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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Potentilla recta | Sulfur Cinquefoil
ABBREVIATION :
POTREC
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
PORE5
COMMON NAMES :
sulfur cinquefoil
erect cinquefoil
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name for sulfur cinquefoil is
Potentilla recta L. (Rosaceae) [9,10,12]. There are no recognized
infrataxa.
LIFE FORM :
Forb
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Jennifer H. Carey, January 1995
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Carey, Jennifer H. 1995. Potentilla recta. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Potentilla recta | Sulfur Cinquefoil
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Sulfur cinquefoil, native to Eurasia, was introduced into North America
before 1900 [26]. It is naturalized across much of the United States
and southern Canada. It occurs from British Columbia east to
Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, south to Florida, and west to eastern
Texas. In the western United States, it extends south to northern
California and south in the Rocky Mountains to Wyoming [1,9,10,12,26].
Sulfur cinquefoil generally does not occur in the Great Basin, desert
Southwest, southern Rockies, or Rocky Mountain Piedmont. Sulfur
cinquefoil is reported to occur in Boulder County, Colorado [6].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
STATES :
AL AR CA CO CT DE FL GA ID IL
IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN
MS MO MT NE NH NJ NY NC ND OH
OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX VT VA
WA WV WI WY DC AB BC MB NB NF
NS ON PE PQ SK
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
ALPO ASIS BLRI BUFF CACO CAHA
CATO CHCH CUGA CUVA DEWA EFMO
FIIS FODO GATE GWCA GWMP GLAC
GRSM HOSP INDU ISRO MACA MANA
NATR NERI NOCA OZAR PIRO PIPE
RICH ROCR SARA SHEN SLBE VAFO
WICR
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
SAF COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Sulfur cinquefoil frequently occurs in open grasslands, shrubby areas,
and disturbed areas including old fields.
In Michigan, plant associates of sulfur cinquefoil in a 3-year fallow
field included smooth brome (Bromus inermis), annual ragweed (Ambrosia
artemisiifolia), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), and white oldfield
aster (Aster pilosus) [26]. Major plant associates in a field abandoned
for 5 years were bladder campion (Silene latifolia), curly dock (Rumex
crispus), bitter dock (R. obtusifolius), alfalfa (Medicago sativa),
quackgrass (Elytrigia repens), timothy (Phleum pratense), and bluegrass
(Poa spp.) [11]. In a 10-year fallow field, sulfur cinquefoil occurred
with white oldfield aster, staghorn sumac (Rhus typhina), Canada
bluegrass, western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), and wild carrot
(Daucus carota) [26]. Major plant associates on a field abandoned for
15 years included orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum), yellow devil
hawkweed (H. floribundum), pussytoes (Antennaria spp.), western yarrow,
Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis), aster (Aster spp.), wild carrot,
yellow salsify (Tragopogon dubius), spotted knapweed (Centaurea
maculosa), smooth brome, quackgrass, timothy, and bluegrass [11].
Sulfur cinquefoil occurred with spotted knapweed and butter-and-eggs
(Linaria vulgaris) on a roadside in Glacier National Park, Montana
[15]. Sulfur cinquefoil is codominant with spotted knapweed on many
sites in Montana [18].
In 1937 in the southern Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina, sulfur
cinquefoil was present in grassy balds dominated by mountain oatgrass
(Danthonia compressa) [25].
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Potentilla recta | Sulfur Cinquefoil
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
NO-ENTRY
PALATABILITY :
Sulfur cinquefoil is unpalatable to most livestock and wildlife
[19,20,26]. Cattle will selectively graze spotted knapweed, another
unpalatable species, in preference to sulfur cinquefoil [20].
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Sulfur cinquefoil is not good forage because of its high tannin content.
Underground portions of sulfur cinquefoil contain 17 to 22 percent
tannin [26].
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Sulfur cinquefoil is considered a weed in North America. It is well
established in the eastern United States and eastern Canada and is
continuing to expand its range in western regions [20,26,27]. It is
listed as noxious in Montana [16]. Sulfur cinquefoil infests disturbed
areas, meadows, pasture, and rangeland [26] and can dominate a site
within 2 to 3 years of first appearance [13]. Overgrazing, which
reduces competition from grass, favors sulfur cinquefoil [27].
Sulfur cinquefoil is not a serious weed in cropland because it does not
tolerate frequent plowing. However, a single plowing may increase
sulfur cinquefoil cover. By mid-June, a Michigan field plowed in May
contained plants emerging from old woody caudices as well as numerous
seedlings [26].
Sulfur cinquefoil is not controlled by mowing. When mowed monthly
sulfur cinquefoil develops bulky, spreading roots. The dry weight of
roots from a mown and adjacent unmown area were 4.2 grams per plant and
2.0 grams per plant, respectively [26].
Batra [3] lists 47 insects associated with sulfur cinquefoil in the
northeastern United States. However, acceptable biological control
agents are difficult to find for sulfur cinquefoil because damaging
insects and diseases also attack strawberries (Fragaria spp.), which are
genetically and physiologically similar to sulfur cinquefoil [3,13,20].
Herbicide application techniques and sulfur cinquefoil susceptibility
are described [20]. Tordon, picloram, or 2,4-D applied to rosettes in
spring and fall control sulfur cinquefoil; but seedlings appear within 3
to 4 years of application [13,18,20]. One year after herbicide
treatment, the proportion (as indicated by lbs/acre) of sulfur
cinquefoil in a pasture had dropped from 62 to 8 percent while the
proportion of grasses had increased from 20 to 91 percent.
Fertilization after herbicide treatment increases grass productivity,
but fertilization without weed suppression merely increases the vigor of
sulfur cinquefoil [27].
Small infestations can be controlled by hand pulling [18].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Potentilla recta | Sulfur Cinquefoil
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Sulfur cinquefoil is an introduced, perennial, long-lived forb with one
to several stems growing from a woody caudex. The erect, stout stems
are 12 to 28 inches (30-70 cm) tall. The leaves have five to seven
coarsely serrate oblong leaflets. The small seeds are slightly
flattened and 0.05 inch (0.12 cm) long. The taproot may exhibit some
lateral growth, but there are no rhizomes. Individual plants
approximately 25 to 30 years old have been found in Michigan, and
20-year-old plants are not unusual [18,19,26].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Hemicrytophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Although sulfur cinquefoil reproduces primarily by seed, it has an
unusual method of vegetative reproduction. Annual regrowth each spring
eventually causes individual sulfur cinquefoil plants to become several
closely spaced, independent plants. Each year new shoots appear on the
outer edge of the woody caudex. The old, central portion rots away and
completely disintegrates within 6 to 8 years. The remaining living
portions form a ring-shaped clump composed of several individuals
[19,26]. Wild carrot seedlings have been observed growing in the clump
center [26].
Most sulfur cinquefoil seeds are produced by cross-fertilization, but a
few are produced by self-fertilization. In an old field abandoned for
10 years, sulfur cinquefoil averaged 61.5 seeds per flower, 25 flowers
per stem, and 1.1 stems per plant. Thus, an average plant produced
approximately 1,650 seeds [26]. The seeds do not have a special
dispersal mechanism [21].
Seeds germinate when exposed to light if soil moisture is not limiting.
Some fresh, mature seeds exhibit dormancy, but buried seeds are
generally not dormant despite yearly changes in temperature. In one
study in Kentucky, sulfur cinquefoil seeds were buried 2.8 inches (7 cm)
deep. Each month for over 2 years, some seeds were exhumed, and
germination was tested in light and dark conditions at five alternating
day/night temperature regimes: 59/43, 68/50, 77/59, 86/59, and 95/68
degrees Fahrenheit (15/6, 20/10, 25/15, 30/15, and 35/20 deg C).
Percent germination fluctuated between 35 and 100 percent for the four
coolest temperature regimes. The warmest regime showed erratic
germination from 2 to 71 percent suggesting that germination may not
occur in July and August when temperatures are high [2].
Documentation of sulfur cinquefoil seeds in seedbanks was not found in
the literature, but sulfur cinquefoil appears to be a persistent
seedbank species. Percent germination of sulfur cinquefoil seeds did
not decrease with more than 2 years burial [2]. Rice and others [20]
suggest that sulfur cinquefoil seeds remain viable in the soil for more
than 4 years.
Soule and Werner [21] studied the reproductive effort (the proportion of
aboveground biomass allocated to reproductive parts) in sulfur
cinquefoil in three old fields in Michigan. The average reproductive
effort ranged from 16 to 28 percent, but differences within and between
populations were not statistically significant [21].
Sulfur cinquefoil stems that are knocked to the ground can produce roots
at the nodes [27].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Sulfur cinquefoil grows on roadsides, waste places, unworked fields,
pastures, prairies, and along fencerows. It grows under a variety of
climatic conditions. In Canada, sulfur cinquefoil occurs in areas with
30 to 50 inches (750-1,250 mm) mean annual precipitation [26]. Sulfur
cinquefoil has also been reported growing on a site in western Montana that
receives 13 to 16 inches (330-410 mm) mean annual precipitation [13].
Sulfur cinquefoil grows on dry sandy, gravelly, and rocky soils
[1,15,19,26]. It occurs at low to middle elevations in Montana [19].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Sulfur cinquefoil is an early successional species but persists into
later seres until an extensive woody cover is present [21,26]. Sulfur
cinquefoil was present on old fields in Michigan abandoned from
cultivation 5 and 15 years previously but was not a major species on a
field abandoned for only 1 year [11]. Sulfur cinquefoil is common in
the mixed herbaceous perennial stage of old-field succession which
usually predominates 11 to 15 years after abandonment from grain crops
and 16 to 20 years after abandonment from cultivated fields and hay
fields [4]. Sulfur cinquefoil occurred in three old fields in Michigan
which received 51 to 84 percent of full sunlight. The lowest light was
a shrubby habitat dominated by staghorn sumac [21]. Sulfur cinquefoil
does not occur under a dense forest canopy [26] and thus is probably
intolerant of shade.
Sulfur cinquefoil is reported to be very competitive. In Montana, it
invades bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata) rangeland in good
condition [20]. Densities as high as 3.5 flowering stems per square
foot (39/sq m) have been reported for sulfur cinquefoil in Michigan
[26]. It is actually replacing spotted knapweed, an aggressive weed
species, on some sites in Montana [18].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
In Michigan and in New England, sulfur cinquefoil flowering begins in
early June and continues until early August [9,26]. In Montana, sulfur
cinquefoil begins to bloom in late May [20]. Peak flowering generally
occurs in late June [26]. Seeds germinate at anytime during the growing
season provided soil moisture is not limiting and alternating day/night
temperatures are less than 95/68 degrees Fahrenheit (35/20 deg C) [2].
Growth begins early in spring [20].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Potentilla recta | Sulfur Cinquefoil
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Information on the fire ecology of sulfur cinquefoil is lacking in the
literature. The potential for vegetative parts to survive fire depends
on their depth and the fire severity. The possibility that sulfur
cinquefoil is a persistant seedbanking species may enable it to colonize
after fire.
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Caudex, growing points in soil
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Potentilla recta | Sulfur Cinquefoil
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Perennating buds may survive fire if they are beneath the soil surface,
but the available literature does not specify the location of
perennating buds in relation to soil surface nor their susceptibility to
fire. Buried seed is probably undamaged by most fires.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Buried seed may germinate after fire if exposed to light.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Potentilla recta | Sulfur Cinquefoil
REFERENCES :
1. Bare, Janet E. 1979. Wildflowers and weeds of Kansas. Lawrence, KS: The
Regents Press of Kansas. 509 p. [3801]
2. Baskin, J. M.; Baskin, C. C. 1990. Role of temperature and light in the
germination ecology of buried seeds of Potentilla recta. Annals of
Applied Biology. 117(3): 611-616. [24078]
3. Batra, S. W. T. 1979. Insects associated with weeds in the northeastern
United States. II. Cinquefoils, Potentilla norvegica and P. recta
(Rosaceae). New York Entomological Society. 87(3): 216-222. [24077]
4. Beckwith, Stephen L. 1954. Ecological succession on abandoned farm lands
and its relationship to wildlife management. Ecological Monographs.
24(4): 349-376. [4129]
5. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
6. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information
network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and
Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]
7. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
8. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
9. Gleason, Henry A.; Cronquist, Arthur. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of
northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2nd ed. New York: New
York Botanical Garden. 910 p. [20329]
10. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains.
Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
11. Gross, Katherine L.; Werner, Patricia A. 1982. Colonizing abilities of
"biennial" plant species in relation to ground cover: implications for
their distributions in a successional sere. Ecology. 63(4): 921-931.
[12143]
12. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of
California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p.
[21992]
13. Jarecki, Chuck. 1990. Range weeds and ranch management. In: Roche, Ben
F.; Roche, Cindy Talbott, eds. Range weeds revisted: Proceedings of a
symposium: A 1989 Pacific Northwest range management short course; 1989
January 24-26; Spokane, WA. Pullman, WA: Washington State University,
Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Cooperative Extension: 15-19.
[14828]
14. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
15. Lesica, Peter; Ahlenslager, Kathleen; Desanto, Jerry. 1993. New vascular
plant record and the increase of exotic plants in Glacier National Park,
Montana. Madrono. 40(2): 126-131. [21049]
16. Mullin, Barbara. 1992. Meeting the invasion: integrated weed management.
Western Wildlands. 18(2): 33-38. [19462]
17. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
18. Rice, Peter M. 1991. Sulfur cinquefoil: a new threat to biological
diversity. Western Wildlands. 17(2): 34-40. [16161]
19. Rice, Peter M. 1991. Sulphur cinquefoil--an introduced weed to equal
knapweed and spurge by 2020?. Kelseya. 4(2): 1, 6. [20427]
20. Rice, P. M.; Lacey, C. A.; Lacey, J. R.; Johnson, R. 1991. Sulfur
cinquefoil: Biology, ecology and management in pasture and rangeland.
Extension Bulletin 109. Bozeman, MT: Montana State University, Extension
Service. 9 p. [Pamphlet]. [18996]
21. Soule, J. D.; Werner, P. A. 1981. Patterns of resource allocation in
plants, with special reference to Potentilla recta L. Bulletin of the
Torrey Botanical Club. 198(3): 311-319. [2200]
22. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern
Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
23. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1994. Plants
of the U.S.--alphabetical listing. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 954 p. [23104]
24. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Survey. [n.d.]. NP
Flora [Data base]. Davis, CA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National
Biological Survey. [23119]
25. Wells, B. W. 1937. Southern Appalachian grass balds. Journal of the
Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. 53(1): 1-26. [23348]
26. Werner, Patricia A.; Soule, Judith D. 1976. The biology of Canadian
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Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 56: 591-603. [1272]
27. Callihan, Robert H.; Old, Richard R.; Burnworth, R. Susan. 1991. Sulfur
cinquefoil (Potentilla recta L.). PNW 376. Corvallis, OR: Pacific
Northwest Cooperative Extension Service [Idaho, Oregon, Washington]. 3
p. [24076]
Index
Related categories for Species: Potentilla recta
| Sulfur Cinquefoil
|
 |
