|
Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
|
|
Introductory
SPECIES: Oxytropis sericea | Whitepoint Locoweed
ABBREVIATION :
OXYSER
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
OXSE
COMMON NAMES :
whitepoint locoweed
silky crazyweed
crazyweed
whitepoint crazyweed
white locoweed
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name for whitepoint locoweed is
Oxytropis sericea Nutt. [40]. Recognized varieties and natural hybrids
are as follows [11,14,40]:
O. sericea var. sericea--This variety hybridizes with O. lambertii
(Lambert crazyweed) in the western Great Plains, Rocky Mountain
foothills, and Colorado [40].
O. sericea var. spicata (Hooker) Barneby--This variety hybridizes with
O. campestris var. davisii (cold mountain crazyweed) in northeastern
British Columbia [40].
LIFE FORM :
Forb
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Lora L. Esser, February 1993
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Esser, Lora L. 1993. Oxytropis sericea. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Oxytropis sericea | Whitepoint Locoweed
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Whitepoint locoweed occurs from the Yukon Territory east to Manitoba and
south to Nevada, New Mexico, and Texas [42]. It is commonly found in
the Great Plains, throughout the Rocky Mountains, and in the Pacific
Northwest [11,37].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
STATES :
AZ CO ID KS MN MT NE NV NM ND
OK OR SD TX UT WA WY AB BC MB
NT SK YT
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
AGFO BADL BICA DINO FLFO FOBU
GLAC GRTE GRSA ROMO THRO WICA
YELL
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K065 Grama - buffalograss
SAF COVER TYPES :
210 Interior Douglas-fir
212 Western larch
215 Western white pine
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
239 Pinyon - juniper
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Oxytropis sericea | Whitepoint Locoweed
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Livestock: Whitepoint locoweed causes locoism in all classes of
livestock [12,36]. The toxin in locoweed is an indolizidine alkaloid,
swainsonine, that causes chronic neurological damage [29]. Livestock
must consume large amounts of whitepoint locoweed for 1 to 3 months
before death occurs. Signs of poisoning will appear after 2 to 3 weeks
of continuous grazing [36]. Symptoms are as follows: rough coats,
nervous disorders such as trembling and paralysis, uncoordinated muscle
movements, blindness, constipation, and emaciation [34].
Most cattle will readily graze whitepoint locoweed in the spring when
grass is scarce. Sheep and cattle can become chemically addicted to
whitepoint locoweed and will continue to graze it when grass becomes
abundant. They are, however, more resistant than horses to its toxic
effects [16,22]. Horses never recover once poisoned. Cattle gain
weight slowly and often have abortions, while sheep have a high number
of abortions after grazing whitepoint locoweed [43].
On high mountain ranges, whitepoint locoweed has been identified as a
predisposing factor in high mountain brisket disease, or congestive
right-sided heart failure, in cattle [22,26].
Wildlife: Whitepoint locoweed is poisonous to deer and elk if consumed
in large quantities [36]. Whitepoint locoweed is a minor component in
the diet of desert cottontails. Greatest utilization is in the spring
and summer, when whitepoint locoweed is the most succulent [9].
PALATABILITY :
Immature whitepoint locoweed seed pods are palatable and voluntarily
selected by free-ranging cattle during the normal grazing season [22].
The reproductive heads of locoweed are preferred and readily consumed
even when other forage species are abundant [29].
Palatability ratings for whitepoint locoweed from selected western
states are as follows [3]:
WY UT CO MT
cattle fair poor poor poor
sheep fair fair poor fair
horses fair poor poor fair
elk fair poor ---- ----
mule deer good poor ---- fair
white-tailed deer ---- good ---- ----
pronghorn fair poor ---- ----
upland game birds poor poor ---- ----
waterfowl ---- poor ---- ----
small nongame birds poor poor ---- ----
small mammals ---- poor ---- ----
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
All parts of whitepoint locoweed plants are toxic, and plants are
poisonous at all stages of growth. It loses little toxicity after 3
years of storage [36]. Swainsonine inhibits the enzyme
alpha-mannosidase which is essential in the metabolism of glycoproteins
[22].
Relative magnitude of alkaloid concentration and nutrients (percent of
dry weight) in whitepoint locoweed are as follows [29]:
Bloom Immature Pod Mature Pod
week of grazing season
0 2 4 7
nutrient loco part
alkaloid head high moderate moderate high
leaf low low low low
crude protein head 17.3 17.3 17.4 16.4
leaf 12.9 12.1 11.8 11.1
fiber head 26 38 41 40
leaf 32 36 36 36
water head 65 60 57 43
leaf 69 65 65 51
In a study in northwestern Utah. percent of loco heads (flowers and
pods) grazed was 26 percent after the first 2 weeks of the grazing
season and increased to 69 percent by the end of the 7-week grazing
season [26].
Energy value and protein value for whitepoint locoweed are poor [3].
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Locoweed poisoning of livestock is the most widespread poisonous plant
problem in the western United States [26]. Whitepoint locoweed
increases in abundance in response to excessive grazing [16]. When
there is a shortage of palatable, nonpoisonous forage, animals will
consume more locoweed [34]. Eradication of whitepoint locoweed over
large areas is seldom possible. Vegetation manipulation should be
integrated with livestock management programs that minimize the intake
of whitepoint locoweed [16]. Aversive conditioning of livestock to
avoid whitepoint locoweed may be effective in reducing livestock losses
[29]. A three-herd, four-pasture rotation system that involves grazing
animals for 6 weeks to 2 months in July and August has reduced the risk
of whitepoint locoweed intoxication in the Raft River Mountains of Utah
[31].
Selective herbicide control may be necessary to reduce whitepoint
locoweed [29]. Picloram, dicamba, and 2,4-D are effective on whitepoint
locoweed if sprayed when plants are actively growing in early summer
before they reach the bud stage [43]. An ester of 2,4-D was sprayed on
whitepoint locoweed on a rangeland in northwest Utah in 1969.
Whitepoint locoweed established to pretreatment levels by 1978 [26].
When aerially sprayed with 2,4-D in 1981, all plants were killed on
deeper soils, but some remained on shallower soils [26].
Whitepoint locoweed fixes atmospheric nitrogen. It has potential to add
significant amounts of nitrogen to forest sites in the Inland Northwest
because of its nitrogen-fixing ability [13]. However, whitepoint
locoweed seedlings compete with conifer tree seedlings on many sites
[13].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Oxytropis sericea | Whitepoint Locoweed
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Whitepoint locoweed is a native, perennial, leguminous forb that grows
from 6 to 12 inches (15.2-30.4 cm) tall [12,43]. Leaves are 1.6 to 8
inches (4-20 cm) long [35]. Legumes are erect, oblong, or ovoid-oblong
and are 0.4 to 1.0 inch (1-2.5 cm) long [35]. One plant may have many
flowering stalks, each with 6 to 27 flowers [12]. Each flower produces
many seeds. Whitepoint locoweed has a long taproot [30].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Whitepoint locoweed reproduces sexually from kidney-shaped seed. Seed
pods are hairy and leatherlike [38]. Seeds have hard, impermeable seed
coats and remain viable in the soil for many years. A large, dormant
seed reserve is retained in the soil to permit exploitation of favorable
environmental conditions [30].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Whitepoint locoweed occurs on open, well-drained slopes of the western
plains, the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, and grassy subalpine
openings bordered by open wooded hillsides or coniferous forests
[410,26]. It is infrequent to common on prairie uplands, streambanks,
valleys, and alpine sites [35].
Whitepoint locoweed occurs on sandy, gravelly, or rocky soils but grows
best on sandy loams. It is tolerant of moderately saline soils and low
nutrient conditions but does not tolerate water-saturated soils such as
heavy clay [38]. Whitepoint locoweed is drought tolerant but is not
tolerant of excessive shade. It is tolerant to freezing temperatures
during the growing season and competes well on nutrient-rich, deep loam
on subalpine sites [30].
Whitepoint locoweed has adapted a stress-tolerant survival strategy
characteristic of plants in arctic and alpine habitats. It has a large
seedbank that remains viable for many years. Its principal stresses are
low temperatures, desiccating effects of strong winds on rocky slopes,
intense solar radiation, and mineral nutrient deficiencies [30].
Whitepoint locoweed thrives at medium elevations but grows at elevations
up to 11,000 feet (3,708 m) in Colorado [3]. Regional elevation
distributions are as follows [3,4,25]:
feet meters
Utah 5,800- 9,800 1,768-2,987
Colorado 3,500-11,000 1,067-3,353
Wyoming 4,000-10,500 1,219-3,201
Montana 3,000-10,000 914-3,048
Arizona 7,000- 8,000 2,134-2,439
New Mexico 7,000- 8,000 2,134-2,439
Alberta 4,500- 7,000 1,370-2,134
Common associated species not listed in Distribution and Occurrence are
as follows: junegrass (Koeleria cristata), needleandthread (Stipa
comata), buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides), western wheatgrass
(Pascopyrum smithii), squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), green needlegrass
(S. viridula), Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), Arizona fescue (F.
arizonica), bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), muttongrass
(Poa fendleriana), Kentucky bluegrass (P. pratensis), Arizona fescue (F.
arizonica), Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), sand dropseed
(Sporobolus cryptandrus), red threeawn (Aristida longiseta), Wyoming big
sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis), alpine sagebrush (A.
scopulorum), plains prickly pear (Opuntia polyacantha), Hood's phlox
(Phlox hoodii), low rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus), sedges
(Carex spp.), aster (Aster spp.), daisy (Erigeron spp.), yarrow
(Achillea spp.), quininebush (Garrya flavescens pallida), scarlet
globemallow (Sphaeralcea coccinea), slimflower scurfpea (Psoralea
tenuiflora), locoweed (Astragalus spp.), purple prairie-clover (Dalea
purpurea), broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), dotted gayfeather
(Liatrus punctata), arrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata), and
grassland Indian paintbrush (Castellaja lutescens) [2,7,9,19,25,26].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
Whitepoint locoweed is an important colonizer following disturbance on
western rangelands [26]. It also occurs in climax meadow and sagebrush
steppe communities.
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Whitepoint locoweed is one of the first species to commence growth in
early spring on many western rangelands. Growth begins in early April
and plants remain green and succulent throughout the summer [2,28].
First bloom for whitepoint locoweed occurs in mid-June to early July.
Seed dissemination begins in mid-July and lasts until mid-August [22].
The plant begins to dry in late September.
Some reported dates for anthesis in some western states are as follows
[3]:
Utah May-July
Colorado May-August
Wyoming March-August
Montana May-August
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Oxytropis sericea | Whitepoint Locoweed
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
No specific fire information was available in the literature regarding
whitepoint locoweed. The seeds of this species are hard and impermeable
and remain viable in the soil for many years until favorable
environmental conditions arise [30]. According to Gill, seeds stored in
the soil are often scarified by fire and released for germination [8].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Oxytropis sericea | Whitepoint Locoweed
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
NO-ENTRY
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
NO-ENTRY
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Oxytropis sericea | Whitepoint Locoweed
REFERENCES :
1. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
2. Dickinson, C. E.; Dodd, Jerrold L. 1976. Phenological pattern in the
shortgrass prairie. American Midland Naturalist. 96(2): 367-378. [799]
3. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information
network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and
Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]
4. Etter, Harold M. 1973. Mined-land reclamation studies on bighorn sheep
range in Alberta, Canada. Biological Conservation. 5(3): 191-195.
[13731]
5. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
6. Fisser, Herbert G. 1986. Biology and ecology of sagebrush in Wyoming: I.
Soil characterization and research methods. In: McArthur, E. Durant;
Welch, Bruce L., compilers. Proceedings--symposium on the biology of
Artemisia and Chrysothamnus; 1984 July 9-13; Provo, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep.
INT-200. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Research Station: 292-302. [927]
7. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
8. Gill, A. Malcolm. 1981. Fire adaptive traits of vascular plants. In:
Mooney, H. A.; Bonnicksen, T. M.; Christensen, N. L.; [and others],
technical coordinators. Fire regimes and ecosystem properties:
Proceedings of the conference; 1978 December 11-15; Honolulu, HI. Gen.
Tech. Rep. WO-26. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service: 208-230. [4394]
9. Hansen, Richard M.; Gold, Ilyse K. 1977. Blacktail prairie dogs, desert
cottontails and cattle trophic relations on shortgrass range. Journal of
Range Management. 30(3): 210-214. [4644]
10. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed.
Chicago: The Swallow Press Inc. 666 p. [6851]
11. Hulten, Eric. 1968. Flora of Alaska and neighboring territories.
Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. 1008 p. [13403]
12. Johnson, James R.; Nichols, James T. 1970. Plants of South Dakota
grasslands: A photographic study. Bull. 566. Brookings, SD: South Dakota
State University, Agricultural Experiment Station. 163 p. [18500]
13. Jurgensen, Martin F.; Tonn, Jonalea R.; Graham, Russell T.; [and
others]. 1991. Nitrogen fixation in forest soils of the Inland
Northwest. In: Harvey, Alan E.; Neuenschwander, Leon F., compilers.
Proceedings--management and productivity of western-montane forest
soils; 1990 April 10-12; Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-280. Ogden, UT:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station: 101-109. [15974]
14. Kartesz, John T.; Kartesz, Rosemarie. 1980. A synonymized checklist of
the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume
II: The biota of North America. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North
Carolina Press; in confederation with Anne H. Lindsey and C. Richie
Bell, North Carolina Botanical Garden. 500 p. [6954]
15. Kingsbury, John M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and
Canada. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 626 p. [122]
16. Krueger, William C.; Sharp, Lee A. 1978. Management approaches to reduce
livestock losses from poisonous plants on rangelands. Journal of Range
Management. 31(5): 347-350. [1379]
17. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
18. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central
Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station. 648 p. [13798]
19. Lieffers, V. J.; Larkin-Lieffers, P. A. 1987. Slope, aspect, and slope
position as factors controlling grassland communities in the coulees of
the Oldman River, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany. 65: 1371-1378.
[3957]
20. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession
following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall
Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council
fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No.
14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496]
21. Mueggler, W. F. 1970. Objectionable characteristics of range plants. In:
Range and wildlife habitat evaluation--a research symposium:
Proceedings; 1968 May; Flagstaff; Tempe, AZ. Misc. Publ. 1147.
Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 63-70.
[12986]
22. Mueggler, Walter F. 1983. Variation in production and seasonal
development of mountain grasslands in western Montana. Research Paper
INT-316. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 16 p. [1710]
23. Mueggler, W. F.; Stewart, W. L. 1980. Grassland and shrubland habitat
types of western Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-66. Ogden, UT: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station. 154 p. [1717]
24. Platt, Kenneth B. 1959. Plant control--some possibilities and
limitations. I. The challenge to management. Journal of Range
Management. 12: 64-68. [4596]
25. Pearson, G. A. 1931. Forest types in the Southwest as determined by
climate and soil. Tech. Bull. 247. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture. 144 p. [3498]
26. Ralphs, M. H.; James, L. F.; Pfister, J. A. 1986. Utilization of white
locoweed (Oxytropis sericea Nutt.) by range cattle. Journal of Range
Management. 39(4): 344-347. [4044]
27. Ralphs, Michael H.; Cronin, Eugene H. 1987. Locoweed seed in soil:
density, longevity, germination, and viability. Weed Science. 35:
792-795. [3007]
28. Ralphs, M. H.; Mickelsen, L. V.; Turner, D. L. 1987. Cattle grazing
white locoweed: diet selection patterns of native and introduced cattle.
Journal of Range Management. 40(4): 333-335. [36]
29. Ralphs, M. H.; Olsen, J. D. 1987. Alkaloids and palatability of
poisonous plants. In: Provenza, Frederick D.; Flinders, Jerran T.;
McArthur, E. Durant, compilers. Proceedings--symposium on
plant-herbivore interactions; 1985 August 7-9; Snowbird, UT. Gen. Tech.
Rep. INT-222. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Research Station: 78-83. [7400]
30. Ralphs, Michael H.; Benson, Brock; Loerch, J. Cameron. 1989. Soil-site
relationships of white locoweed on the Raft River Mountains. Great Basin
Naturalist. 49(3): 419-424. [9321]
31. Ralphs, Michael; Pfister, James; James, Lynn. 1989. Drought may increase
danger from some poisonous plants. Utah Science. 50(4): 148-152.
[10165]
32. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
33. Stephens, H. A. 1980. Poisonous plants of the central United States.
Lawrence, KS: The Regents Press of Kansas. 165 p. [3803]
34. Stoddart, L. A.; Holmgren, A. H.; Cook, C. W. 1949. Important poisonous
plants of Utah. Special Report No. 2. Logan, UT: Utah State Agricultural
College, Agricultural Experiment Station. 21 p. [2259]
35. Stubbendiek, James; Conard, Elverne C. 1989. Common legumes of the Great
Plains: an illustrated guide. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
330 p. [11049]
36. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. 1968. 22
plants poisonous to livestock in the Western states. Agriculture
Information Bulletin No. 327. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Animal Disease and Parasite
Research Division & Crops Reserch Div. 64 p. [4275]
37. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982.
National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names.
SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573]
38. Watson, L. E.; Parker, R. W.; Polster, D. F. 1980. Manual of plant
species suitablity for reclamation in Alberta. Vol. 2. Forbs, shrubs and
trees. Edmonton, AB: Land Conservation and Reclamation Council. 537 p.
[8855]
39. Welsh, Stanley L. 1991. Oxytropis DC.-Names, basionyms, types, and
synonyms-Flora North America Project. Great Basin Naturalist. 51(4):
377-396. [18016]
40. Holmes, Michael J.; Reed, David D. 1991. Competition indices for mixed
species northern hardwoods. Forest Science. 37(5): 1338-1349. [18017]
41. Welsh, S. L.; Atwood, N. D.; Goodrich, S.; [and others]. 1981.
Preliminary index of Utah vascular plant names. Great Basin Naturalist.
41(1): 1-108. [11499]
42. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry
C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo,
UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
43. Whitson, Tom D., ed. 1987. Weeds and poisonous plants of Wyoming and
Utah. Res. Rep. 116-USU. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, College of
Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service. 281 p. [2939]
44. Whitson, Thomas D. 1987. Weeds in Wyoming causing livestock poisoning.
In: Fisser, Herbert G., ed. Wyoming shrublands: Proceedings, 16th
Wyoming shrub ecology workshop; 1987 May 26-27; Sundance, WY. Laramie,
WY: University of Wyoming, Department of Range Management: 55-57.
[13922]
Index
Related categories for Species: Oxytropis sericea
| Whitepoint Locoweed
|
 |
