. Reed, August 1993
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Reed, William R. 1993. Galium triflorum. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Galium triflorum | Sweetscented Bedstraw
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Sweetscented bedstraw is distributed from Alaska east to Newfoundland
and south throughout the United States to northern Mexico, Texas, and
Florida [16,20,25].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
STATES :
AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA
ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA
MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM
NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD
TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY AB
BC MB NB NF NT NS ON PE PQ SK
YT MEXICO
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
ACAD ALPO ANTI APIS ARCH BIHO
BITH BICA BLRI BUFF CACH CATO
COLO CRLA CRMO CUGA CUVA DEWA
DETO EFMO FODO GWMP GLBA GLAC
GRCA GRTE GRSM INDU ISRO LACL
LAVO MACA MORA MORU NATR NERI
NOCA OBRI OLYM PIRO PIPE PORE
PRWI REDW ROMO SAJH SCBL SHEN
SLBE TICA VAFO VOYA WHIS WICA
YELL YOSE
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
15 Red pine
16 Aspen
17 Pin cherry
18 Paper birch
20 White pine - northern red oak - red maple
22 White pine - hemlock
23 Eastern hemlock
24 Hemlock - yellow birch
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
26 Sugar maple - basswood
27 Sugar maple
30 Red spruce - yellow birch
31 Red spruce - sugar maple - beech
33 Red spruce - balsam fir
35 Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
37 Northern white-cedar
44 Chestnut oak
51 White pine - chestnut oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
60 Beech - sugar maple
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
110 Black oak
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
207 Red fir
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
223 Sitka spruce
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
226 Coastal true fir - hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
232 Redwood
237 Interior ponderosa pine
247 Jeffrey pine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Sweetscented bedstraw is a codominant understory species in many
riparian and forest communities of the West. It is listed as a
dominant plant species in the following published classifications:
Major indicator shrubs and herbs in riparian zones on National Forests
of central Oregon [28].
Classification of the forest vegetation of Colorado by habitat type and
community type [2].
Fire ecology of western Montana forest habitat types [18].
Indicator plants of coastal British Columbia [27].
Forest habitat types of Montana [34].
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Galium triflorum | Sweetscented Bedstraw
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
NO-ENTRY
PALATABILITY :
Sweetscented bedstraw has a low palatability rating for livestock, deer,
and elk [28].
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Sweetscented bedstraw has poor energy and protein values for upland
game birds, waterfowl, small nongame birds, and small mammals [21].
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Sweetscented bedstraw has little or no value for rehabilitation of
disturbed sites. It exhibits poor growth rate, poor reproductive rate,
and no soil-binding root system. It also exhibits little tolerance to
trampling disturbance [9].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Sweetscented bedstraw is used to flavor wines [4].
The Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia used this plant for treatment
of chest pains. The vanilla-scented leaves were rubbed on the skin
[40].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
The presence of sweetscented bedstraw indicates high site productivity
for conifer stands in the Pacific Northwest [28].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Galium triflorum | Sweetscented Bedstraw
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Sweetscented bedstraw is a native, perennial, upright herb with
scrambling stems 8 to 48 inches (20-120 cm) long. It is simple to many
branched; branches are 0.8 to 3.5 inches (2-8.5 cm) long [20,33].
Leaves are arranged in whorls. The fruit is a dry indehiscent
two-celled ovary covered with bristles [28].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Hemicryptophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Sexual: Germination of seed is the primary method of reproduction of
sweetscented bedstraw [8]. Bristly seeds often become attached to the
coats of animals, which aids in dispersal [12].
Vegetative: Sweetscented bedstraw sprouts from shallow creeping
rhizomes [20,28].
In central Idaho, Kramer and Johnson [29] found that 87 percent of
sweetscented bedstraw seed existed in the uppper 2 inches (5 cm) of the
soil, while 13 percent was found from 2 to 5 inches (5-10 cm) below the
soil surface.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Sweetscented bedstraw is restricted to moist sites [34]. It is common
in moist woodlands and along stream courses and moist ledges. It is
rarely found in moist prairie communities [20]. In California it is
found in moist shaded sites below 8,000 feet (2,424 m) [33].
Soils: Sweetscented bedstraw is found on a variety of soil types, but
most are derived almost solely from parent material [34].
Common plant associates of sweetscented bedstraw include heartleaf
arnica (Arnica cordifolia), starry Solomon-seal (Smilacina stellata),
pachistima (Pachistima myrsinites), mountain-ash (Sorbus spp.), ninebark
(Physocarpus spp.), and Oregon-grape (Mahonia repens).
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
Sweetscented bedstraw is shade tolerant. It is plentiful in both
coniferous and broad-leaved forests and is present in all stages of
succession [10,11,27]. Sweetscented bedstraw frequency and cover values
are greatest at early seral stages, especially following fire [7,12].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Sweetscented bedstraw flowers from May through September [20,33].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Galium triflorum | Sweetscented Bedstraw
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Sweetscented bedstraw typically germinates from seed and sprouts from
surviving rhizomes following fire [7,8,12]. It is moderately resistant
to fire [28]. The bristly seeds may be carried limited distances by
animals, aiding in colonization of recently disturbed sites [12].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Galium triflorum | Sweetscented Bedstraw
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Sweetscented bedstraw is top-killed by low-severity fires [12].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Sweetscented bedstraw apparently increases rapidly immediately following
fire, then decreases over time. Sweetscented bedstraw seeds showed
rapid germination after relatively "cool" fires in eastern white pine
(Pinus Strobus) and eastern white pine/mixed hardwood stands in New
Hampshire [8]. Following the Pattee Canyon Fire in Missoula, Montana,
sweetscented bedstraw bloomed at the first postfire year. Spring and
fall fires resulted in the greatest increase in frequency in Montana
[7]. Leege and Godboldt [32] reported that it decreased to trace
amounts by the fourth growing season following fire in grand
fir/pachistima (Abies grandis/Pachistima myrsinites) habitat types of
northern Idaho.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Galium triflorum | Sweetscented Bedstraw
REFERENCES :
1. Ahlgren, Clifford E. 1979. Emergent seedlings on soil from burned and
unburned red pine forest. Minnesota Forestry Research Notes No. 273. St.
Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, College of Forestry. 4 p. [16910]
2. Alexander, Robert R. 1987. Classification of the forest vegetation of
Colorado by habitat type and community type. Res. Note RM-478. Fort
Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky
Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 14 p. [9092]
3. Baker, William L. 1989. Classification of the riparian vegetation of the
montane and subalpine zones in western Colorado. Great Basin Naturalist.
49(2): 214-228. [7985]
4. Bare, Janet E. 1979. Wildflowers and weeds of Kansas. Lawrence, KS: The
Regents Press of Kansas. 509 p. [3801]
5. Berch, Shannon M.; Gamiet, Sharmin; Deom, Elisabeth. 1988. Mycorrhizal
status of some plants of southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal
of Botany. 66: 1924-1928. [8841]
6. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
7. Bradley, Anne F.; Noste, Nonan V.; Fischer, William C. 1992. Fire
ecology of forests and woodlands in Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-287.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain
Research Station. 128 p. [18700]
8. Chapman, Rachel Ross; Crow, Garrett E. 1981. Application of Raunkiaer's
life form system to plant species survival after fire. Torrey Botanical
Club. 108(4): 472-478. [7432]
9. Cole, David N. 1988. Disturbance and recovery of trampled montane
grassland and forests in Montana. Res. Pap. INT-389. Ogden, UT: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station. 37 p. [3622]
10. Conway, Verona M. 1949. The bogs of central Minnesota. Ecological
Monographs. 19(2): 173-206. [16686]
11. Cowan, Ian McTaggart. 1945. The ecological relationships of the food of
the Columbian black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columbianus
(Richardson), in the c. forest region southern Vancouver Island, British
Columbia. Ecological Monographs. 15(2): 110-139. [16006]
12. Crane, M. F.; Habeck, James R.; Fischer, William C. 1983. Early postfire
revegetation in a western Montana Douglas-fir forest. Res. Pap. INT-319.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station. 29 p. plus chart. [710]
13. Edgerton, Paul J. 1987. Influence of ungulates on the development of the
shrub understory of an upper slope mixed conifer forest. In: Provenza,
Frederick D.; Flinders, Jerran T.; McArthur, E. Durant, compilers.
Proceedings--symposium on plant-herbivore interactions; 1985 August 7-9;
Snowbird, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-222. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 162-167.
[7411]
14. Eis, S. 1981. Effect of vegetative competition on regeneration of white
spruce. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 11: 1-8. [10104]
15. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
16. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. [Corrections
supplied by R. C. Rollins]. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press. 1632 p.
(Dudley, Theodore R., gen. ed.; Biosystematics, Floristic & Phylogeny
Series; vol. 2). [14935]
17. Fischer, William C.; Clayton, Bruce D. 1983. Fire ecology of Montana
forest habitat types east of the Continental Divide. Gen. Tech. Rep.
INT-141. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 83 p. [923]
18. Fischer, William C.; Bradley, Anne F. 1987. Fire ecology of western
Montana forest habitat types. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-223. Ogden, UT: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station. 95 p. [633]
19. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
20. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains.
Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
21. Hansen, Paul; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John; [and others]. 1989.
Classification and management of riparian sites in southwestern Montana.
Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana
Riparian Association. 292 p. Draft Version 2. [8900]
22. Hawk, G. M.; Zobel, D. B. 1974. Forest succession on alluvial landforms
of the McKenzie River Valley, Oregon. Northwest Science. 48(4): 245-265.
[9686]
23. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1973. Flora of the Pacific
Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p. [1168]
24. Kartesz, John T.; Kartesz, Rosemarie. 1980. A synonymized checklist of
the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume
II: The biota of North America. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North
Carolina Press; in confederation with Anne H. Lindsey and C. Richie
Bell, North Carolina Botanical Garden. 500 p. [6954]
25. Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H.; Howell, John Thomas; McClintock,
Elizabeth. 1960. Arizona flora. 2d ed. Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press. 1085 p. [6563]
26. Kilgore, Bruce M. 1971. Response of breeding bird populations to habitat
changes in a giant sequoia forest. American Midland Naturalist. 85(1):
135-152. [7281]
27. Klinka, K.; Krajina, V. J.; Ceska, A.; Scagel, A. M. 1989. Indicator
plants of coastal British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: University of British
Columbia Press. 288 p. [10703]
28. Kovalchik, Bernard L.; Hopkins, William E.; Brunsfeld, Steven J. 1988.
Major indicator shrubs and herbs in riparian zones on National Forests
of central Oregon. R6-ECOL-TP-005-88. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 159 p. [8995]
29. Kramer, Neal B.; Johnson, Frederic D. 1987. Mature forest seed banks of
three habitat types in central Idaho. Canadian Journal of Botany. 65:
1961-1966. [3961]
30. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
31. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central
Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station. 648 p. [13798]
32. Leege, Thomas A.; Godbolt, Grant. 1985. Herebaceous response following
prescribed burning and seeding of elk range in Idaho. Northwest Science.
59(2): 134-143. [1436]
33. Munz, Philip A. 1974. A flora of southern California. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press. 1086 p. [4924]
34. Pfister, Robert D.; Kovalchik, Bernard L.; Arno, Stephen F.; Presby,
Richard C. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep.
INT-34. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 174 p. [1878]
35. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
36. Ross, S. Rachel. 1978. The effects of prescribed burning on ground cover
vegetation of white pine and mixed hardwood forests in southeastern New
Hampshire. Durham, NH: University of New Hamshire. 151 p. Thesis.
[20674]
37. Seymour, Frank Conkling. 1982. The flora of New England. 2d ed.
Phytologia Memoirs 5. Plainfield, NJ: Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L.
Moldenke. 611 p. [7604]
38. Smith, D. W.; James, T. D. W. 1978. Changes in the shrub and herb layers
of vegetation after prescribed burning in Populus tremuloides woodland
in southern Ontario. Canadian Journal of Botany. 56: 1792-1797. [16400]
39. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern
Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
40. Turner, Nancy Chapman; Bell, Marcus A. M. 1973. The ethnobotany of the
southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia. Economic Botany. 27:
257-310. [21015]
41. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982.
National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names.
SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573]
Index
Related categories for Species: Galium triflorum
| Sweetscented Bedstraw
|
 |
