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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Agrostis scabra | Ticklegrass
ABBREVIATION :
AGRSCA
SYNONYMS :
Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. var. tenuis (Tuckerm.) Gl.
Agrostis geminata Trin.
Agrostis hyemalis Auct.
SCS PLANT CODE :
AGSC5
COMMON NAMES :
ticklegrass
hairgrass
rough bentgrass
winter bentgrass
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of ticklegrass is Agrostis scabra
Willdenow [21,35,41,47]. It is also occasionally referred to as A.
hyemalis Auct. (or other authorities) [2,17,18] but is considered to be
specifically distinct from A. hyemalis (Walt.) B.S.P. The following
varieties are recognized:
Agrostis scabra var. geminata (Trin.) Swallen [16,21,30,42]
Agrostis scabra var. septentrionalis Fern. [10,21,35,42]
A. scabra hybridizes with A. stolonifera and A. exarata [47].
LIFE FORM :
Graminoid
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Robin F. Matthews, May 1992
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Matthews, Robin F. 1992. Agrostis scabra. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Agrostis scabra | Ticklegrass
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Ticklegrass is distributed throughout Alaska, the continental United
States (but sparingly in the Southeast), Greenland, Canada, Mexico, and
Asia [2,13,17,42,47].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
STATES :
AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA
HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD
MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ
NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC
SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY
AB BC LB MB NB NF NT NS ON PE
PQ SK YT MEXICO
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
ACAD BIHO BICA CACH CHIR CRMO
CUVA DENA DETO FLFO GLBA GLAC
GRCA GRTE GRSM INDU KICA LACL
LAVO MORA MORU NOCA OLYM PIPE
ROCR ROMO SAGU SEQU SHIL THRO
TICA VOYA YELL YOSE YUCH ZION
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K047 Fescue - oatgrass
K048 California steppe
K049 Tule marshes
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass - bluegrass
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K053 Grama - galleta steppe
K054 Grama - tobosa prairie
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K057 Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K065 Grama - buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
K068 Wheatgrass - grama - buffalograss
K069 Bluestem - grama prairie
K070 Sandsage - bluestem prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
K076 Blackland prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K084 Cross Timbers
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
1 Jack pine
5 Balsam fir
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
15 Red pine
16 Aspen
18 Paper birch
38 Tamarack
69 Sand pine
70 Longleaf pine
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
107 White spruce
201 White spruce
202 White spruce - paper birch
204 Black spruce
210 Interior Douglas-fir
212 Western larch
216 Blue spruce
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood - willow
224 Western hemlock
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
227 Western redcedar - western hemlock
228 Western redcedar
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
235 Cottonwood - willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon - juniper
244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
251 White spruce - aspen
252 Paper birch
253 Black spruce - white spruce
254 Black spruce - paper birch
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Ticklegrass occurs throughout a wide variety of habitats and may be a
dominant or codominant in moist meadows or on streambanks. Published
classifications listing ticklegrass as a dominant component of plant
associations (pas) or community types (cts) are as follows:
AREA CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY
CA: Sequoia NP montane meadow pas Halpern 1986
ID: Upper Salmon/Middle riparian cts Tuhy & Jensen 1982
Fork Salmon River
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Agrostis scabra | Ticklegrass
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Although ticklegrass is a common and widespread species, the large ratio
of seed head to foliage prevents it from being an important livestock
forage plant. Prior to flowering, however, cattle, sheep, and horses
readily consume it [32,41].
Ticklegrass is occasionally eaten by elk, mule deer, white-tail deer,
pronghorn, small mammals, upland gamebirds, and waterfowl [8]. Moose
may also graze on ticklegrass throughout the year [26].
PALATABILITY :
Ticklegrass is considered to be relatively unpalatable to livestock but
is consumed early in the season [32,33,41]. The relish and degree of
use shown by livestock and wildlife in several western states is rated
as follows [8]:
UT WY MT ND
Cattle good fair poor fair
Sheep fair fair poor fair
Horses fair fair poor fair
Elk good good ---- ----
Mule deer fair poor ---- ----
White-tailed deer ---- poor ---- poor
Pronghorn poor poor ---- poor
Upland gamebirds poor fair ---- ----
Waterfowl poor poor ---- fair
Small nongame birds poor fair ---- ----
Small mammals poor fair ---- ----
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Ticklegrass has been rated as fair in energy value and low in protein
value [8].
COVER VALUE :
In certain areas, ticklegrass provides moderate cover for white-tailed
deer, pronghorn, small mammals, upland gamebirds, and small nongame
birds. It may also provide good cover for waterfowl [8].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Ticklegrass is a suitable candidate for revegetation programs,
particularily in northern regions [43]. It has been used successfully
in seeding experiments on alpine sites, where areas disturbed by
grazing, recreation, and mining or mineral exploration are common [4].
Ticklegrass is also reported to be common on abandoned coal-mine sites
in Alberta [37] and has colonized industrially damaged sites near
Sudbury, Ontario [19]. It naturally invades areas damaged by sulfur
emissions [48] and can be found on soils with copper concentrations of
450 p/m and nickel concentrations of 500 p/m [15]. In Yellowstone
National Park, ticklegrass was seeded onto disturbed sites and after one
growing season comprised 18 to 30 percent of the vegetation on test
plots [29]. In revegetation trials in the Yukon Territory, seedlings
emerged in the first growing season in 100 percent of seeded plots. All
plots contained viable plants 7 years later. Eighty-six percent of
plants produced seed in the second growing season, and all live plants
produced seed during the seventh growing season [43]. In addition,
ticklegrass has a fibrous root system that is effective in preventing
soil erosion [8,15,48].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Ticklegrass is one of the most successful native grasses in the
revegetation programs in which it has been included [29,43]. It has
shown good potential for both short-term and long-term revegetation, and
has low establishment requirements [8]. Ticklegrass seed is not
available commercially, but it is produced at the Plant Materials Center
in Bridger, Montana [4,29]. Seed can be collected at a rate of
approximately 3.3 ounces per hour (95 g/hr) [29]. Ticklegrass produces
lush growth in the first year if fertilized. In field trials near Tent
Mountain, Alberta, it produced greater than 20 percent cover in
fertilized plots in the first growing season [15]. In alpine areas,
seeds should be planted in the fall to avoid breaking dormancy and to
allow for optimal growth in the spring [29]. Ticklegrass is very
effective at seed dispersal, and it is not necessary to plant seeds in
areas where a source is nearby [15].
Ticklegrass increases in response to grazing [46]. Because the plant is
not readily grazed after flowering, it is only utilized in the spring or
early summer.
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Agrostis scabra | Ticklegrass
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Ticklegrass is a short-lived, perennial bunchgrass. Culms are slender
and erect, and the basal leaves are often scabrous. The panicle is
large and diffuse at maturity [1,10,30,47]. Ticklegrass is typically 6
to 39 inches (15-100 cm) tall [10,18,23] but often reaches 50 inches
(130 cm) in height [31,32]. The plant has a fibrous root system [48]
but is not rhizomatous [31].
Ticklegrass is often confused with winter bentgrass (A. hyemalis (Walt.)
B.S.P.), but the latter generally flowers earlier [13].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Hemicryptophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Ticklegrass reproduces primarly by seed but can spread laterally by
stolons. The diffuse inflorescence breaks away at maturity and can be
dispersed over long distances by wind [15]. Seeds colonize recently
disturbed sites with exposed mineral soil seedbeds [22].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Ticklegrass occurs throughout a wide variety of habitats including
woodlands, forest openings, grasslands, shrublands, meadows, swamps,
bogs, marshes, and stream and lake margins [5,6,24,47]. It also grows
on disturbed sites, such as in ditches or along roadsides, and in
pastures or abandoned fields [14,24,28]. Ticklegrass occurs from sea
level to alpine zones [4,15,17]. It occupies sites as high as 12,000
feet (3,600 m) in Colorado [8]. Ticklegrass is tolerant of a wide range
of moisture regimes; it thrives in wet or moist soils and can survive
seasonal stem submergence [13,15,41]. Ticklegrass is also found in dry
habitats and is a common component of semiarid grasslands and sagebrush
communities [8,10,15,18].
Ticklegrass grows well on sandy loam, loam, and clay loam soil textures
[8]. It is adapted to soils that are low in nutrients and is tolerant
of low pH levels [15]. Ticklegrass shows poor growth in sodic soils
[8].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
Ticklegrass is generally a pioneer or invader species [11,15,22]. It is
relatively shade intolerant, and thrives in open, sunny locations [15].
Seed is widely dispersed by wind and requires bare mineral soil for
establishment; seedlings are common on recently disturbed sites [15,22].
Ticklegrass has invaded abandoned fields throughout prairie regions, and
barren sandy soils near Coniston, Ontario. It is a pioneer of dry white
spruce (Picea glauca) sites near Norman Wells, Northwest Territories
[15], and clearcut jack pine (Pinus banksiana) sites in Saskatchewan
[7].
Once ticklegrass becomes established, it may remain important throughout
the early seral stages [22]. In boreal forest floodplain succession,
ticklegrass invades initially, and then endures through the early willow
stages [25,44]. Ticklegrass is also a component of near climax range
communities in Montana [36]. In the Sierra Nevada, California,
ticklegrass is an increaser species in climax meadow vegetation [33].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Ticklegrass flowers from June to September, depending on location
[8,10,13]. Seed is shed in late summer [41].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Agrostis scabra | Ticklegrass
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Wind-dispersed ticklegrass seeds readily colonize bare mineral soil on
recently burned sites [6,20,38]. Seeds may also be stored for short
durations in the soil, allowing for early establishment of areas burned
in the spring [11].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Tussock graminoid
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Agrostis scabra | Ticklegrass
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Fire generally top-kills ticklegrass. Specific effects on ticklegrass
mortality, however, are not well documented.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
In general, ticklegrass increases in abundance in response to fire.
Seedlings immediately colonize recently burned areas, provided a
favorable seedbed has been established [27,39]. Annual spring burns in
aspen stands in Alberta caused an increase in ticklegrass inflorescence
production. In unburned areas, there was an average of one flower head
per square foot (10/sq m), but on burned sites 10 flower heads per
square foot (110/sq.m) were produced [2]. In interior Alaska, seedlings
were not found in burned plots where the organic layer had not been
completely removed, although a seed source was nearby. Seedlings were,
however, abundant on adjacent firelines [45].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Agrostis scabra | Ticklegrass
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Index
Related categories for Species: Agrostis scabra
| Ticklegrass
|
 |
