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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants |
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INTRODUCTORY
ABBREVIATION:ELYCAN
SYNONYMS:No entry
NRCS PLANT CODE [89]:ELCA4
COMMON NAMES:Canada wildrye nodding wild rye
TAXONOMY:The currently accepted scientific name of Canada wildrye is Elymus canadensis L. (Poaceae) [34,39,47,53,97]. Barkworth and Dewey [8] recognize no varieties or forms in North America. Canada wildrye hybridizes with slender wheatgrass (Elymus trachycaulus) [97], Texas wildrye (E. interruptus) [39], and Virginia wildrye (E. virginicus) [22].
LIFE FORM:Graminoid
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:No special status
OTHER STATUS:No entry
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:Simonin, Kevin A. (2000, May). Elymus canadensis. In: Remainder of Citation DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:Canada wildrye is widely distributed throughout North America. It is found from Alaska to Nova Scotia and occurs throughout the United States except for the extreme southeast portion [6,36,39,50]. Canada wildrye is most abundant within the Great Plains, Pacific Northwest, and the Rocky Mountain states [49].
ECOSYSTEMS [37]:FRES10 White-red-jack pine FRES11 Spruce-fir FRES14 Oak-pine FRES15 Oak-hickory FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood FRES18 Maple-beech-birch FRES19 Aspen-birch FRES20 Douglas-fir FRES21 Ponderosa pine FRES23 Fir-spruce FRES28 Western hardwoods FRES29 Sagebrush FRES30 Desert shrub FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub FRES35 Pinyon-juniper FRES36 Mountain grasslands FRES38 Plains grasslands FRES39 Prairie FRES40 Desert grasslands
STATES:
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [10]:5 Columbia Plateau 6 Upper Basin and Range 7 Lower Basin and Range 8 Northern Rocky Mountains 9 Middle Rocky Mountains 10 Wyoming Basin 11 Southern Rocky Mountains 12 Colorado Plateau 13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont 14 Great Plains 15 Black Hills Uplift 16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER [57] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:K011 Western ponderosa forest K012 Douglas-fir forest K015 Western spruce-fir forest K016 Eastern ponderosa forest K017 Black Hills pine forest K018 Pine-Douglas-fir forest K019 Arizona pine forest K020 Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forest K021 Southwestern spruce-fir forest K022 Great Basin pine forest K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland K026 Oregon oakwoods K029 California mixed evergreen forest K030 California oakwoods K031 Oak-juniper woodland K032 Transition between K031 and K037 K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub K038 Great Basin sagebrush K040 Saltbush-greasewood K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass K055 Sagebrush steppe K056 Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppe K057 Galleta-threeawn shrubsteppe K063 Foothills prairie K064 Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrass K065 Grama-buffalo grass K066 Wheatgrass-needlegrass K067 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalo grass K069 Bluestem-grama prairie K070 Sandsage-bluestem prairie K074 Bluestem prairie K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie K076 Blackland prairie K081 Oak savanna K088 Fayette prairie K098 Northern floodplain forest K101 Elm-ash forest K104 Appalachian oak forest
SAF COVER TYPES [33]:5 Balsam fir 20 White pine-northern red oak-red maple 21 Eastern white pine 22 White pine-hemlock 23 Eastern hemlock 24 Hemlock-yellow birch 25 Sugar maple-beech-yellow birch 30 Red spruce-yellow birch 32 Red spruce 33 Red spruce-balsam fir 35 Paper birch-red spruce-balsam fir 40 Post oak-blackjack oak 42 Bur oak 52 White oak-black oak-northern red oak 53 White oak 59 Yellow-poplar-white oak-northern red oak 63 Cottonwood 93 Sugarberry-American elm-green ash 110 Black oak 210 Interior Douglas-fir 217 Aspen 220 Rocky Mountain juniper 222 Black cottonwood-willow 235 Cottonwood-willow 236 Bur oak 237 Interior ponderosa pine 238 Western juniper 239 Pinyon-juniper 246 California black oak
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [78]:105 Antelope bitterbrush-Idaho fescue 107 Western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass 110 Ponderosa pine-grassland 209 Montane shrubland 301 Bluebunch wheatgrass-blue grama 302 Bluebunch wheatgrass-Sandberg bluegrass 303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass 304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass 314 Big sagebrush-bluebunch wheatgrass 317 Bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass 401 Basin big sagebrush 402 Mountain big sagebrush 403 Wyoming big sagebrush 409 Tall forb 412 Juniper-pinyon woodland 601 Bluestem prairie 602 Bluestem-prairie sandreed 603 Prairie sandreed-needlegrass 604 Bluestem-grama prairie 605 Sandsage prairie 606 Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrass 607 Wheatgrass-needlegrass 608 Wheatgrass-grama-needlegrass 609 Wheatgrass-grama 610 Wheatgrass 611 Blue grama-buffalo grass 612 Sagebrush-grass 615 Wheatgrass-saltgrass-grama 708 Bluestem-dropseed 709 Bluestem-grama 710 Bluestem prairie 717 Little bluestem-Indiangrass-Texas wintergrass 721 Sand bluestem-little bluestem (plains) 722 Sand sagebrush-mixed prairie 731 Cross timbers-Oklahoma 732 Cross timbers-Texas (little bluestem-post oak) 733 Juniper-oak 802 Missouri prairie 805 Riparian
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:Prairie: Canada wildrye is widely distributed throughout the Great Plains [7]. It commonly occurs in the sand prairies of Minnesota, North Dakota, Colorado, Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, Missouri, and Manitoba [92]. Canada wildrye is common in northeastern Colorado grass meadows and valley floors of the sandhill region [70]. It is also a common component of Pawnee National Grassland, Colorado [45]. Canada wildrye is found throughout all of Illinois and is a common component of Illinois' mesic prairies [12]. In Iowa, Canada wildrye is a dominant native prairie grass [31]. Lowland prairies are preferred, but widely scattered bunches infrequently occur in upland prairies [30]. Canada wildrye is native to prairie in Ohio [20]. The Edwards Plateau region of Texas supports Canada wildrye [52]. Canada wildrye is a dominant species of the Lake Huron dune system along with prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium) [101]. In Kansas, Canada wildrye is a component of tallgrass prairie along with big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii), little bluestem, Indiangrass, (Sorghastrum nutans), switchgrass, prairie Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), and smooth brome (Bromus inermis) [32]. Canada wildrye is also found in mixed grass prairie along with buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), big bluestem [1,60] and rough dropseed (Sporobolus asper) [60]. Within Nebraska tallgrass prairies, Canada wildrye occurs in isolated clumps commonly associated with switchgrass, prairie dropseed, little bluestem, prairie Junegrass, and western wheatgrass [86]. In true prairie lowlands, where big bluestem is dominant, Canada wildrye is a principal associate along with Indiangrass and switchgrass [95]. Forested: Canada wildrye is common to many forested areas. In California, Canada wildrye is found in the North Coast Range mixed evergreen and mixed hardwood forests [47]. In Wisconsin Canada wildrye Occurs in elm (Ulmus spp.)-ash (Fraxinus spp.)-cottonwood (Populus spp.) habitats along with switchgrass, prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum), and common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) [9]. It occurs in post oak (Quercus stellata)-Hickory (Carya spp.) barrens of southern Illinois [46]. Canada wildrye is commonly found within east-central Minnesota oak savannas with bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), and northern pin oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis) [85]. It is found in ponderosa pine habitats of the southwest [58]. Riparian: Riparian and other wetlands support populations of Canada wildrye. Canada wildrye occurs in prairie fens of the southeastern Missouri Ozarks [68]. Canada wildrye is an understory component of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) riparian habitats of northeastern Colorado [77]. Canada wildrye inhabits incised channel banks of ephemeral streams within north-central Wyoming [80]. In Montana Canada wildrye is found in association with eastern cottonwood along the Missouri River flood plain. It is a component of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) communities along with young and mature eastern cottonwood communities adjacent to the Yellowstone River [14]. Overall, Canada wildrye is a common component of riparian communities in association with red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea), Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), golden currant (Ribes aureum), Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii), and western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis). Riparian grass associates include smooth brome, and green muhly (Muhlenbergia racemosa) [41]. VALUE AND USE
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:Canada wildrye provides good forage for livestock early in the season but is considered inferior forage upon maturity [49,83,93]. It is considered as fair forage in Montana, readily eaten in the early spring, but avoided after development of seed stalks [62]. Cougars in Utah and Nevada may feed on Canada wildrye [72]. Cottontail rabbits in Missouri will also feed upon Canada wildrye [55].
PALATABILITY:When young, Canada wildrye is palatable to all classes of livestock [98]. Overall, Canada wildrye is generally rated as fair, decreasing with maturity [49]. The degree of palatability for Canada wildrye in several western states has been rated as follows [25]:
NUTRITIONAL VALUE:Huston and others [52] evaluated the chemical composition (%) of Canada wildrye from the Edwards Plateau, Texas. Results are summarized below:
COVER VALUE:Canada wildrye provides good habitat for many bird species [7]. The degree to which Canada wildrye provides environmental protection for wildlife species is rated as follows [25]:
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:Ecotypic variation should be considered when implementing revegetation projects. McMillan [61] observed Canada wildrye individuals obtained from different location after transplanting to a community garden in Lincoln, Nebraska. Individuals obtained from Oklahoma, Kansas, and Colorado flowered earlier than individuals from the remainder of the Great Plains states. Canada wildrye Individuals from Iowa, Illinois, eastern Nebraska, and Missouri showed the latest flowering dates, generally between 15 July to 19 July. Individuals form Oklahoma, Kansas, and Colorado generally flower during the middle to end of June. Once established, Canada wildrye increases habitat stability. It provides a good source of litter, seed, and soil organic matter [66]. Canada wildrye also provides good erosion control [7,58]. Seedlings of Canada wildrye are vigorous. Good stands are generally formed the 1st year with peak production occurring the 2nd and 3rd years; after which populations thin rapidly [93]. Canada wildrye is readily grown for seed production [5,21], and seed is commercially available [23,43,67]. Cooper and others [21] along with Atkins and Smith [5], provide suggestions for producing and harvesting Canada wildrye seed within the Great Plains. Greene and Curtis [40] found cold stratification (storing seeds in loam soil at 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4.4 °C) for 2 months) greatly increased germination compared to unstratified seed. Seeds observed were collected in the prairie of southern Wisconsin. Blake [13] found dry storage to produce better germination results than stratification. Mine spoil soils: Canada wildrye is tolerant of heavy metals from abandoned tailings [19,42]. Eddleman and Doescher [27] found no significant difference in Canada wildrye shoot biomass when grown in native soil and strip mine spoil soils of southeastern Montana. Hardell and Darrell [42] achieved high germination from hand broadcast and raking Canada wildrye seed on an open pit surface mine in Wisconsin. Noyd and others [66] had great success seeding Canada wildrye for reclamation of a mine in northeastern Minnesota. The 2nd growing season Canada wildrye was the dominant species. Smith [80] was successful revegetation mine spoil soils in British Columbia with Canada wildrye seed. Amending revegetation sites with 5cm of topsoil allowed for the greatest persistence of Canada wildrye which achieved 5% cover at 5 postseeding years, outperforming all other grass species used in the seed mixture. Robocker and others [74] found Canada wildrye seedlings to have rapid root and shoot growth when compared to the prairie associates big bluestem, switchgrass, and sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula) when grown in greenhouse conditions of 60 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit (15.5-18.3 °C) or 80 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit (26.7-29.4 °C). Root and shoot growth of Canada wildrye was approximately 10 times greater at 60 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit (15.5-18.3 °C) and approximately 2 times greater at 80 to 85 degrees Fahrenheit (26.7-29.4 °C). Canada wildrye does not compete well with Kentucky bluegrass or quackgrass (Elymus repens) [74]. Mycorrhizae may decrease Canada wildrye's competitive ability when associated with obligate mycotrophs [43]. Canada wildrye was a component of seed mixtures used to revegetate rural roadsides in Iowa [29].
OTHER USES AND VALUES:
|
| Host plant | Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) | Foxtail barley (Critesion jubatum) | Slender wheatgrass |
| Infection (%) | 5 | 47 | 31 |
RAUNKIAER [71] LIFE FORM:
Hemicryptophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES:
Canada wildrye may reproduce through seed or vegetative production. However, it does
not rely heavily on vegetative reproduction [86,96]. Canada wildrye produces a high ratio
of reproductive to vegetative stems [31] and persistence is generally maintained
through production of seed [96].
Seed:
Canada wildrye may outcross [36,76] or self-fertilize [6,36,76]. Sanders and Hamrick [76] found Canada wildrye most often self-fertilizes throughout the northern
Great Plains with outcrossing rates varying between populations.
Gable [36] observed a much greater outcrossing percentage than that of self-fertilization.
Throughout its distribution, Canada wildrye seed usually matures in the early fall [21].
In the southern portion of its' range, Canada wildrye seed most often mature in July with
northern populations maturing in August [98]. Seed yields can average 300 to 400 lbs. (136-181 kg)
per acre from native stands [49]. There is no report on seed dispersal mechanisms. However,
the presence of long awns suggests the potential for long distance dispersal by animals.
Canada wildrye seeds are highly germinable, showing the best germination in soils with high water content [13].
Seedlings are vigorous [49,98] and usually establish quickly [98].
Robocker and others [74] found Canada wildrye seeds required an average of 8 days before
emergence. Seeds were planted in flats at 0.125 to 0.25 inch (0.318-0.64 cm) depths containing
a mixture of 1/2 sand and 1/2 Miami silt loam topsoil and germinated in greenhouse
conditions at 60 to 65
degrees Fahrenheit (16-18 °C). Average emergence was 54.7%.
Vegetative:
Rhizomes are very short and tend toward vertical rather than horizontal orientation.
Mueller [64] found an average rhizome length of 1 inch (2.5 cm), usually occurring in the upper
1.5 inches (3.8 cm) of soil. Rhizomes are more pronounced in loose sandy soil compared to loams. Rhizomes
are generally longer in sandy soils compared to loams and may occur as deep as 5 inches (12.7 cm). Observations were made in east-central Nebraska,
where average radial increase of Canada wildrye was 2 inches (5.1 cm) per year in loam and approximately
1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in sand.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:
Canada wildrye is most often associated with mesic environments [21,81,86], inhabiting prairies,
streambanks, lakeshores, ditches, and various disturbed sites [39] such as road ditches and other areas
of disturbed open ground [36,81,86]. In general Canada wildrye prefers mesic, lowland soils [1].
Soils:
Canada wildrye is adapted to a wide variety of soils [5,21,39,98]. It may inhabit gravelly [39], sandy,
silty, or clayey soils [5] and areas of relatively low soil fertility [21] especially the soil nutrient
phosphorous [67].
Regional:
Canada wildrye prefers prairie lowlands of Iowa [31], Kansas [38], and
Nebraska [81,86]. In North Dakota, Canada wildrye is most often found in moist ravines and streambanks [50].
In sandhill regions of North Dakota, Canada wildrye occurs on disturbed uplands most often around
animal burrows and rim areas of sand blowouts [18]. Canada wildrye is commonly found
along roadsides adjacent to croplands, pastures, and woodlands in southeastern
Iowa [15].
Populations are sparse in the west. In Utah Canada wildrye is found along waterways and in wet,
sometimes saline meadows [97]. It is confined to moist ravines and streambanks in eastern
Montana, but is widespread in moist mountain valleys of western Montana at medium and low
altitudes [62]. Canada wild rye is most often found on disturbed areas in California [47].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:
Canada wildrye is generally an early seral species [27,59,80], increasing with disturbance.
In Wisconsin prairies, regular disturbance from annual floods maintains Canada wildrye as
an early seral dominant [17]. Canada wildrye is a pioneer species along many roadsides in
Montana [7].
In sandhills of southeastern North Dakota, Canada wildrye is considered a mid-seral
species [18].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:
Canada wildrye growing points appear early in the growing season [31].
Lateral roots of seedlings form early and branch widely. Overall growth of foliage
is slow compared to root growth [13]. Canada wildrye may show summer dormancy during periods
of drought, resuming growth in the fall under adequate moisture [88].
In mesic tallgrass prairies of Nebraska, Canada wildrye vegetative growth usually begins in late April,
flowering in mid-July with seeds maturing in August [86].
Seedlings may survive through winter resuming active growth in the spring [13].
Neiland and Curtis [65] observed Canada wildrye phenology in Madison, Wisconsin. Stem elongation began
the middle of May, continuing to the end of June, after which anthesis began and continued until the middle
of August. Production of crown roots was observed from February until the end of May, occurring
again in August. Secondary and tertiary root growth was found to occur from February until
the middle of June and again from the beginning of August until the beginning of October.
| Community or Ecosystem | Dominant Species | Fire Return Interval Range (years) |
| bluestem prairie | Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium | < 10 [56,69] |
| Nebraska sandhills prairie | A. g. var. paucipilus-S. s. | < 10 |
| bluestem-Sacahuista prairie | Andropogon littoralis-Spartina spartinae | < 10 |
| sagebrush steppe | Artemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata | 20-70 |
| plains grasslands | Bouteloua spp. | < 35 |
| blue grama-needle-and-thread grass-western wheatgrass | B. gracilis-Hesperostipa comata-Pascopyrum smithii | < 35 |
| blue grama-buffalo grass | B. g.-Buchloe dactyloides | < 35 [69] |
| sugarberry-America elm-green ash | Celtis laevigata-Ulmus americana-Fraxinus pennsylvanica | < 35 to 200 [91] |
| wheatgrass plains grasslands | Pascopyrum smithii | < 35 [69] |
| Great Lakes spruce-fir | Picea-Abies spp. | 35 to > 200 |
| northeastern spruce-fir | Picea-Abies spp. | 35-200 [26] |
| Rocky Mountain ponderosa pine* | Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum | 2-10 |
| Arizona pine | P. var. arizonica | 2-10 [4] |
| Table Mountain pine | P. pungens | < 35 to 200 [91] |
| red pine (Great Lakes region) | P. resinosa | 10-200 (10**) [26] |
| eastern cottonwood | Populus deltoides | < 35 to 200 [69] |
| mountain grasslands | Pseudoroegneria spicata | 3-40 (10**) [3,4] |
| California oakwoods | Quercus spp. | < 35 [4] |
| oak-hickory | Quercus-Carya spp. | < 35[91] |
| oak savanna | Q. macrocarpa/Andropogon gerardii-Schizachyrium scoparium | 2-14 [69,91] |
| little bluestem-grama prairie | Schizachyrium scoparium-Bouteloua spp. | < 35 [69] |
| elm-ash-cottonwood | Ulmus-Fraxinus-Populus spp. | < 35 to 200 [26,91] |
| Burned | Unburned | |
| Seed stalks #/bundle | 105.0 | 102.0 |
| Seed stalk average height (inches) | 46.0 | 46.0 |
| Seed stalk weight (grams) | 113.5 | 111.0 |
| Fruit purity (%) | 40.1 | 47.9 |
| Fruit germination (%) | 8.0 | 44.0 |
| Fruit weight (grams) | 45.5 | 49.4 |
| Leaf blades average length (inches) | 18.0 | 18.0 |
| Leaf blade weight (grams) | 45.5 | 49.4 |
| Leaf sheaths average length (inches) | 6.0 | 6.0 |
| Leaf sheaths weight (grams) | 47.3 | 48.2 |
| Total weight (grams) | 258.3 | 256.0 |
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