|
Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
|
|
Introductory
SPECIES: Heracleum lanatum | Cow Parsnip
ABBREVIATION :
HERLAN
SYNONYMS :
Heracleum maximum Bartr. [26,39,46,80]
H. sphondylium L. var. lanatum (Michx.) Dorn [18,78]
H. s. ssp. montanum (Schleich) Briq. [15,26,78]
SCS PLANT CODE :
HELA4
COMMON NAMES :
cow parsnip
common cow parsnip
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of cow parsnip is Heracleum
lanatum Michx. (Apiaceae) [36,42,63,68,82]. There are no recognized
infrataxa.
LIFE FORM :
Forb
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Lora L. Esser, January 1995
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Esser, Lora L. 1995. Heracleum lanatum. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Heracleum lanatum | Cow Parsnip
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Cow parsnip occurs from Newfoundland west to Alaska and south to
California, Arizona, New Mexico, Kansas, Missouri, and Georgia
[22,26,30,47,68]. It is not found in northern Canada or in the extreme
southern and southeastern regions of the United States.
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
STATES :
AK AZ CA CO CT DE GA ID IL IN
IA KS KY ME MD MA MI MN MO MT
NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OR
PA RI SC SD TN UT VT VA WA WV
WI WY AB BC MB NB NF NS ON PE
PQ SK
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
APIS BAND BELA CRLA CRMO CURE
CUVA DENA DEPO FOCL GLAC GLBA
GRPO GRSM INDU ISRO KATM LACL
LAVO MORA MUWO NOCA OLYM ORCA
PORE PIRO REDW SACN SEQU SLBE
VOYA YOSE YELL
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K025 Alder - ash forest
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K049 Tule marshes
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass - bluegrass
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
K074 Bluestem prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
16 Aspen
18 Paper birch
38 Tamarack
63 Cottonwood
107 White spruce
203 Balsam poplar
204 Black spruce
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
208 Whitebark pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
221 Red alder
235 Cottonwood - willow
236 Bur oak
237 Interior ponderosa pine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Cow parsnip occurs in a wide variety of forested habitat types, as well
as grassland, shrubland, meadow, alpine, and riparian zones
[3,13,14,34,85].
Cow parsnip is a member of the Pacific silver fir (Abies amabilis)
old-growth forest in Washington [2]. Cow parsnip occurs in whitebark
pine (Pinus albicaulis) communities of Montana [3]. It is a common
understory species in subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) and Engelmann
spruce (Picea engelmannii) habitat types of the Intermountain West
[9,12,20,69]. A subalpine fir/cow parsnip association in Montana, and a
cow parsnip-western coneflower (Rudbeckia occidentalis) community type
in Wyoming are described [14,20]. A climax black hawthorn (Crataegus
douglasii)-cow parsnip habitat type has been described for Washington
and Idaho [13,50]. A climax quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)/cow
parsnip habitat type has been described for Utah and Wyoming [57,58].
Cow parsnip is found in seral quaking aspen community types in Wyoming,
Idaho, Utah, Colorado, and Montana [7,34,41,57,58,85], and is a dominant
understory species in quaking aspen-dominated communities of Utah,
Colorado, and Montana [41,64]. An quaking aspen/cow parsnip habitat
type has been described for Colorado and Idaho [34,41]. In Canada, cow
parsnip is a member of the subboreal, aspen-dominated spruce zone
[8,11,75].
In eastern Idaho, western Wyoming, and northern Utah, cow parsnip occurs
in a red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea)/cow parsnip riparian habitat
type [86]. A California false hellebore (Veratrum californicum)-cow
parsnip habitat type has been described in Washington [32]. Cow parsnip
occurs in riparian areas dominated by willow (Salix spp.) throughout the
Intermountain West [19,29,77].
The following publications list cow parsnip as a community dominant or
codominant:
Steppe vegetation of Washington [13]
A vegetation study in the subalpine zone of the western North Cascades,
Washington [20]
Riparian community type classification of eastern Idaho-western Wyoming
[86]
Species not previously mentioned but commonly associated with cow
parsnip include incense-cedar (Calocedrus decurrens), black cottonwood
(Populus trichocarpa var. hastata), narrowleaf cottonwood (P.
angustifolia), thinleaf alder (Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia), Sitka
alder (A. sinuata), bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum), bigleaf maple
(A. macrophyllum), Pacific yew (Taxus brevifolia), dwarf bilberry
(Vaccinium myrtillus), grouse whortleberry (V. scoparium), roses (Rosa
spp.), mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus), western snowberry
(S. occidentalis), Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia),
bristly gooseberry (Ribes setosum), common chokecherry (Prunus
virginiana), California hazel (Corylus cornuta var. californica), fowl
bluegrass (Poa palustris), California brome (Bromus carinatus), blue
wildrye (Elymus glaucus), field horsetail (Equisetum arvense), bluejoint
reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis), fireweed (Epilobium
angustifolium), western aster (Aster occidentalis), large-leaved avens
(Geum macrophyllum), sweet-scented bedstraw (Galium triflorum), stinging
nettle (Urtica dioica), Sitka valerian (Valeriana sitchensis), smooth
woodrush (Luzuli hitchcockii), menziesia (Menziesia ferruginea),
queencup beadlily (Clintonia uniflora), tall larkspur (Delphinium
occidentalis), Richardson's geranium (Geranium richardsonii), saw
groundsel (Senecio serra), and bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum)
[11,12,20,29,57,58].
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Heracleum lanatum | Cow Parsnip
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Cow parsnip is a valuable forage species for livestock, deer, elk,
moose, and bear [37,42,43,54]. In West Virginia cow parsnip provides
forage for livestock and deer [10]. Moose in Montana and Yellowstone
National Park eat cow parsnip [40,54]. In low elevation riparian areas
it is an important food for grizzly bear, especially in the spring
[43,52,81,88]. In Glacier National Park, cow parsnip comprised 15
percent of grizzly bear total diet volume, spring through fall, in
1967-1971 and 1982-1985 [43]. In Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta,
grizzly feeding sites were examined from June to early August; 77
percent of the cropped umbelliferous plants were cow parsnip (stems,
petioles, and blossoms) [28]. Black bear in Alberta cow parsnip in
summer [37].
PALATABILITY :
Palatability ratings for cow parsnip are as follows [15]:
CO MT ND UT
cattle good good good good
sheep good good good fair
horses good good good fair
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Cow parsnip nutritional values are rated as follows [15,29]:
UT CO WY MT
elk good ---- poor good
mule deer good ---- good good
white-tailed deer good ---- good
pronghorn poor ---- poor poor
upland game birds fair ---- fair fair
waterfowl poor ---- poor fair
small nongame birds fair ---- fair poor
small mammals good ---- fair poor
Energy and protein content ratings of cow parsnip are poor [15].
COVER VALUE :
Cow parsnip cover values are rated as follows [15]:
UT CO WY MT
elk poor ---- poor ----
mule deer poor ---- fair ----
white-tailed deer ---- fair ---- ----
pronghorn poor ---- poor ----
upland game birds fair ---- fair poor
waterfowl poor ---- fair ----
small nongame birds good ---- good poor
small mammals good ---- good poor
Yellow-bellied sapsuckers in Idaho ues cow parsnip as cover [19], and
Columbian sharp-tailed grouse use the black hawthorn-cow parsnip habitat
type as escape cover, especially in the winter [50].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Cow parsnip is rated moderately good for erosion control, short-term
revegetation potential, and long-term revegetation potential [15]. Cow
parsnip has fair soil stabilization value if seeded in the fall in
quaking aspen, mountain brush, and subalpine herbland communities of
Intermountain rangelands [72].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Native Americans of Alaska, British Columbia, the Great Plains, and
Arizona used cow parsnip for medicinal and nutritional purposes
[26,39,42,48]. Native Americans in Alaska ate the inside of stems raw
and boiled the roots to extract sugar [39]. In Arizona, the Apache ate
the young leaves and stems and used the roots to treat epilepsy [42].
Cow parsnip is planted as an ornamental [38].
In the Great Plains cases of dermatitis have been reported in persons
who came in contact with the foliage of cow parsnip [26].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
In Washington cow parsnip is sensitive to grazing and can be eliminated
from steppe vegetation if overgrazed [13]. In Colorado cow parsnip
decreases with grazing [41]. Cow parsnip is sensitive to soil
compaction or severe soil disturbances which may be caused by mechanical
scarification or trampling [9,67].
In high mountain ecosystems of Utah, cow parsnip should be broadcast or
drill-seeded in the fall at 1 to 2 pounds per acre in a mixed seeding
for best forage results [38].
Parsnip webworm, a European-introduced herbivorous insect, feeds on
developing flowers and seeds of cow parsnip. Floral herbivory can
decrease seed production by up to 40 percent and seed biomass 53 percent
[5,33].
Cow parsnip appears to persist or increase after clearcutting [4,12],
but to decrease after soil scarification [87].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Heracleum lanatum | Cow Parsnip
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Cow parsnip is a native, perennial forb that grows from 3.3 to 10 feet
(1-3 m) tall [24,26,35] and has broad, flat-topped umbels [33,80]. It
grows from a stout taproot or a cluster of fibrous roots [35,39,72,82].
Leaves are 8 to 20 inches (20-50 cm) long and wide [26,59,82]. The
egg-shaped fruit is 0.32 to 0.48 inch (8-12 mm) long and 0.24 to 0.36
(6-9 mm) wide [26,82].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Hemicryptophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Cow parsnip reproduces by seed [15,38]. For successful germination in
the laboratory, seed should not be stored more than 3 years [72,73].
Some flowers within an umbel only produce stamens, while others are
hermaphroditic. Secondary umbels develop synchronously approximately 10
to 14 days after the primary umbel. Hermaphroditic flower and seed
production may be increased by herbivory [33].
The potential for cow parsnip to regenerate vegetatively is not clear;
Cole and Trull [9] include cow parsnip in a group of plants that
"regenerate rapidly from subsurface adventitious buds."
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Cow parsnip occurs in a variety of habitats including woodlands, forest
openings, grasslands, and riparian areas such as wet meadows, stream
terraces, alluvial benches, floodplains, and stream and lake margins
[26,28,29,82]. It is commonly found growing in snow-maintained
disclimaxes such as avalanche chutes [28,47,55]. Cow parsnip is a
facultative wetland species [29]; it grows best in moist, shaded areas
[35,59,84] but can also be found in open woodlands and clearings
[35,38,44,56,80].
Cow parsnip grows best on moist to semiwet soils with good drainage
[24,34,44,47]. It grows best on loam and sandy loam soils derived from
limestone and shale, but occurs on clay, clay loam, and gravelly
substrates as well [1531,65].
Elevations for cow parsnip for several states are as follows:
feet meters
Arizona 7,500-9,000 2,250-2,700 [42]
California <8,500 <2,600 [35]
Colorado 4,700-10,500 1,410-3,150 [15,30]
Montana 4,200-8,500 1,260-2,550 [3,29]
Utah 5,200-9,000 1,560-2,700 [15]
Washington 3,300-5,775 1,000-1,750 [2,9]
Wyoming 3,400-12,500 1,020-3,750 [15]
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Cow parsnip occurs in seral and climax communities. It is shade
tolerant, but also grows in some open habitats [29,38,41,44,58]. Cow
parsnip is a common understory species in quaking aspen community types,
which are often successional in subalpine forests of the Intermountain
region [4,20,29,41]. Cow parsnip is a member of the red alder (Alnus
rubra) association of Oregon that may be replaced in 30 to 50 years by
black cottonwood or in 30 to 70 years by grand fir (Abies grandis) [31].
The red-osier dogwood-cow parsnip community type of Utah and
southeastern Idaho is an early seral type that colonizes streambanks and
adjacent areas [60]. In the black hawthorn-cow parsnip habitat type of
Washington, cow parsnip can grow as well with or without the black
hawthorn canopy [13]. Cow parsnip occurs in climax aspen forests
throughout the Intermountain West, and in mature to climax subalpine
forests in Wyoming and Montana [14,41,58].
Studies of cow parsnip in clearcuts indicates that its response to
canopy removal is variable. In northern Utah cow parsnip cover was
variable in both control and clearcut stands. Early succession
following a 1974 clearcut of aspen communities (with no slash treatment)
in northern Utah was studied. Percent understory cover of cow parsnip
on clearcuts and uncut controls was [4]:
1973 1975 1976 1977
cut control cut control cut control cut control
0 1.5 1.8 0 0.7 0.3 0.4 0.4
The effects of clearcutting on wildlife habitat were studied in a moist
subalpine forest in central Colorado. Understory cover of cow parsnip
before and after clearcutting (with no slash treatment) was [12]:
before logging years after logging (1978-1982)
(1976) 1 2 3 4 5
cover(%) 0.6 3.1 8.2 8.9 13.3 10.7
In the subalpine fir/queencup beadlily habitat type in northwestern
Montana, cow parsnip occurs in a variety of disturbed and undisturbed
communities. Relative frequency and average canopy cover of cow parsnip
were as follows [87]:
relative frequency % cover
wildfire (35-70 years prior to study) 6 15
clearcut (15-35 years old), slash dozer-piled 4 3
clearcut (15-35 years old), slash not dozer-piled 8 15
old-growth (two types of plots) 3,20 0.5,7.8
Snowchutes are "topographic climax" or disclimax communities that
produce an abundance of grizzly bear foods. In subalpine fir/menziesia,
subalpine fir/queencup beadlily, and subalpine fir/smooth woodrush
habitat types, relative frequency/average precent canopy cover of cow
parsnip in snowchutes was 50/19, 65/13, and 75/6.2, respectively [87].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Cow parsnip flowering dates are as follows:
Arizona July-Aug [42]
California Apr-July [59]
Colorado May-Aug [15]
Georgia May-Aug [63,83]
Kentucky May-Aug [63,83]
North Carolina May-Aug [63,83]
North Dakota Jun-Aug [15]
Tennessee May-Aug [63,83]
Utah Jun-Aug [15]
Virginia May-Aug [63,83]
West Virginia May-Aug [63,83]
Wyoming Jun-July [15]
Great Plains May-July [26]
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Heracleum lanatum | Cow Parsnip
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Cow parsnip can occur throughout succession in moist or wet subalpine
fir-Engelmann spruce habitat types in Idaho and Wyoming. These habitat
types have estimated average fire-free intervals of about 330 years.
Stands are susceptible to severe burns when drought occurs [91]. Cow
parsnip also occurs throughout succession in communities characterized
by more frequent fire, including quaking aspen [93].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Heracleum lanatum | Cow Parsnip
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Cow parsnip is probably killed or top-killed by fire.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Cow parsnip may benefit from both canopy removal and increased water
availability after tree cover is removed by fire. Cow parsnip had
greater percent cover following both wildfire and clearcutting without
scarification (some stands broadcast burned) than after clearcutting
with scarification [87].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Heracleum lanatum | Cow Parsnip
REFERENCES :
1. Almack, Jon. 1986. Grizzly bear habitat use, food habits, and movements
in the Selkirk Mountains, northern Idaho. In: Contreras, Glen P.; Evans,
Keith E., compilers. Proceedings--grizzly bear habitat symposium; 1985
April 30 - May 2; Missoula, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-207. Ogden, UT: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station: 150-157. [10815]
2. Antos, Joseph A.; Zobel, Donald B. 1985. Plant form, developmental
plasticity and survival following burial by volcanic tephra. Canadian
Journal of Botany. 63: 2083-2090. [12553]
3. Arno, Stephen F.; Weaver, Tad. 1990. Whitebark pine community types and
their patterns on the landscape. In: Schmidt, Wyman C.; McDonald, Kathy
J., compilers. Proceedings--symposium on whitebark pine ecosystems:
ecology and management of a high-mountain resource; 1989 March 29-31;
Bozeman, MT. Gen Tech. Rep. INT-270. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 97-105.
[11680]
4. Bartos, D. L.; Mueggler, W. F. 1982. Early succession following
clearcutting of aspen communities in northern Utah. Journal of Range
Management. 35(6): 764-768. [3279]
5. Berenbaum, M. R.; Zangerl, A. R. 1991. Acquisition of a native hostplant
by an introduced oligophagous herbivore. Oikos. 62: 153-159. [24216]
6. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
7. Boggs, Keith; Hansen, Paul; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John. 1990.
Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in
northwestern Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of
Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, Montana
Riparian Association. 217 p. Draft Version 1. [8447]
8. Carleton, T. J.; Maycock, P. F. 1981. Understorey - canopy affinities in
boreal forest vegetation. Canadian Journal of Botany. 59: 1709-1716.
[14576]
9. Cole, David N.; Trull, Susan J. 1992. Quantifying vegetation response to
recreational disturbance in the North Cascades, Washington. American
Midland Naturalist. 66(4): 229-236. [19965]
10. Strausbaugh, P. D.; Core, Earl L. 1977. Flora of West Virginia. 2nd ed.
Morgantown, WV: Seneca Books, Inc. 1079 p. [23213]
11. Cragg, J. B.; Carter, Alan; Leischner, Clara; [and others]. 1977. Litter
fall and chemical cycling in an aspen (Populus tremuloides) woodland
ecosystem in the Canadian Rockies. Pedobiologia. 17: 428-443. [8654]
12. Crouch, Glenn L. 1985. Effects of clearcutting a subalpine forest in
central Colorado on wildlife habitat. Res. Pap. RM-258. Fort Collins,
CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station. 12 p. [8225]
13. Daubenmire, R. 1970. Steppe vegetation of Washington. Technical Bulletin
62. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, College of Agriculture,
Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. 131 p. [733]
14. Daubenmire, Rexford. 1969. Structure and ecology of coniferous forests
of the northern Rocky Mountains. In: Taber, Richard D., ed. Coniferous
forests of the northern Rocky Mountains: Proceedings of the 1968
symposium; 1968 September 17-20; Missoula, MT. Missoula, MT: University
of Montana Foundation, Center for Natural Resources: 25-41. [7539]
15. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information
network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and
Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]
16. Dorn, Robert D. 1977. Flora of the Black Hills. [Place of publication
unknown]: Robert D. Dorn and Jane L. Dorn. 377 p. [820]
17. Dorn, Robert D. 1984. Vascular plants of Montana. Cheyenne, WY: Mountain
West Publishing. 276 p. [819]
18. Dorn, Robert D. 1988. Vascular plants of Wyoming. Cheyenne, WY: Mountain
West Publishing. 340 p. [6129]
19. Douglas, David C.; Ratti, John T. 1984. Avian habitat associations in
riparian zones of the Centennial Mountains and surrounding areas, Idaho.
Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Department of Zoology,
Wildlife Biology. 125 p. [14928]
20. Douglas, George Wayne. 1970. A vegetation study in the subalpine zone of
the western North Cascades, Washington. Seattle, WA: University of
Washington. 293 p. Thesis. [8560]
21. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
22. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. [Corrections
supplied by R. C. Rollins]. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press. 1632 p.
(Dudley, Theodore R., gen. ed.; Biosystematics, Floristic & Phylogeny
Series; vol. 2). [14935]
23. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
24. Gleason, Henry A.; Cronquist, Arthur. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of
northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2nd ed. New York: New
York Botanical Garden. 910 p. [20329]
25. Graham, Dean Chalmus. 1978. Grizzly bear distribution, use of habitats,
food habits and habitat characterization in Pelican & Hayden Valleys,
Yellowstone National Park. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University. 124 p.
M.S. thesis. [5165]
26. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains.
Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
27. Gregory, Shari. 1983. Subalpine forb community types of the
Bridger-Teton National Forest, Wyoming. Final Report. U.S. Forest
Service Cooperative Education Agreement: Contract OM 40-8555-3-115.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain
Region. 100 p. [1040]
28. Hamer, David; Herrero, Stephen; Brady, Keith. 1991. Food and habitat
used by grizzly bears, Ursus arctos, along the Continental Divide in
Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist.
105(3): 325-329. [18672]
29. Hansen, Paul; Boggs, Keith; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John. 1990.
Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in central
and eastern Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of
Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station, Montana
Riparian Association. 279 p. [12477]
30. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed.
Chicago: The Swallow Press Inc. 666 p. [6851]
31. Hawk, G. M.; Zobel, D. B. 1974. Forest succession on alluvial landforms
of the McKenzie River Valley, Oregon. Northwest Science. 48(4): 245-265.
[9686]
32. Hemstrom, Miles A.; Logan, Sheila E.; Pavlat, Warren. 1987. Plant
association and management guide: Willamette National Forest. R6-Ecol
257-B-86. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Region. 312 p. [13402]
33. Hendrix, Stephen D. 1984. Reactions of Heracleum lanatum to floral
herbivory by Depressaria pastinacella. Ecology. 65(1): 191-197. [24217]
34. Hess, Karl; Wasser, Clinton H. 1982. Grassland, shrubland, and
forestland habitat types of the White River-Arapaho National Forest.
Final Report. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 335 p.
[1142]
35. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of
California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p.
[21992]
36. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1973. Flora of the Pacific
Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p. [1168]
37. Holcroft, Anne C.; Herrero, Stephen. 1991. Black bear, Ursus americanus,
food habits in southwestern Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 105(3):
335-345. [18673]
38. Horton, Howard, ed. and compiler. 1989. Interagency forage and
conservation planting guide for Utah. Extension Circular 433. Logan, UT:
Utah State University, Cooperative Extension Service. 67 p. [12231]
39. Hulten, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1008 p. [13403]
40. Jenkins, K. J.; Wright, R. G. 1988. Resource partitioning and
competition among cervids in the northern Rocky Mountains. Journal of
Applied Ecology. 25: 11-24. [16289]
41. Johnston, B. C.; Hendzel, L. 1985. Examples of aspen treatment,
succession, and management in western Colorado. Lakewood, CO: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. 164 p.
[18670]
42. Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H.; Howell, John Thomas; McClintock,
Elizabeth. 1960. Arizona flora. 2d ed. Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press. 1085 p. [6563]
43. Kendall, Katherine C. 1986. Grizzly and black bear feeding ecology in
Glacier National Park, Montana. Progress Report. West Glacier, Montana:
U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Glacier National
Park Biosphere Preserve, Science Center. 42 p. [19361]
44. Klinka, K.; Krajina, V. J.; Ceska, A.; Scagel, A. M. 1989. Indicator
plants of coastal British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: University of British
Columbia Press. 288 p. [10703]
45. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
46. Kudish, Michael. 1992. Adirondack upland flora: an ecological
perspective. Saranac, NY: The Chauncy Press. 320 p. [19376]
47. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central
Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station. 648 p. [13798]
48. Lepofsky, Dana; Turner, Nancy J.; Kuhnlein, Harriet V. 1985. Determining
the availability of traditional wild plant foods: an example of Nuxalk
foods, Bella Coola, British Columbia. Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 16:
223-241. [7002]
49. Love, Askell; Love, Doris. 1954. Vegetation of a prairie marsh. Bulletin
of the Torrey Botanical Club. 81(1): 16-34. [18104]
50. Marks, Jeffrey S.; Marks, Victoria Saab. 1987. Habitat selection by
Columbian sharp-tailed grouse in west-central Idaho. Boise, ID: U.S.
Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Boise District.
115 p. [23503]
51. Martin, Jon Randall. 1989. Vegetation and environment in old growth
forests of northern southeast Alaska. Tempe, AZ: Arizona State
University. 221 p. Thesis. [21330]
52. McCrory, Wayne; Herrero, Stephen; Whitfield, Phil. 1986. Using grizzly
bear habitat information to reduce human-grizzly bear conflicts in
Kokanee Glacier and Valhalla Provincial Parks, B. C. In: Contreras, Glen
P.; Evans, Keith E., compilers. Proceedings--grizzly bear habitat
symposium; 1985 April 30 - May 2; Missoula, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-207.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain
Research Station: 24-30. [10809]
53. McInnes, Pamela F.; Naiman, Robert J.; Pastor, John; Cohen, Yosef. 1992.
Effects of moose browsing on vegetation and litter of the boreal forest,
Isle Royle, Michigan, USA. Ecology. 73(6): 2059-2075. [18427]
54. McMillan, John F. 1953. Some feeding habits of moose in Yellowstone
Park. Ecology. 34: 102-110. [7422]
55. Mealey, Stephen P.; Jonkel, Charles J.; Demarchi, Ray. 1977. Habitat
criteria for grizzly bear management. In: Peterie, T., ed. Proceedings,
13th international congress of game biologists; 1977 March 11-15;
Atlanta, GA. No. 13. [Place of publication unknown]. [Publisher
unknown]. 276-289. [17030]
56. Mealey, Stephen Patrick. 1975. The natural food habits of free ranging
grizzly bears in Yellowstone National Park, 1973-1974. Bozeman, MT:
Montana State University. 158 p. Thesis. [10580]
57. Mueggler, W. F. 1985. Forage. In: DeByle, Norbert V.; Winokur, Robert
P., eds. Aspen: ecology and management in the western United States.
Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-119. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station: 129-134. [11915]
58. Mueggler, Walter F.; Campbell, Robert B., Jr. 1986. Aspen community
types of Utah. Res. Pap. INT-362. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 69 p.
[1714]
59. Munz, Philip A. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]
60. Padgett, Wayne G.; Youngblood, Andrew P.; Winward, Alma H. 1989.
Riparian community type classification of Utah and southeastern Idaho.
R4-Ecol-89-01. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Intermountain Region. 191 p. [11360]
61. Peek, James M. 1963. Appraisal of a moose range in southwestern Montana.
Journal of Range Management. 16(5): 227-231. [16489]
62. Potter, Loren D.; Moir, D. Ross. 1961. Phytosociological study of burned
deciduous woods, Turtle Mountains North Dakota. Ecology. 42(3): 468-480.
[10191]
63. Radford, Albert E.; Ahles, Harry E.; Bell, C. Ritchie. 1968. Manual of
the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of
North Carolina Press. 1183 p. [7606]
64. Ralphs, M. H.; Pfister, J. A. 1992. Cattle diets in tall forb
communities on mountain ranges. Journal of Range Management. 45(6):
534-537. [20189]
65. Randall, John M. 1990. Establishment and control of bull thistle
(Cirsium vulgare) in Yosemite Valley. In: Van Riper, Charles, III;
Stohlgren, Thomas J.; Veirs, Stephen D., Jr.; Hillyer, Silvia Castillo,
eds. Examples of resource inventory & monitoring in national parks of
California: Proceedings, 3rd biennial conference on research in
California's national parks; 1988 September 13-15; Davis, CA: Trans. and
Proceedings Series No.8. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the
Interior, National Park Service: 177-193. [15199]
66. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
67. Reichert, Chris. 1989. Silviculture in grizzly bear habitat. In:
Silviculture for all resources: Proceedings of the national silviculture
workshop; 1987 May 11-14; Sacramento, CA. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 48-60. [6398]
68. Roland, A. E.; Smith, E. C. 1969. The flora of Nova Scotia. Halifax, NS:
Nova Scotia Museum. 746 p. [13158]
69. Ruediger, William; Mealey, Stephen. 1978. Coordination guidelines for
timber harvesting in grizzly bear habitat in northwestern Montana.
[Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown]. 44 p. On file at:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [19354]
70. Servheen, Christopher. 1983. Grizzly bear food habits, movements, and
habitat selection in the Mission Mountains, Montana. Journal of Wildlife
Management. 47(4): 1026-1035. [14499]
71. Seymour, Frank Conkling. 1982. The flora of New England. 2d ed.
Phytologia Memoirs 5. Plainfield, NJ: Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L.
Moldenke. 611 p. [7604]
72. Shaw, Nancy L.; Monsen, Stephen B. 1983. Nonleguminous forbs for
rangeland sites. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Shaw, Nancy, compilers.
Managing Intermountain rangelands--improvement of range and wildlife
habitats: Proceedings of of symposia; 1981 September 15-17; Twin Falls,
ID; 1982 June 22-24; Elko, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-157. Ogden, UT: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station: 123-131. [2121]
73. Stevens, Richard; Jorgensen, Kent R.; Davis, James N. 1981. Viability of
seed from thirty-two shrub and forb species through fifteen years of
warehouse storage. Great Basin Naturalist. 41(3): 274-277. [2244]
74. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern
Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
75. Strong, W. L.; Pluth, D. J.; LaRoi, G. H.; Corns, I. G. W. 1991. Forest
understory plants as predictors of lodgepole pine and white spruce site
quality in west-central Alberta. Canadian Journal of Forest Research.
21: 1675-1683. [17695]
76. Taylor, R. F. 1932. The successional trend and its relation to
second-growth forests in southeastern Alaska. Ecology. 13(4): 381-391.
[10007]
77. Todd, Paul A. 1992. Mountain beaver habitat use and management
implications in Yosemite National Park. Natural Areas Journal. 12(1):
26-31. [18712]
78. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1994. Plants
of the U.S.--alphabetical listing. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 954 p. [23104]
79. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Survey. [n.d.]. NP
Flora [Data base]. Davis, CA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National
Biological Survey. [23119]
80. Voss, Edward G. 1985. Michigan flora. Part II. Dicots
(Saururaceae--Cornaceae). Bull. 59. Bloomfield Hills, MI: Cranbrook
Institute of Science; Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Herbarium.
724 p. [11472]
81. Weaver, John L. 1985. Charting the course: The Forest Service grizzly
bear conservation program. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Region 1. 11 p. Report on file with: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [17282]
82. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry
C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo,
UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
83. Wofford, B. Eugene. 1989. Guide to the vascular plants of the Blue
Ridge. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press. 384 p. [12908]
84. Young, Donald R. 1985. Microclimate effects on water relations, leaf
temperatures, and the distribution of Heracleum lanatum at high
elevations. American Journal of Botany. 72(3): 357-364. [24218]
85. Youngblood, Andrew P. 1981. Aspen community type classifications in the
Intermountain West. In: DeByle, Norbert V., ed. Symposium
proceedings--situation management of two Intermountain species: aspen
and coyotes. Volume 1. Aspen; 1981 April 23-24; Logan, UT. Logan, UT:
Utah State University, College of Natural Resources: 40-57. [10437]
86. Youngblood, Andrew P.; Padgett, Wayne G.; Winward, Alma H. 1985.
Riparian community type classification of eastern Idaho - western
Wyoming. R4-Ecol-85-01. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Intermountain Region. 78 p. [2686]
87. Zager, Peter Edward. 1980. The influence of logging and wildfire on
grizzly bear habitat in northwestern Montana. Missoula, MT: University
of Montana. 131 p. Dissertation. [5032]
88. Zager, Peter E.; Jonkel, Charles J. 1983. Managing grizzly bear habitat
in the northern Rocky Mountains. Journal of Forestry. 81(8): 524-526,
536. [14790]
89. Reed, Porter B., Jr. 1988. National list of plant species that occur in
wetlands: Alaska (Region A). Biological Report 88(26.11). Washington,
DC: U.S Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. In
cooperation with: National and Regional Interagency Review Panels. 86 p.
[9328]
90. Reed, Porter B., Jr. 1988. National list of plant species that occur in
wetlands: California (Region O). Biological Report 88(26.10).
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife
Service. In cooperation with: National and Regional Interagency Review
Panels. 135 p. [9312]
91. Crane, Marilyn F. 1982. Fire ecology of Rocky Mountain Region forest
habitat types. Final Report Contract No. 43-83X9-1-884. Missoula, MT:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 1. 272 p. On file
with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain
Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [5292]
92. Arno, Stephen F. 1980. Forest fire history in the northern Rockies.
Journal of Forestry. 78(8): 460-465. [11990]
93. DeByle, Norbert V.; Bevins, Collin D.; Fischer, William C. 1987.
Wildfire occurrence in aspen in the interior western United States.
Western Journal of Applied Forestry. 2(3): 73-76. [774]
Index
Related categories for Species: Heracleum lanatum
| Cow Parsnip
|
 |
