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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Bromus carinatus | California Brome
ABBREVIATION :
BROCAR
SYNONYMS :
Bromus marginatus Nees ex Steud. [44]
B. polyanthus Scribn. [31,44]
= B. carinatus Hook. & Arn. [16,26,37,49,86]
B. maritimus (Piper) A. Hitchc. [44]
= B. carinatus var. maritimus (Piper) C. Hitchc. [35]
SCS PLANT CODE :
BRCA5
BRMA4
BRMA5
COMMON NAMES :
California brome
mountain brome
keeled brome
TAXONOMY :
The currently recognized scientific name of California brome is Bromus
carinatus Hook. & Arn. [16,26,37,49,86]. Varieties of California brome
are:
B. carinatus var. carinatus [35,37] California or mountain brome
B. carinatus var. linearis Shear [49] California or mountain brome
B. carinatus var. maritimus (Piper) C. Hitchc. [35,37] seaside brome
California brome hybridizes with soft brome (B. hordeaceus) [47].
LIFE FORM :
Graminoid
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Gail Winkler, December 1987
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
Janet L. Howard, May 1997
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Howard, Janet L. 1997.; Winkler, Gail. 1987. Bromus carinatus. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Bromus carinatus | California Brome
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
California brome occurs from Alaska east to Ontario and south to
Illinois, Texas, California, and northern Mexico [35,39,86]. Closely
related and possibly conspecific taxa extend to Central and South
America [86]. California brome is native from the Pacific Coast to the
western cordillera. It is casually introduced in the Great Plains [26].
It has naturalized in Europe [86].
Seaside brome occurs in coastal California and Oregon [35].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir-spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
STATES :
AK AZ CA CO ID IL IA KS MT NE
NV NM ND OK OR SD TX UT WA WY
AB BC MB NT ON YT MEXICO
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
ARCH BAND BICA BLCA BRCA CACH
CEBR CHIS CHIR CRLA CRMO DEVA
DEPO DINO FLFO FOBU GLAC GOGA
GRTE LAME LAVO LABE MEVE MOCA
MORA MOSA NAVA NOCA OLYM ORPI
PORE REDW SAGU SAMO SEKI TICA
WHSH YELL ZION
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K003 Silver fir-Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir-hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine-subalpine forest
K009 Pine-cypress forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K013 Cedar-hemlock-pine forest
K014 Grand fir-Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce-fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce-fir forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K025 Alder-ash forest
K026 Oregon oakwoods
K028 Mosaic of K002 and K026
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K030 California oakwoods
K031 Oak-juniper woodlands
K032 Transition between K031 and K037
K033 Chaparral
K034 Montane chaparral
K035 Coastal sagebrush
K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K039 Blackbrush
K047 Fescue-oatgrass
K048 California steppe
K050 Fescue-wheatgrass
K052 Alpine meadows and barren
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe
K058 Grama-tobosa shrubsteppe
K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
K063 Foothills prairie
K086 Juniper-oak savanna
SAF COVER TYPES :
66 Ashe juniper-redberry (Pinchot) juniper
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce-subalpine fir
207 Red fir
210 Interior Douglas-fir
211 White fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
215 Western white pine
216 Blue spruce
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood-willow
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
232 Redwood
233 Oregon white oak
234 Douglas-fir-tanoak-Pacific madrone
235 Cottonwood-willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
239 Pinyon-juniper
240 Arizona cypress
241 Western live oak
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
246 California black oak
247 Jeffrey pine
248 Knobcone pine
249 Canyon live oak
250 Blue oak-foothills pine
255 California coast live oak
256 California mixed subalpine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
101 Bluebunch wheatgrass
102 Idaho fescue
103 Green fescue
104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass
108 Alpine Idaho fescue
109 Ponderosa pine shrubland
110 Ponderosa pine-grassland
201 Blue oak woodland
202 Coast live oak woodland
203 Riparian woodland
204 North coastal shrub
205 Coastal sage shrub
206 Chamise chaparral
207 Scrub oak mixed chaparral
208 Ceanothus mixed chaparral
209 Montane shrubland
210 Bitterbrush
212 Blackbush
213 Alpine grassland
214 Coastal prairie
215 Valley grassland
216 Montane meadows
302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass
303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass
304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
305 Idaho fescue-Richardson needlegrass
306 Idaho fescue-slender wheatgrass
307 Idaho fescue-threadleaf sedge
309 Idaho fescue-western wheatgrass
310 Needle-and-thread-blue grama
311 Rough fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
313 Tufted hairgrass-sedge
312 Rough fescue-Idaho fescue
314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
315 Big sagebrush-Idaho fescue
316 Big sagebrush-rough fescue
317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
319 Bitterbrush-rough fescue
320 Black sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
321 Black sagebrush-Idaho fescue
322 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany-bluebunch wheatgrass
401 Basin big sagebrush
402 Mountain big sagebrush
403 Wyoming big sagebrush
405 Black sagebrush
408 Other sagebrush types
409 Tall forb
410 Alpine rangeland
411 Aspen woodland
412 Juniper-pinyon woodland
413 Gambel oak
415 Curlleaf mountain-mahogany
416 True mountain-mahogany
417 Littleleaf mountain-mahogany
420 Snowbrush
422 Riparian
420 Snowbrush
503 Arizona chaparral
504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland
509 Transition between oak-juniper woodland and mahogany-oak association
606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass
607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass
608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass
610 Wheatgrass
612 Sagebrush-grass
733 Juniper-oak
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
California brome grows in open woods and forests, shrublands,
grasslands, meadows, and waste places [34,54].
Publications describing plant communities in which California brome is a
dominant component of the vegetation include:
Coastal prairie and northern coastal scrub [33]
Sagebrush-grass habitat types of southern Idaho [36]
A sagebrush community type classification for mountainous northeastern
Nevada rangelands [41]
Plant associations of the Wallowa-Snake Province: Wallowa-Whitman
National Forest [42]
A preliminary classification of high-elevation sagebrush-grass
vegetation in northern and central Nevada [56]
Aspen community types of the Intermountain Region [58]
Foothill oak woodlands of the interior valleys of southwestern Oregon [65]
Major Douglas-fir habitat types of central Idaho: a summary of
succession and management [76]
Sagebrush steppe [90]
In mountain meadow grasslands, some species are associated with
California brome across several biotic provinces. Associates of
California brome common to Rocky Mountain, Sierra Nevada, and Sierra
Madre mountain meadows include bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), corn
lily (Veratrum californicum), dwarf purple monkeyflower (Mimulus
nasutus), mountain muhly (Muhlenbergia montana), and Rocky Mountain iris
(Iris missouriensis). Pine dropseed (Blepharoneuron tricholepis) is a
common associate of California brome in the Rocky Mountains [7].
The quaking aspen/California brome community type occurs in all National
Forests of the Intermountain Region. Plants common in this community
type include blue wildrye (Elymus glaucus), slender wheatgrass (E.
trachycaulus), mountain snowberry (Symphoricarpos oreophilus), western
yarrow (Achillea millefolium), and Hood's sedge (Carex hoodii) [58].
In western Montana, California brome is a component of grassy balds
within the subalpine fir-Engelmann spruce (Abies lasiocarps-Picea
engelmannii) zone and above timberline. Associates in grassy balds of
the Bitterroot Mountains include chamisso sedge (Carex pachystachya),
bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), Idaho fescue (Festuca
idahoensis), ballhead sandwort (Arenaria congesta), and western yarrow
[66].
Associates in high-elevation sedge (Carex spp.) meadows of west-central
Idaho include elk sedge (C. geyeri) and other sedges, Idaho fescue,
timber oatgrass (Danthonia intermedia), Wheeler bluegrass (Poa nervosa),
pearly pussytoes (Antennaria anaphaloides), and yellow eriogonum
(Eriogonum flavum) [82].
In shrub steppe of Teton County, Wyoming, Califonia brome was most
common in mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana)
communities above the bluebunch wheatgrass zone. Associates included
slender wheatgrass, Hood's sedge, smallwing sedge (C. microptera),
valley sedge (C. vallicola), Idaho fescue, purple oniongrass (Melica
spectabilis), and needle-and-thread grass (Stipa comata) [4].
In California and Oregon, California brome was a component of pristine
prairies [33,40]. It also occurred, and still does, in the understory
of oak (Quercus spp.) and other woodlands and savannas [80,81] including
valley oak (Q. lobata), California bay (Umbellularia californica), and
California black walnut (Juglans californica) [61,81], which are not
included in SAF cover types [23] listed. California brome was probably
dominant on some pristine sites [65]. Associates on contemporary
California annual grasslands include slender oat (Avena barbata), wild
oat (A. fatua), Pacific hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa ssp.
holciformis), sheep sorrel (Rumex acetosella), and ripgut brome (Bromus
diandrus) [33]. Associates in remnant prairie in the Willamette Valley
of Oregon include red fescue (Festuce rubra), wild strawberry (Fragaria
virginiana), English plantain (Plantago lanceolata), oxeye daisy
(Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), and wild carrot (Daucus carota) [40].
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Bromus carinatus | California Brome
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Livestock: California brome provides high-quality forage [32] and is
sometimes planted as a pasture grass. The Colorado State University
Extension Service described it as "one of the best forage grasses" in
Colorado. On rangelands of the Intermountain West, livestock graze
California brome from early spring until seed dispersal. All
aboveground parts of the plant are used; the seedheads are palatable and
nutritious [34]. Herbage volume is rated fair [32,34].
Wildlife: Elk prefer California brome [79]. It is listed as an
important summer forage species for Rocky Mountain elk in northern Idaho
[51]. Roosevelt elk on Boyes Prairie of northwestern California grazed
California brome more than its percentage cover would predict.
California brome was not plentiful, however, and was not listed as a
leading forage species for the elk [30].
Grizzly bear consume California brome [88].
Various small animals including rodents and geese graze California brome
foliage, and the seeds furnish food for many bird and rodent species
[79].
Although California brome coverage was minor (1.2%), Columbian ground
squirrel on subalpine sites on the Payette National Forest of Idaho
comsumed four times more California brome than any other graminoid [50].
California brome and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) provided from 3 to 38
percent (average 17.3%) of the summer and fall diets of western pocket
gopher in south-central Oregon. The bromes comprised less than 1
percent of total vegetation cover [12].
PALATABILITY :
California brome is palatable to all classes of livestock throughout the
growing season. Plants become fibrous at maturity but livestock readily
graze the ripe seedheads. Domestic sheep have shown rapid weight gain
on ranges with an abundance of ripe California brome seedheads [67,68].
Sampson [67] rated California brome's overall palatability as "high."
Stubbendieck and others [79] rated its patalability as excellent for
cattle, horses, and elk and good for deer and domestic sheep.
Palatability in several western states has been rated as follows [20]:
CO MT UT WY
Cattle good good good fair-good
Sheep good good fair-good good
Horses good good fair-good good
Pronghorn ---- poor poor-good poor
Elk ---- poor good good
Mule deer ---- poor fair-good fair
White-tailed deer ---- poor ---- fair
Small mammals ---- poor good good
Small nongame birds ---- poor fair-good fair
Upland game birds ---- ---- fair fair
Waterfowl ---- ---- poor poor
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Nutritional content of fresh, mature California brome collected in the
United States was as follows [59]:
dry matter (%) 56.2
ash (%) 2.8
crude fiber (%) 24.2
ether extract (%) 1.1
protein (%) 2.8
calcium (%) 0.20
phosphorus (%) 0.11
Avergage percentage dry matter and chemical composition of California
brome collected on summer range (quaking aspen and big sagebrush) in the
Cache National Forest of Utah varied seasonally as follows [13]:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dry Ether Cellu- Other carbo- Crude
Date matter extract Protein lose Lignin hydrates fiber
------------------------------------------------------------------------
July 8 36.4 2.44 8.23 43.09 7.49 33.07 38.62
July 31 49.9 1.52 5.45 42.72 9.26 35.66 39.02
Aug. 28 63.1 1.92 3.33 49.49 9.65 30.99 46.88
Sept. 27 78.2 1.82 3.23 49.88 9.73 30.71 47.52
------------------------------------------------------------------------
COVER VALUE :
The degree to which California brome provides cover for small mammals
and birds has been rated as follows [20]:
MT UT WY
Small mammals fair good good
Small nongame birds fair good good
Upland game birds good fair-good fair
Waterfowl ---- poor poor
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
California brome is useful for revegetating disturbed sites due to rapid
establishment and good soil stabilizing capability [73]. It has proved
effective for stabilizing watersheds [77]. In the Intermountain West,
it is recommended for revegetating mid- to high-elevation sites [27,32].
California brome seed is available commercially [2,17,27,73]. `Bromar'
is a fast-growing, palatable cultivar recommended for revegetating
high-elevation sites [27]. `Cucamonga brome' is a cultivar from
California grassland stock. It was one of several native California
prairie grasses that established well on annual grassland [2]. Seeding
rate recommendations for western rangelands are available [1,32,38].
In Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming, seeded California brome showed
differential establishment on abandoned roads with various site
treatments. Seedling establishment was best with addition of topsoil
followed by fertilizing, ripping, seeding, and mulching. Establishment
was worst with seeding only. With each treatment, sowing with native
seed resulted in better California brome coverage than sowing with
commercial seed [15].
California brome and seaside brome have been successfully established on
waterfront sites of the San Franscisco Bay Area [43].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
California brome does not respond to most herbicides. Trifluralin has
shown fair control [11].
California brome is reduced by heavy grazing [79]. It may be favored by
light to moderate grazing. In a dry mountain meadow in north-central
Idaho, it was less abundant inside an exclosure than outside the
exclosure, where continuous light cattle grazing occurred [l53].
Mueggler [57] found that California brome on the Gallatin Game Preserve
of Montana showed better herbage and flowerstalk production on clipped
plots than on unclipped control plots for the first 2 years of monthly
clipping during the growing season. Production on clipped plots dropped
below production on control plots, however, in the third year. Mueggler
attributed increased productivity of California brome in the first 2
years of clipping to release from competition from forbs, which
responded poorly to clipping.
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Bromus carinatus | California Brome
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
California brome is a cool-season perennial bunchgrass. It is a mid- to
tall grass; the erect culms are 1 to 4 feet (0.3-1.2 m) high at maturity
[16,32,35,79]. The inflorescence is an open panicle, 4 to 12 inches
(10-30.5 cm) long, with erect to spreading branches. Lemmas have short
awns, about 0.2 to 0.3 inch (5-7 mm) in length [34,79]. Roots are deep
and wide-spreading. California brome seedlings grown on gravelly clay
with a subsoil of clay had a horizontal root spread of 28 inches (70 cm)
and a vertical root spread of 28 inches (70 cm) at the end of the first
growing season [3].
Life span of California brome is about 3 to 5 years [34].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Hemicryptophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
California brome reproduces by seed and by tillering [79]. It is both
self-pollinating and outcrossing [55]; self-pollination is more common
than outcrossing [35]. Harlan [29] found that California brome
collected from various locations in California was facultatively
cleistogamous. In the greenhouse, both open-pollinating and
cleistogamous florets were produced on the same plant when soil was dry
during flower development. Plants produced only open-pollinating
florets when soil was moist during flower development. Both
open-pollinating and cleistogamous florets are commonly found on the
same plant in California fields [35].
Germinative capacity of fresh California brome seed is 85 to 90 percent
under laboratory conditions. It is widely reported that seeds require
fluctuating temperatures and light to germinate [24,38,87]. Plummer,
however, [63] found that either constant temperature of 85 degrees
Fahrenheit (30 deg C) or room temperature resulted in germination rates
comparable to those obtained with fluctuating temperatures.
It is unclear whether long-term seedbanking is an important regeneration
strategy for California brome. Steele [75] stated that most California
brome seedlings in northern Idaho establish from seed shattered the
previous fall. Fulbright [24] reported that California brome seed is
viable for only 3 to 4 years. Viability may be longer, however. On a
remnant valley grassland-coastal prairie mosaic in San Francisco,
California, native species were planted and exotics were controlled by
clipping. Although California brome was not among the native species
planted, California brome seedlings appeared after the restoration
treatment. Since California brome had been absent from the site for at
least 15 years, Pitschel [62] thought it most likely established from
soil-stored seed.
Seedlings attain height and root biomass rapidly [24,32,73].
Twenty-eight days after emergence in the greenhouse, California brome
seedlings averaged 61 roots each with an average total root length of
11.2 inches (28 cm). Shoot length 28 days after emergence averaged 2.8
inches (7 cm) [63]. California brome often produces seed in its first
growing season [86], although it may not reproduce until 2 or 3 years of
age on some sites [16].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
California brome occurs on mountain slopes, ridgetops, valleys, meadows,
and waste places. It is adapted to moderately moist to dry soils [79],
and is most common in areas receiving 16 to 30 inches (410-760 mm) of
annual precipitation [73]. In the West, it is more common in dry
cordilleran regions than in the Pacific Northwest. In British Columbia,
occurrence increases with increasing temperature and continentality and
decreases with increasing precipitation [46]. California brome is
reported from a broad spectrum of moisture regimes, however. In
Redwoods National Park, California, California brome occurs on sites
varying from dry slopes and rock outcrops to stream channels [80]. In
Arizona, it occurs on moist mountain meadows but also occurs on dry
hills [45].
California brome grows in all soil textures. Best growth is attained on
medium-textured or loamy soils [24,79]. California brome tolerates
soils in the pH range of 5.5 to 8.0 [73].
Elevational ranges of California brome are as follows:
Arizona - 5,500 to 9,500 feet (1,650-2,850 m) [45]
California - sea level to 10,000 feet (3,000 m) [67]
Colorado - 5,000 to 11,000 feet (1,500-3,300 m) [31,34]
Utah - 3,036 to 10,560 feet (920-3,200 m) [86]
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
California brome occurs in early seres in forested communities
[46,75,76] and in all stages of succession in shrub steppe and grassland
communities [21,22,28]. It requires nearly full to full sunlight
[46,75].
California brome pioneered on mud flows on the slope of Mount St. Helens
in the first 4 years after the 1980 eruption [19].
Numerous studies report California brome in secondary succession. It
was a component of the initial postfire community following
stand-replacing fire in twoneedle pinyon-Utah juniper (Pinus
edulis-Juniperus osteosperma) in Mese Verde National Park, Colorado
[22]. Hann [28] listed California brome as a component of the pinegrass
(Calamagrostis rubescens) early phase of the Douglas-fir/twinflower
(Pseudotsuga menziesii/Linnaea borealis) habitat type of western
Montana. In mountain big sagebrush/elk sedge habitat types of southern
Idaho, California brome replaces elk sedge on disturbed soils or when
elk sedge fails to regenerate [36].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Growth begins in early spring [79], with most growth occurring in early
summer [34]. Fruits mature in mid- to late summer [24]. In California,
seeds ripen in May and June at low elevations; at high elevations, seeds
ripen and are cast by late August [67].
Phenological development of California brome in the Wasatch Mountains of
northern Utah ranged as follows from 1925 to 1934 [14].
Event Date
____________________ ________________________
snow disappearance April 23 - June 15
flower buds evident June 9 - July 6
flowerstalks evident June 24 - July 21
flowers in bloom July 5 - August 10
seed ripe August 8 - September 20
seed dispersed September 9 - October 11
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Bromus carinatus | California Brome
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Information regarding the fire ecology of California brome is scant.
Based upon the few data available, fire appears to have little long-term
effect on California brome. Coverage of California brome is slightly
reduced from prefire levels for several years after fire, then returns
to approximate prefire levels [9,52,71].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Tussock graminoid
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Bromus carinatus | California Brome
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
California brome is top-killed by fire. In the Pacific Northwest, it
routinely survives fall burning of pastureland and sprouts from
surviving root crowns the next growing season [89].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
California brome appears to recover from fire within a few years. It
was one of three grasses to establish in the first 2 years after
stand-replacing wildfire in twoneedle pinyon-Utah juniper woodland in
Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado [22].
Recovery of California brome seems to be similar after both early- and
late-season burning. Data on effects of summer burning are not
available. Neither spring nor fall prescibed fire after logging had
much effect on California brome cover in northern Idaho. After
shelterwood cutting in a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest on the
Priest River Experimental Forest, two prescribed fires were set to
reduce fuels: a June 1, 1989, fire on moist duff (moist burn), and a
September 13 and 14, 1989, fire on dry duff (dry burn). California
brome percentage cover a year before logging and at postfire year 1 was
as follows [71]:
Control (no burn) Moist Burn Dry Burn
------------------ ------------------ ------------------
prefire | postfire prefire | postfire prefire | postfire
--------|--------- --------|--------- --------|---------
0.7 | 1.4 0.4 | 1.6 0.3 | 0.3
Similarly, early fall prescribed burning in pure quaking aspen and mixed
quaking aspen-conifer forests had little effect on California brome. In
mixed forests on the Caribou National Forest of Idaho and the
Bridger-Teton National Forest of Wyoming, California brome was
categorized as providing 5 percent or less cover on both burned and
unburned plots at postfire years 1 and 2. In pure quaking aspen on the
Caribou and Bridger-Teton National Forests, California brome was
categorized as providing from 6 to 25 percent cover on burned and
control plots at postfire years 1 and 2 [9].
California brome was significantly reduced (p = 0.05) for at least 1
year by spring prescribed fire in southwestern Montana. Average basal
cover of California brome in the first postfire growing season was 0.55
sq dm/sq dm on burned plots and 0.72 sq dm/sq dm on unburned plots [60].
Season of burning affected California brome dominance on the Helena
National Forest of Montana. A year after fall prescribed fire in a
mountain big sagebrush/Kentucky bluegrass community, California brome
was codominant with Kentucky bluegrass. After spring prescribed fire
in the same community, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) was codominant
with Kentucky bluegrass [69].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Postfire seeding: California brome is sometimes seeded in after fire
and often establishes good cover. It can help stabilize soil after fire
but may preclude establishment of other species including conifers
[66,75]. Steele and Geier-Hayes [75] stated that seeding was not
necessary on conifer/pinegrass types where good pinegrass cover was
present before fire.
California brome developed good coverage following postfire seeding on
two Douglas-fir/ninebark (Physocarpus malvaceus) habitat types in
central Idaho. In northern Idaho, California brome coverage on several
seeded burn sites varied from "vigorous" to "poor." Fall seedings
resulted in better grass coverage than spring seedings [72]. Fall
seeding on prescribed burned ponderosa pine sites in north-central
Washington resulted in good California brome coverage [85].
Prescribed fire in quaking aspen/California brome: Bradley and others
[6] describe a quaking aspen/California brome community type that
appears to be maintained by long-term grazing. Fire is difficult to
sustain in this type due to discontinuity of fuels. Rate of spread may
be one-tenth that of ungrazed stands. Quaking aspen/grass types will
not sustain fire spread unless flame lengths are 1 to 1.5 feet (0.3-0.5
m), which requires at least 50 percent cured herbaceous vegetation [10].
Brown and others [8] found that time of year was a simple, reliable
indicator of moisture content of herbaceous fuels, including California
brome, in quaking aspen understories. In a quaking aspen/western
coneflower (Rudbeckia occidentalis) community type on the Bridger-Teton
National Forest, Wyoming, perennial grasses in the understory cured at a
slow, steady rate beginning early in the growing season. Dominant
understory grasses measured for seasonal change in moisture content
included California brome, blue wildrye (Elymus glaucus), and slender
wheatgrass. Gradual curing of perennial grasses occured in both 1981, a
dry summer, and 1982, a wet summer. Moisture content of grasses
corresponded "reasonably well" to the National Fire Danger Rating System
(NFDRS) [18] during mid- to late summer. In contrast, forb moisture
content decreased slowly in early summer, then accelerated rapidly.
Forb moisture content related poorly to the NFDRS, fluctuating through a
much greater range of moisture contents than allowed by the NFDRS model
[8].
Prescribed fire in sagebrush/California brome: Fire spread may be
difficult to obtain in mountain big sagebrush/California brome or other
mountain big sagebrush/grass types due to wide spacing of shrubs and
mesic conditions [36].
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[4300] Index
Related categories for Species: Bromus carinatus
| California Brome
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