|
Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
|
|
Introductory
SPECIES: Dichanthelium acuminatum | Woolly Panicum
ABBREVIATION :
DICACU
SYNONYMS :
Panicum lanuginosum Ell. [15,17,20,21,23,24,36,40,52]
SCS PLANT CODE :
DIAC2
DIACA
DIACD
DIACI
DIACL
DIACL2
DIACT
DIACV2
DIACW
COMMON NAMES :
woolly panicum
tapered rosette grass
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of woolly panicum is
Dichanthelium acuminatum (Swartz) Gould & Clark (Poaceae) [4,20,26].
The following varieties are generally accepted [20,26]:
D. a. var. acuminatum
D. a. var. densiflorum (Rand & Redfield) Gould & Clark
D. a. var. implicatum (Scribn.) Gould & Clark
D. a. var. lindheimeri (Nash) Gould & Clark
D. a. var. longiligulatum (Nash) Gould & Clark
D. a. var. thurowii (Scribn. & J. G. Smith) Gould & Clark
D. a. var. villosum (Gray) Gould & Clark
D. a. var. wrightianum (Scribn.) Gould & Clark
The above taxa have received many treatments. In 1910, Hitchcock and
Chase placed some Panicum species into the subgenus Dichanthelium, which
was elevated to generic status by Gould in 1974. Gould and Clark
extensively revised Dichanthelium in 1978 [20]. Freckmann produced a
revision in 1981, reassigning some of the above D. acuminatum varieties
to species level [15]. This writeup will follow the treatment of Gould
and Clark [20].
LIFE FORM :
Graminoid
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Roberta A. Walsh, January 1995
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Walsh, Roberta A. 1995. Dichanthelium acuminatum. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Dichanthelium acuminatum | Woolly Panicum
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Woolly panicum is widespread in the Americas. It occurs throughout the
United States and in Canada from Newfoundland and Nova Scotia west to
British Columbia. Its distribution extends from eastern Mexico south to
northern South America and it is found in the Antilles
[8,14,17,21,22,23,24,27,29,40].
ECOSYSTEMS :
Woolly panicum occurs in most ecosystems.
STATES :
AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA
HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD
MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ
NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC
SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY
DC PR VI AB BC MB NB NF NS ON
PE PQ SK MEXICO
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
ACAD APIS ARCH ASIS BIBE BICY
BITH BLRI BUFF CAHA CACA CALO
CATO CHCH COLO CUGA CUIS CUVA
DEWA EFMO FIIS FODO GATE GWCA
GWMP GLCA GRTE GRSM GUMO GUIS
HOSP INDU LAMR LAVO MACA NABR
NERI OBRI OZAR PAIS PERI PIRO
PIPE PORE PRWI REDW ROCR SHEN
SHIL SLBE THRO VOYA WHIS
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
Woolly panicum occurs in most Kuchler Plant Associations.
SAF COVER TYPES :
Woolly panicum occurs in most SAF Cover Types.
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Woolly panicum occurs in many habitat types and within diverse plant
communities.
On dry prairie ridges of central Wisconsin sand plains, associates of
woolly panicum include little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium),
skyblue aster (Aster oolentangiensis), heath aster (A. ericoides),
forked threeawn (Aristida basiramea), parasol sedge (Carex umbellata),
poverty oatgrass, prairie junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), tall
gayfeather (Liatris aspera), and Indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans) [50].
In central and northwestern Wisconsin, woolly panicum is found on sandy
outwashes and former lake bottoms. Associates include ragweed (Ambrosia
psilostachya), clasping milkweed (Asclepias amplexicaulis), longbranch
frostweed (Helianthemum canadense), Kalm's hawkweed (Hieracium kalmii),
hairy hawkweed (H. longipilum), racemed milkwort (Polygala polygama),
and Virginia tephrosia (Tephrosia virginiana) [46].
On the west slope of the Sierra Nevada in Placer County, California,
woolly panicum occurs in grazed meadows which follow natural drainages.
Associates include Thurber's bentgrass (Agrostis thurberiana), other
bentgrasses (Agrostis spp.), California oatgrass (Danthonia
californica), pullup muhly (Muhlenbergia filiformis), sedges (Carex
spp.), rushes (Juncus spp.), woodrushes (Luzula spp.), white clover
(Trifolium repens), seep monkeyflower (Mimulus guttatus), primrose
monkeyflower (M. primuloides), trailing St. Johnswort (Hypericum
anagalloides), and violets (Viola spp.) [1].
In the Adirondacks of New York, woolly panicum associates include
Pickering's reedgrass (Calamagrostis pickeringii), bluejoint reedgrass
(C. canadensis), northern reedgrass (C. stricta ssp. inexpansa), sedges,
poverty oatgrass (Danthonia spicata), threeway sedge (Dulichium
arundinaceum), rattlesnake mannagrass (Glyceria canadensis),
narrowpanicle rush (Juncus brevicaudatus), brownfruit rush (J.
pelocarpus), bog muhly (Muhlenbergia uniflora), whitebeaked rush
(Rhynchospora alba), and low bulrush (Scirpus cespitosus) [51].
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Dichanthelium acuminatum | Woolly Panicum
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
NO-ENTRY
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Woolly panicum is useful as a soil stabilizer and for restoring degraded
areas [23]. However, in some locations it declines in importance after
a few years as other species increase in cover.
By 1976, woolly panicum was thriving along a section of highway in
Peoria, Illinois, that had been planted to prairie vegetation in
November 1966. Prairie seeds had been broadcast over hard-packed clay
soil that had been loosened [5].
Prairie was reestablished at Pea Ridge National Military Park, Arkansas.
The original prairie had been turned to agricultural use. The site was
plowed in early June 1975, and a seed mixture (not including woolly
panicum) was hand-broadcast on each plot. Vegetation was sampled in
early fall of 1975 and in late spring and early fall for 4 years
thereafter. Woolly panicum established in the fall of the first year
and persisted for the 5 years of the study. However, it was prominent
only in the 2-year-old plots. Seeded prairie grasses in the restoration
plots have increased, and other grasses including woolly panicum have
decreased. Mean percent cover of woolly panicum on 1- to 5-year-old
plots based on spring (S) and fall (F) sampling was as follows [6]:
Plot Age in Years
1 2 3 4 5
F S F S F S F S F
0.5 4.8 5.0 2.1 1.6 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.0
Woolly panicum was a component of 4-year-old and 8-year-old
reestablished prairies in southwestern Ohio [31].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Woolly panicum does not respond uniformly to grazing.
In the Sierra Nevada in Placer County, California, woolly panicum was
present in meadows which were grazed May 30 to September 30 each year
from 1979 to 1986. Utilization of meadow species averaged 61 percent
over the 10 years, but increased to more than 80 percent after 1985.
Woolly panicum increased from 0.8 to 2.1 percent relative cover over
that time [1].
In a 12-year study of grazing intensity in central Louisiana, the
frequency of several species, including woolly panicum, was greater on
ungrazed than on moderately or heavily grazed range. However,
differences owing to grazing intensity were considered "small and
relatively unimportant" [11].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Dichanthelium acuminatum | Woolly Panicum
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Woolly panicum is a native, perennial bunchgrass [8]. It is
polymorphic, having early and late season forms of the same plant.
Vernal culms are tufted, usually unbranched and radiating from the base,
and 6 to 32 inches (15-80 cm) tall [14,17,36]. Early leaf blades are
1.6 to 3.9 inches (4-10 cm) long [21,22]; panicles are pyramidal and 1.2
to 4.7 inches (3-12 cm) long [14,21,24]. Autumnal culms are decumbant
and much-branched, mostly from the middle nodes; they produce dense
fascicles of leaves and inflorescences [19,24]. Fall culm leaf blades
are shorter, narrower, and more crowded than early blades. Winter
rosette blades are also short, but are relatively broad. Late panicles
are reduced and often partly enclosed in leaf sheaths [21]. Spikelets
are awnless [4]; the fruit is a caryopsis [36].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Hemicryptophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Woolly panicum reproduces by seeds; it does not have rhizomes or stolons
[17,22]. Vernal panicles are open and produce chasmogamous flowers.
Autumnal panicles are reduced [20] and often are partly enclosed in the
leaf sheaths [17]; these enclosed flowers are self-pollinated [21].
Woolly panicum seeds can be found in the seedbank, but presence of
woolly panicum vegetation does not necessarily correspond to presence in
the seedbank. In southwestern Ohio, five unburned old-field-deciduous
forest sites were surveyed for vegetational and seedbank presence.
Woolly panicum was present as vegetation and in the seedbank at two
sites, present only as vegetation at two sites, and not present in
either form at one site [37,47,48].
In Harvard Forest at Petersham, Massachusetts, woolly panicum was a
widespread seedbank component in old fields and white pine (Pinus
strobus) stands. It was not a component of the herbaceous ground cover
at any site [30].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Woolly panicum occurs in a wide variety of habitats. It is found in
woodlands [19,24] woodland borders, and recently cleared woodland areas.
It occurs on prairies [22], dunes, seashores [17], and along open
roadsides [20]. It grows along the banks of rivers and lakes [29] and
in marshes, swamps and swales [20]. It is found along the shorelines of
bogs [39], pondcypress (Taxodium distichum) ponds [4], and around
hotsprings [9].
Woolly panicum grows on many soil types. It occurs on heavy, wet soils
[39], silty loam [2,11,48], sandy loam with high organic content [12],
moist to dry sand [14,20,24,34,46,49], and gravelly, often calcareous
soils [49]. Soils are often acidic [12]. In southern Quebec near
Montreal, woolly panicum grows on fine loamy sand with pH 6.1; the soil
is low in magnesium and very low in calcium and nitrogen [43].
Woolly panicum has been reported from the following elevations:
Feet Meters
Arizona 4,000-6,500 1,219-1,981 [27]
California < 8,531 < 2,600 [23]
Colorado 3,500-5,500 1,067-1,676 [8,22]
New York < 5,348 < 1,630 [51]
Utah 3,510-7,317 1,070-2,230 [52]
Mexico 98-9,843 30-3,000 [19]
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Woolly panicum appears in early secondary succession. It does not
appear in old-growth forests, but is found in stands of intermediate
age.
In southwestern Ohio, woolly panicum occurred in all but the oldest of a
chronosequence of five unburned old-field-deciduous forest sites; the
sites were surveyed nine times during the 1980 growing season. Site 1
was an old field abandoned for 2 years and dominated by red clover
(Trifolium pratense). Site 2 was an old field abandoned for 10 years
and dominated by Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) and meadow
fescue (Festuca pratensis). Site 3 was an old field abandoned for 50
years and dominated by Canada goldenrod, with white ash (Fraxinus
american) and black cherry (Prunus serotina) providing about 30 percent
canopy cover. Site 4 was an old field abandoned for 90 years and
dominated by a forest of sugar maple (Acer saccharum) and slippery elm
(Ulmus rubra). Site 5 was an old-growth American beech (Fagus
grandifolia) and sugar maple dominated forest which was over 200 years
old. Woolly panicum was present but not common at site 1; its seeds
were present in the seedbank. It was present in "disturbed" vegetation
at site 2; its seeds were not found in the seedbank. Woolly panicum was
a common species in "disturbed" vegetation at site 3; its seeds were
found in the seedbank. It was present but not common at site 4; its
seeds were not found in the seedbank. Woolly panicum was not present
nor found in the seedbank at site 5 [37,47,78].
In upland oak-pine forest sites in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, woolly
panicum did not occur in the flora but appeared to persist in the
seedbank. Its persistence was attributed to infrequent local
disturbance [32].
Woolly panicum was found in marshes of a Connecticut River oxbow in
western Massachusetts in 1984, though it had not been present in 1974.
Woolly panicum was found only in the highest and driest areas of the
marshes, at low cover (<0.5%) and frequency (1%). During high water,
much of the marsh area is flooded. The appearance and disappearance of
woolly panicum was probably due to variations in water level during the
study period [25].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Woolly panicum produces a basal rosette during autumn and winter.
Primary inflorescences develop and bloom on elongated unbranched culms
that grow from the rosettes early in spring. Late spring, summer, and
autumn growth of the same culms produces fascicles of short, branched
and rebranched lateral shoots with greatly reduced leaves and lateral
inflorescences which also bloom. Woolly panicum thus has two main
flowering periods [20].
Woolly panicum flowering times are:
California June-August [35]
Florida May-September [4]
Illinois May-October [34]
New York June-July [10]
West Virginia June-September [42]
Eastern United States May-November [14]
Great Plains May-June [21]
through fall
New England June-September [40]
Southeastern United States May-August [36]
Southern United States begins [20]
February-March
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Dichanthelium acuminatum | Woolly Panicum
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Woolly panicum has basal buds [21] which may sprout after aerial
portions are burned. If thick tufts form, they may protect the basal
buds from fire damage.
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Tussock graminoid
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Dichanthelium acuminatum | Woolly Panicum
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Woolly panicum culms and leaves are probably killed by fire.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Woolly panicum presence in response to fire varies with frequency and
severity of fire. Woolly panicum occurs with greater frequency
following annual fires than following less frequent fires. It has
lowest frequency where there are no fires [7,12,31,33]. However, if the
fire is severe enough to damage buds and roots, woolly panicum presence
declines [2]. Fire reduces woolly panicum flowering [2,18].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
Woolly panicum was subjected to annual or periodic surface fires in
upland oak forests in Franklin County, Tennessee. Data were collected
each September from 1965 to 1970. Burning on annual burn plots began in
1963; periodic burn plots were treated in 1964 and 1969. All fires were
in late winter. Woolly panicum occurred with greatest frequency on
annually burned plots, with intermediate frequency on periodically
burned plots, and with lowest frequency on unburned plots [7].
A 90-year-old red pine (Pinus resinosa) and white pine stand in Chalk
River, Ontario, was surveyed for vegetation in late August of 1969,
1970, 1971, and 1972. Prior to burning, the site was dominated by
shrubs and balsam fir (Abies balsamea) saplings. Fires were conducted
on June 15 of 1970 and 1971. Total reduction in depth of the organic
layer was approximately 30 percent. Fuel consumption of the forest
floor was confined to the litter layer; the duff was almost undisturbed.
Postfire cover was dominated by herbaceous species. Woolly panicum was
absent from prefire permanent plots but occurred in the plots in
postfire years 1 to 4. However, it did not become important in terms of
density or biomass during the time of the study [33].
Woolly panicum was a component of a pitcher plant (Sarracenia alata) bog
in Harrison County, Mississippi, that had been burned annually in winter
over the previous 7 years [12].
In southwestern Ohio, woolly panicum was a component of an 8-year-old
prairie which was established in 1979 and burned in 1983 [31].
In southern Illinois grassland, woolly panicum declined sharply, from
18,415 to 1,080 flowering culms per acre (45,486-2,668 culms/ha),
following fire. Plots had been undisturbed from 1950 to 1969. Plots
were sampled in August 1969. Burning was conducted December 1, 1969.
The fire was moderate, resulting in nearly complete consumption of the
heavy litter accumulation from years of fire protection. Postfire
sampling of burned and control plots was done from June through
September 1970. Woolly panicum had the greatest decrease in frequency
following burning of any species sampled, probably because of damage to
its buds and roots. Response of woolly panicum to the fire was [2]:
Frequencies (%)
Control Burn
1969 1970 1969 1970
24.6 26.3 42.5 0.8
In Illinois, woolly panicum showed a 94 percent decrease in flowering
following a spring fire [18].
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Dichanthelium acuminatum | Woolly Panicum
REFERENCES :
1. Allen, Barbara H. 1989. Ten years of change in Sierran stringer meadows:
an evalutation of range condition models. In: Abell, Dana L., technical
coordinator. Proceedings of the California riparian systems conference:
Protection, management, and restoration for the 1990's; 1988 September
22-24; Davis, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-110. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range
Experiment Station: 102-108. [13513]
2. Anderson, Roger C.; Van Valkenburg, Charles. 1977. Response of a
southern Illinois grassland community to burning. Transactions, Illinois
State Academy of Science. 69(4): 399-414. [19481]
3. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
4. Clewell, Andre F. 1985. Guide to the vascular plants of the Florida
Panhandle. Tallahassee, FL: Florida State University Press. 605 p.
[13124]
5. Cull, Margaret Irene. 1978. Establishing prairie vegetation along
highways in the Peoria area. In: Glenn-Lewin, David C.; Landers, Roger
Q., Jr., eds. Proceedings, 5th Midwest prairie conference; 1976 August
22-24; Ames, IA. Ames, IA: Iowa State University: 172-177. [3378]
6. Dale, Edward D., Jr.; Smith, Thomas C. 1983. Changes in vegetation on a
restored prairie at Pea Ridge National Military Park, Arkansas. In:
Kucera, Clair L., ed. Proceedings, 7th North American prairie
conference; 1980 August 4-6; Springfield, MO. Columbia, MO: University
of Missouri: 237-241. [3224]
7. DeSelm, H. R.; Clebsch, E. E. C.; Nichols, G. M.; Thor, E. 1974.
Response of herbs, shrubs and tree sprouts in prescribed-burn hardwoods
in Tennessee. In: Proceedings, annual Tall Timbers fire ecology
conference; 1973 March 22-23; Tallahassee, FL. No. 13. Tallahassee, FL:
Tall Timbers Research Station: 331-344. [19011]
8. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information
network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and
Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]
9. Dorn, Robert D. 1988. Vascular plants of Wyoming. Cheyenne, WY: Mountain
West Publishing. 340 p. [6129]
10. Dowhan, Joseph J.; Rozsa, Ron. 1989. Flora of Fire Island, Suffolk
County, New York. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 116(3):
265-282. [22041]
11. Duvall, V. L.; Linnartz, N. E. 1967. Influences of grazing and fire on
vegetation and soil of longleaf pine - bluestem range. Journal of Range
Management. 20: 241-247. [7623]
12. Eleuterius, L. N.; Jones, S. B., Jr. 1969. A floristic and ecological
study of pitcher plant bogs in south Mississippi. Rhodora. 71: 29-34.
[12333]
13. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
14. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. [Corrections
supplied by R. C. Rollins]. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press. 1632 p.
(Dudley, Theodore R., gen. ed.; Biosystematics, Floristic & Phylogeny
Series; vol. 2). [14935]
15. Freckmann, Robert W. 1981. Realignments in the Dichanthelium acuminatum
complex (Poaceae). Phytologia. 48(1): 99-110. [23994]
16. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
17. Gleason, Henry A.; Cronquist, Arthur. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of
northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2nd ed. New York: New
York Botanical Garden. 910 p. [20329]
18. Glenn-Lewin, David C.; Johnson, Louise A.; Jurik, Thomas W.; [and
others]. 1990. Fire in central North American grasslands: vegetative
reproduction, seed germination, and seedling establishment. In: Collins,
Scott L.; Wallace, Linda L., eds. Fire in North American tallgrass
prairies. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press: 28-45. [14194]
19. Gould, Frank W. 1980. The Mexican species of Dichanthelium (Poaceae).
Brittonia. 32(3): 353-364. [23992]
20. Gould, Frank W.; Clark, Carolyn A. 1978. Dichanthelium (Poaceae) in the
United States and Canada. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 65:
1088-1132. [23993]
21. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains.
Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]
22. Harrington, H. D. 1964. Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed.
Chicago: The Swallow Press Inc. 666 p. [6851]
23. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of
California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p.
[21992]
24. Hitchcock, A. S. 1951. Manual of the grasses of the United States. Misc.
Publ. No. 200. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Administration. 1051 p. [2nd edition revised by
Agnes Chase in two volumes. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.]. [1165]
25. Holland, Marjorie M.; Burk, C. John. 1990. The marsh vegetation of three
Connecticut River oxbows: a ten-year comparison. Rhodora. 92(871):
166-204. [14521]
26. Kartesz, John T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of
the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume II--thesaurus. 2nd ed.
Portland, OR: Timber Press. 816 p. [23878]
27. Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H.; Howell, John Thomas; McClintock,
Elizabeth. 1960. Arizona flora. 2d ed. Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press. 1085 p. [6563]
28. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
29. Lackschewitz, Klaus. 1991. Vascular plants of west-central
Montana--identification guidebook. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-227. Ogden, UT:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station. 648 p. [13798]
30. Livingston, R. B.; Allessio, Mary L. 1968. Buried viable seed in
successional field and forest stands, Harvard Forest, Massachusetts.
Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 95(1): 58-69. [3377]
31. Lutz, Kimberly A. 1989. Prairie establishment in southwestern Ohio. In:
Bragg, Thomas B.; Stubbendieck, James, eds. Prairie pioneers: ecology,
history and culture: Proceedings, 11th North American prairie
conference; 1988 August 7-11; Lincoln, NE. Lincoln, NE: University of
Nebraska: 95-99. [14025]
32. Matlack, Glenn R.; Good, Ralph E. 1990. Spatial heterogeneity in the
soil seed bank of a mature coastal plain forest. Bulletin of the Torrey
Botanical Club. 117(2): 143-152. [22905]
33. Methven, Ian R. 1973. Fire, succession and community structure in a red
and white pine stand. Information Report PS-X-43. Chalk River, ON:
Environment Canada, Forestry Service, Petawawa Forest Experiment
Station. 18 p. [18601]
34. Mohlenbrock, Robert H. 1986. (Revised edition). Guide to the vascular
flora of Illinois. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.
507 p. [17383]
35. Munz, Philip A. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]
36. Radford, Albert E.; Ahles, Harry E.; Bell, C. Ritchie. 1968. Manual of
the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of
North Carolina Press. 1183 p. [7606]
37. Roberts, Teresa L.; Vankat, John L. 1991. Floristics of a chronosequence
corresponding to old field-deciduous forest succession in southwestern
Ohio. II. Seed banks. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 118(4):
377-384. [17753]
38. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
39. Roland, A. E.; Smith, E. C. 1969. The flora of Nova Scotia. Halifax, NS:
Nova Scotia Museum. 746 p. [13158]
40. Seymour, Frank Conkling. 1982. The flora of New England. 2d ed.
Phytologia Memoirs 5. Plainfield, NJ: Harold N. Moldenke and Alma L.
Moldenke. 611 p. [7604]
41. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern
Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
42. Strausbaugh, P. D.; Core, Earl L. 1977. Flora of West Virginia. 2nd ed.
Morgantown, WV: Seneca Books, Inc. 1079 p. [23213]
43. Swales, Dorothy E. 1975. An unusual habitat for Drosera rotundifolia L.,
its over-wintering state, and vegetative reproduction. Canadian
Field-Naturalist. 89(2): 143-147. [22335]
44. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1994. Plants
of the U.S.--alphabetical listing. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 954 p. [23104]
45. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Survey. [n.d.]. NP
Flora [Data base]. Davis, CA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National
Biological Survey. [23119]
46. Umbanhowar, Charles E., Jr. 1992. Reanalysis of the Wisconsin prairie
continuum. American Midland Naturalist. 127(2): 268-275. [18194]
47. Vankat, John L.; Carson, Walter P. 1991. Floristics of a chronosequence
corresponding to old field-deciduous forest success. in southwestern
Ohio. III. Post-disturbance vegetation. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical
Club. 118(4): 385-391. [17755]
48. Vankat, John L.; Snyder, Gary W. 1991. Floristics of a chronosequence
corresponding to old field-diciduous forest succession in southwestern
Ohio. I. Undisturbed vegetation. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.
118(4): 365-376. [18758]
49. Voss, Edward G. 1972. Michigan flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and monocots.
Bloomfield Hills, MI: Cranbrook Institute of Science; Ann Arbor, MI:
University of Michigan Herbarium. 488 p. [11471]
50. Zedler, Joy; Loucks, Orie L. 1969. Differential burning response of Poa
pratensis fields and Andropogon scoparius prairies in central Wisconsin.
American Midland Naturalist. 81(2): 341-352. [14795]
51. Zika, Peter F.; Jenkins, Jerry C. 1992. Contributions to the flora of
the Adirondacks, New York. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club.
119(4): 442-445. [20903]
52. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry
C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo,
UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
Index
Related categories for Species: Dichanthelium acuminatum
| Woolly Panicum
|
 |
