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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Iliamna rivularis | Wild Hollyhock
ABBREVIATION :
ILIRIV
SYNONYMS :
Sphaeralcea rivularis (Dougl.) Torr. [10,11,30]
Phymosia rivularis (Dougl.) Rydb. [10,11,30]
Malva rivularis Dougl. [11]
SCS PLANT CODE :
ILRI
COMMON NAMES :
wild hollyhock
mountain hollyhock
streambank globemallow
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of wild hollyhock is Iliamna
rivularis (Dougl.) Greene [10,11,30]]. A typical variety with
five-lobed to seven-lobed, cordate leaves and I. r. var. diversa (Nels.)
Hitchc. with three-lobed to five-lobed, truncate leaves are recognized
[11,12].
LIFE FORM :
Forb
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Robin F. Matthews, August 1993.
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Matthews, Robin F. 1993. Iliamna rivularis. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Iliamna rivularis | Wild Hollyhock
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Wild hollyhock occurs mostly east of the Cascade Range from Alberta and
British Columbia to Oregon, east to Montana, and south to Colorado
[10,11,17].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES44 Alpine
STATES :
CO ID MT NV OR UT WA WY AB BC
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
CRMO GLAC GRTE MEVE NOCA TICA
YELL
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
2 Cascade Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
Probably occurs in other Kuchler Plant Associations within its range
SAF COVER TYPES :
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
208 Whitebark pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
237 Interior ponderosa pine
Probably occurs in other SAF Cover Types within its range
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Iliamna rivularis | Wild Hollyhock
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Wild hollyhock was highly preferred by sheep and cattle in recently
burned quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands in Wyoming and Idaho
[6]. It was also utilized heavily by elk and mule deer in recently
burned areas of Grand Teton and Yellowstone National Parks [14].
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Crude protein percentage of wild hollyhock in aspen stands in Idaho
ranged from 12.1 to 22.4 from July to September. In-vitro digestible dry
matter ranged from 64.9 to 84.4 percent during the same time period [4].
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Wild hollyhock may become abundant following clearcutting in grand fir
(Abies grandis) and Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) habitats in
central Idaho. It may also appear after mechanical site preparation,
but is not as well represented [22]. In Douglas-fir/pinegrass
(Calamagrostis rubescens) habitats in central Idaho, wild hollyhock
showed no change following clearcutting, but declined after shelterwood
cutting and clearcuting followed by mechanical site preparation. It
increased drastically after clearcutting followed by burning and after
stand-destroying wildfires [23].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Iliamna rivularis | Wild Hollyhock
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Wild hollyhock is a perennial forb with one to several stems arising
from a woody caudex. It reaches 24 to 80 inches (60-200 cm) in height
[10]. Flowers are on stout stalks in dense axillary or terminal
clusters [17].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Hemicryptophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Wild hollyhock reproduces by seed and is not rhizomatous [22]. Seeds
have no dispersal mechanism and are stored in the soil, remaining up to
91 percent viable for long periods of time. The majority of the seeds
(around 75 percent) are buried 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm) below the soil
surface, with the remainder buried in the top 2 inches (0-5 cm). One
study reported 8 to 137 viable wild hollyhock seeds per square foot
(84-1,470 seeds/sq m) in mature grand fir habitats in central Idaho.
Seeds have a smooth, hard coat and require a heat treatment for
germination. This fact, in addition to high seed density, depth of
burial, and high viability, provides for long-term survival in the
seedbank [15]. Wild hollyhock seeds remain viable for at least a few
hundred years [28]. Germination takes place in full sun, most often
following fire [23].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Wild hollyhock commonly grows on forested slopes, in meadows, along
streambanks, and in disturbed areas [7,10,17]. It occurs on mesic sites
in deep, moist, but well-drained soil [17]. It has been found to 11,500
feet (3,490 m) elevation in Colorado [10], and 9,570 feet (2900 m)
elevation in Utah [30].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Obligate Initial Community Species
Wild hollyhock is a shade-intolerant, early seral species [15,27]. It
becomes abundant following disturbance such as clearcutting, broadcast
burning, and wildfire, and flowers profusely in full sun [22]. Wild
hollyhock is quickly eliminated from post-disturbance communities when
overtopped by other vegetation [15].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Wild hollyhock flowers from June to August in the Pacific Northwest [17].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Iliamna rivularis | Wild Hollyhock
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Wild hollyhock is a seedbanking species that survives even severe fire
by germination of dormant, fire-activated seeds [19]. It flowers during
early postfire stages. Seeds survive in the soil and remain viable for
long periods of time [22].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer - on-site seed
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Iliamna rivularis | Wild Hollyhock
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
NO-ENTRY
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Wild hollyhock is a residual colonizer that is prominent in initial
postfire communities, even after holocaustic fires [26]. It becomes
abundant following severe wildfire and hot broadcast burning,
particularly when slash has been piled [22].
Wild hollyhock dominated the postfire vegetation after moderate to
severe fire in quaking aspen and quaking aspen-mixed conifer habitats in
Idaho. It formed dense stands within the first postfire growing season,
but was absent from the preburn vegetation. It continued to dominate
the site for several seasons, producing an average of 2,000 pounds per
acre (2,260 kg/ha) in postfire year 2, and 835 pounds per acre (940
kg/ha) in postfire year 3. By postfire year 4, production had further
declined, and wild hollyhock foliage appeared chlorotic. It disappeared
from the site by the sixth growing season following the fire. In
postfire year 2, wild hollyhock produced an average of 1,329 seeds per
square foot (14,300 seeds/sq m) [3].
In Douglas-fir habitats in central Idaho, wild hollyhock was prominent
in postfire communities but was absent from preburn vegetation. It had
the following frequencies in postfire growing seasons: year 1, 52
percent; year 2, 36 percent; year 3, 52 percent; year 4, 52 percent;
year 5, 56 percent; year 6, 52 percent; and year 7, 48 percent. Wild
hollyhock had a frequency of 4 percent in an adjacent 20-year-old burn.
By postfire year 3, it dominated the site along with fireweed (Epilobium
angustifolium). Together, they comprised 40 percent of total vegetal
cover. In successive years, they made up 20 percent of total cover, but
were not as abundant after postfire year 6 [18].
In general, wild hollyhock flowers profusely and becomes very abundant
for a short period following fire but is eventually replaced by other
vegetation [13,24,28]. It has shown this response after fires in grand
fir [31], ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) [21], aspen (Populus spp.)
[4], and Douglas-fir [1,5] habitats in the Northwest.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Iliamna rivularis | Wild Hollyhock
REFERENCES :
1. Arno, Stephen F.; Simmerman, Dennis G.; Keane, Robert E. 1985. Forest
succession on four habitat types in western Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep.
INT-177. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 74 p. [349]
2. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
3. Brown, James K.; DeByle, Norbert V. 1989. Effects of prescribed fire on
biomass and plant succession in western aspen. Res. Pap. INT-412. Ogden,
UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain
Research Station. 16 p. [9286]
4. Canon, S. K.; Urness, P. J.; DeByle, N. V. 1987. Habitat selection,
foraging behavior, and dietary nutrition of elk in burned aspen forest.
Journal of Range Management. 40(5): 443-438. [3453]
5. Crane, M. F.; Habeck, James R.; Fischer, William C. 1983. Early postfire
revegetation in a western Montana Douglas-fir forest. Res. Pap. INT-319.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain
Forest and Range Experiment Station. 29 p. plus chart. [710]
6. DeByle, Norbert V.; Urness, Philip J.; Blank, Deborah L. 1989. Forage
quality in burned and unburned aspen communities. Res. Pap. INT-404.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain
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Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
9. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
10. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed.
Chicago: The Swallow Press Inc. 666 p. [6851]
11. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1961. Vascular plants of the
Pacific Northwest. Part 3: Saxifragaceae to Ericaceae. Seattle, WA:
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Northwest. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p. [1168]
13. Kapler, Jane E. 1976. Forest fire management: Glacier National Park:
Draft environmental assessment. West Glacier, MT: U.S. Department of the
Interior, National Park Service, Glacier National Park. 171 p. [20646]
14. Kay, Charles E. 1993. Aspen seedlings in recently burned areas of Grand
Teton and Yellowstone National Parks. Northwest Science. 67(2): 94-104.
[21653]
15. Kramer, Neal B. 1984. Mature forest seed banks on three habitat types in
central Idaho. Moscow, ID: University of Idaho. 106 p. Thesis. [1375]
16. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
17. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central
Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station. 648 p. [13798]
18. Lyon, L. Jack. 1971. Vegetal development following prescribed burning of
Douglas-fir in south-central Idaho. Res. Pap. INT-105. Ogden, UT: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station. 30 p. [1495]
19. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession
following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall
Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council
fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No.
14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496]
20. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
21. Steele, Robert; Geier-Hayes, Kathleen. 1991. Monitoring the effects of
postfire grass seeding on the Lowman Burn. Unpublished first year
progress report. 4 p. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences
Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [17154]
22. Steele, Robert; Geier-Hayes, Kathleen. 1992. The grand fir/mountain
maple habitat type in central Idaho: succession and management. Gen.
Tech. Rep. INT-284. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Intermountain Research Station. 90 p. [17791]
23. Steele, Robert; Geier-Hayes, Kathleen. 1993. The Douglas-fir/pinegrass
habitat type in central Idaho: succession and management. Gen. Tech.
Rep. INT-298. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Research Station. 83 p. [21512]
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flowers!. Words on Wilderness: The Newsletter of the Wilderness Studies
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Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
26. Stickney, Peter F. 1990. Early development of vegetation following
holocaustic fire in Northern Rocky Mountains. Northwest Science. 64(5):
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Mountain forest plants. Unpublished paper on file at: U.S. Department of
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28. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Sawtooth National
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(Revised). Twinfalls, ID; Boise, ID. 72 p. [21256]
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SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573]
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Index
Related categories for Species: Iliamna rivularis
| Wild Hollyhock
|
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