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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Elymus lanceolatus | Thickspike Wheatgrass
ABBREVIATION :
ELYLAN
SYNONYMS :
Agropyron dasystachyum
Agropyron albicans
Agropyron elmeri
Agropyron griffthsii
Agropyron psammophilus
Agropyron riparium
SCS PLANT CODE :
ELLA3
ELLAA
ELLAL
ELLAP
COMMON NAMES :
thickspike wheatgrass
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of thickspike wheatgrass is
Elymus lanceolatus (Scribner & J. G. Smith) Gould. Barkworth and Dewey
[3] combined the former taxa A. dasystachyum, A. elmeri, and A.
riparium under E. lanceolatus.
There are three subspecies of thickspike wheatgrass [3,4]:
E. l. ssp. albicans (Scribner & J. G Smith) Barkw. & D. R. Dewey
E. l. ssp. lanceolatus
E. l. ssp. psammophilus (Gillett & Senn) A. Love
LIFE FORM :
Graminoid
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Kathy Ahlenslager, April 1986
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
Kathy Ahlenslager, December 1987
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Ahlenslager, Kathleen E. 1986. Elymus lanceolatus. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Elymus lanceolatus | Thickspike Wheatgrass
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Thickspike wheatgrass occurs from Alaska east and south across Canada,
south throughout the western United States and Mexico, in the Great
Plains south to Kansas, and in the eastern United States as far south as
West Virginia. It is best adapted to the northern Intermountain West
and the drier areas of the Pacific Northwest where it is the most widely
distributed sod-forming grass [7,22,23,34,36,41].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES38 Plains grasslands
STATES :
AK AZ CA CO HI IL IN IA KS KY
MI MN MO MT NV NM ND OH OR SD
UT WA WV WI WY AB BC MB ON PQ
SK MEXICO
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
BLCA BRCA CODA DINO FOBU GLAC
GRTE GRBA LABE SAJH SCBL SLBE
THRO WICA YELL ZION
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K037 Mountain mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K040 Saltbrush - greasewood
K051 Wheatgrass - bluegrass
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K057 Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K065 Grama - buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem prairie
K098 Northern floodplain forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
237 Interior ponderosa pine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Thickspike wheatgrass is a codominant or indicator species in many
habitat types in sagebrush-grassland vegetation. It is found in
communities with Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides), sand dropseed
(Sporobolus cryptandrus), big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), prairie
sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia), bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegernia
spicata), Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), and needlegrass (Stipa
spp.) [40]. Thickspike wheatgrass is named as a dominant in the
following vegetation classifications:
Climax vegetation of Montana based on soils and climate [31]
Plant associations (habitat types) of Region 2., 3rd ed. [37]
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Elymus lanceolatus | Thickspike Wheatgrass
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
NO-ENTRY
PALATABILITY :
The palatability of thickspike wheatgrass to cattle is good in the
summer and fair in the winter. Palatability of this grass to elk is
good yearlong; palatability to deer is fair in the spring [40].
The degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for thickspike
wheatgrass in several western states is rated as follows [14]:
CO MT ND UT WY
Cattle Good Good Good Good Good
Sheep Fair Fair Fair Fair Good
Horses Fair Good Good Good Good
Pronghorn ---- Poor Poor Fair Fair
Elk ---- Fair Good ---- Good
Mule deer ---- Poor Poor Good Fair
White-tailed deer ---- Poor ---- ---- Poor
Small mammals ---- Poor ---- Good Fair
Small nongame birds ---- Poor ---- Fair Fair
Upland game birds ---- ---- ---- Fair Fair
Waterfowl ---- ---- ---- Fair Fair
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Compared to other grasses, thickspike wheatgrass is rated good in energy
value and fair in protein value [14].
COVER VALUE :
The degree to which thickspike wheatgrass provides environmental
protection during one or more seasons for wildlife species is as follows
[14]:
MT ND UT WY
Pronghorn Poor Fair Poor Poor
Elk Poor ---- Poor Poor
Mule deer Poor Fair Poor Poor
White-tailed deer Poor Fair ---- Poor
Small mammals Fair ---- Fair Good
Small nongame birds Fair ---- Fair Good
Upland game birds Fair ---- Fair Fair
Waterfowl Good ---- Fair Fair
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Due to its drought tolerance and ability to form a dense sod, thickspike
wheatgrass and cultivars of it are widely used for soil stabilization on
disturbed range sites and dry areas subject to erosion, as well as on
roadsides, airports, irrigation canal banks, recreation areas,
construction sites, abandoned farm lands, and planting corners where
circle move sprinklers are used [2,32,36].
The cultivar 'Critana' is adapted for use in Montana, Wyoming, and the
western Dakotas in areas with mean annual precipitation of 10 to 16
inches (25-40 cm). It has been successfully used on mine spoils and in
range seedings in Montana and Wyoming [35]..
The cultivar 'Sodar' is widely used as a low-growing, low-maintenance
cover in the Intermountain area. It is used for roadside seedings,
recreation areas, disturbed areas, and other sites where a
low-maintenance turf is desirable [35].
Vesicluar-arbuscular mycorrhizae are a common component of arid soils.
They usually increase nutrient and water intake, as well as increase the
dry mass of plants. The disturbance of land often leads to the
reduction or elimination of mycorrhizal fungi propagules. Water
relations in thickspike wheatgrass plants are not affected by
inoculation of mycorrhizae or the presence of annuals [1].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Although thickspike wheatgrass is often seeded alone, it is also seeded
in mixtures for cover and forage. In mixtures with taller species, it
is sometimes used as a spreading undercover plant [15,40].
Cultivars with good seed production and high seedling vigor include
'Sodar,' released in Idaho and Washington, 'Critana,' released in
Montana, and 'Elbee,' released in Alberta [18,30,34]. Commercially
available seeds of thickspike wheatgrass were used successfully to
revegetate subalpine slopes of Montana ski areas [6].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Weed control is usually needed on new seedings of thickspike. Stands
should not be grazed until plants are firmly rooted. In the sandy soil
where thickspike wheatgrass usually grows, trampling damage is often as
serious as overgrazing. Livestock should be managed to prevent overuse
and subsequent wind erosion problems. As soil becomes stabilized and
plants get older, yields tend to decrease [32]. When seeded alone, a
fertilization program helps to maintain high forage production [40].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Elymus lanceolatus | Thickspike Wheatgrass
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Thickspike wheatgrass is a long-lived perennial, cool-season,
drought-tolerant, coarse-leaved grass [36,39]. It is a sod-forming
species with long, branched rhizomes, by which plants spread rapidly.
The erect culms are 16 to 32 inches (40-80 cm) tall.
In rich soils in the more eastern areas of its range, the root depth of
thickspike wheatgrass plants may reach 6.8 to 11.7 feet (2.1-3.6 m). In
the more arid western portions roots may penetrate to only 4.8 feet (1.5
m) [11]. Although morphologically similar to western wheatgrass
(Pascopyrum smithii), thickspike wheatgrass is more drought resistant,
albeit less productive [29].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Geophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Seeds usually germinate in 21 days under ideal laboratory conditions.
Germination is improved by prechilling (stratification). Seedling vigor
is fair, which is better than that of western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum
smithii) but not as good as that of desert wheatgrass (A. desertorum)
and intermediate wheatgrass (A. intermedium) [40].
Thickspike wheatgrass regenerates vegetatively through rhizomes, as well
as sexually via wind-dispersed seeds. Due to its matted root system,
other species have difficulty establishing in thickspike stands.
Thickspike wheatgrass increases in frequency of individual plants and
percent cover in response to grazing [16].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Thickspike wheatgrass occurs in grasslands and sagebrush deserts on low
dry plains, dry hillsides, exposed flats and ridges, benches, and
well-drained meadows. Plants rarely form pure stands over any extensive
area, although they can appear to dominate and can form almost pure
stands over a small area [36].
Although thickspike wheatgrass is best adapted to sand, sandy loam, and
loam soils, it is also found on heavy alkaline flats and weakly saline
soils. This grass grows on well-drained areas where the water table is
3 feet (1 m) or more beneath the surface [40].
Thickspike wheatgrass plants require from 8 to 15 inches (20-38 cm) of
annual precipitation [29]. When growing in areas with more than 20
inches (51 cm) annual precipitation, plants are not long-lived, because
of leaf and stripe rusts [32].
Plants occur over wide elevational ranges. These vary as follows [14]:
from 4,800 to 10,000 ft (1,463-3,049 m) in CO
5,000 to 6,500 ft (1,524-1,982 m) in MT
3,800 to 8,900 ft (1,159-2,713 m) in WY
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Thickspike is present in several climax plant communities [27]. It has
the ability to increase in abundance during secondary succession [36].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
This cool-season grass produces its best growth in spring. Thickspike
wheatgrass blooms from May to July. Flowering dates are as follows
[14]:
State Earliest date observed Latest date observed
CO June August
MT May July
ND July August
WY June August
Thickspike wheatgrass plants mature about 3 weeks earlier than those of
western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii). The summer regrowth of plants
is fair and the fall regrowth is good [40].
Listed below are the average dates that plants reached various
developmental phases on the Snake River Plain, Idaho [9]:
Growth starts March 1
Flower stalks appear May 21
Heads fully out June 16
Flowers in bloom June 27
Plant drying July 12
Seeds ripen July 27
Dissemination starts August 8
Dissemination over August 20
Plant dried August 11
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Elymus lanceolatus | Thickspike Wheatgrass
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Thickspike wheatgrass is a fire-tolerant species. Plants remain green
throughout much of the summer. Since they are low growing, they are
less of a fire hazard than taller species. After planned
sagebrush-grassland fires, plants soon spread and dominate the ground
cover [40]. Fire probably stimulates these rhizomatous plants to
initiate new shoots at primordial regions of the root system [20].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Elymus lanceolatus | Thickspike Wheatgrass
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Fires usually consume dry vegetation to ground level. Burning
thickspike wheatgrass, with its coarse stems and lesser amounts of leafy
material, usually results in rapid combustion and little downward
transfer of heat to belowground plant parts [44]. The rhizomatous
growth form of this species minimizes the effect of fire on it.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
Burns conducted in the spring after new growth is initiated can severely
injure this species [44].
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Growth habit and season of burn are the principle variables regulating
the response of grasses to fire [38]. Rhizomatous species are
frequently favored by fire, as fire probably stimulates the initiation
of new shoots at primordial regions of the root system. Thickspike
wheatgrass increases in abundance following fire [42]. Production on
burned plots remains above that on controls for about 30 years [21].
Postburn recovery time is rapid (2 to 5 years) in the sagebrush and
pinyon-juniper zones of the Intermountain region [44]. Thickspike
wheatgrass recovers more rapidly on ungrazed pastures than on grazed
experimental plots [10,26,33].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
On a sagebrush-grass range on the Upper Snake River Plains, Idaho,
thickspike increased markedly on burned areas by the end of the first
growing season after fall burns. The degree of increase rose with the
intensity of the burn. This relative increase continued so that by the
end of the third year, production doubled or tripled that on the
unburned range. Thickspike usually recovers fully within 3 years of a
fire. After 15 years relative production declined, but thickspike
wheatgrass still produced significantly more on the burned range than on
the unburned one [8].
On a western wheatgrass and thickspike wheatgrass range in southeastern
Alberta, 1 year after an August wildfire, production of the two grasses
was reduced 19 percent [43].
An effect of fire is to increase water stress on plants on burned sites.
An accidental fire in Saskatchewan burned a strip of thickspike
wheatgrass-junegrass prairie several hundred feet wide. Sampling was
done along burned and unburned sides of the fire line. Plant and soil
water stress increased near the end of the May-August period following
the fire on both burned and unburned sites. As the growing season
progressed, the potentials in thickspike wheatgrass became lower on
burned plots. Observed reductions in productivity were probably the
result of increased plant water stress [45]. In an experiment using
thickspike wheatgrass leaves, water potential and osmotic potential were
lower in plants from burned areas [43].
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Elymus lanceolatus | Thickspike Wheatgrass
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Index
Related categories for Species: Elymus lanceolatus
| Thickspike Wheatgrass
|
 |
