• ABBREVIATION
• SYNONYMS
• NRCS PLANT CODE
• COMMON NAMES
• TAXONOMY
• LIFE FORM
• FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS
• OTHER STATUS
• AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION

ABBREVIATION:

HILBEL

SYNONYMS:

No entry

NRCS PLANT CODE:

HIBE
HIBEB
HIBEL

COMMON NAMES:

curlymesquite
mesquite-grass
curlymesquite grass
common curly-mesquite

TAXONOMY:

The fully documented scientific name of curlymesquite is Hilaria belangeri (Steud.) Nash (Poaceae) [27,31,32]. There are 2 varieties of curlymesquite [31]:

H. b. var. belangeri (Steud.) Nash
H. b. var. longifolia (Vasey) A.S. Hitchc.

LIFE FORM:

Graminoid

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:

No special status

OTHER STATUS:

No entry

AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:

Zlatnik, Elena. (1999, July). Hilaria belangeri. In: Remainder of Citation

• GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
• ECOSYSTEMS
• STATES
• BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS
• SAF COVER TYPES
• SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES
• HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:

Curly mesquite occurs in the southwestern United States from southern Oklahoma and Texas to Arizona and southeastern California [32,36].

ECOSYSTEMS:

FRES32   Texas savanna
FRES33   Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34   Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35   Pinyon-juniper
FRES38   Plains grasslands
FRES40   Desert grasslands

STATES:

AZ    CA    NM    OK    TX

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS:

  3   Southern Pacific Border
  7   Lower Basin and Range
12   Colorado Plateau
13   Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14   Great Plains

KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:

K023   Juniper-pinyon woodland
K031   Oak-juniper woodlands
K058   Grama-tobosa shrubsteppe
K060   Mesquite-savanna
K061   Mesquite-acacia
K061   Mesquite-live oak savanna
K086   Juniper-oak savanna

SAF COVER TYPES:

  68   Mesquite
239   Pinyon-juniper
241   Western Live oak
242   Mesquite

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES:

503   Arizona chaparral
505   Grama-tobosa shrub
508   Creosotebush-tarbush
701   Alkali sacaton-tobosagrass
702   Black grama-alkali sacaton
705   Blue grama-galleta
715   Grama-buffalograss
728   Mesquite-granjeno-acacia
729   Mesquite
733   Juniper-oak
734   Mesquite-oak

HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:

Curlymesquite appears in desert and semi-desert grasslands and shrubsteppes. In desert plains grasslands in the Southwest, curlymesquite and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) dominate, with hairy grama (B. hirsuta), black grama (B. eriopoda), tobosa (Hilaria mutica), threeawn species (Aristida spp.), New Mexico feathergrass (Stipa neomexicana), sideoats grama (B. curtipendula), and bush muhly (Muhlenbergia porteri). Occasional honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa) and acacia (Acacia spp.) are also found in this community [25].

In southern Texas, curlymesquite appears in thornscrub woodland with honey mesquite, brasil (Condalia obovata), huisache (A. farnesiana), blackbrush acacia (A. rigidula), white brush (Aloysia gratissima), Texas persimmon (Diospyros texana), cactus (Opuntia spp.), prairie broomweed (Amphiachyris dracunculoides), sensitivebriar (Shrankia latidens), Indian mallow (Abutilon incarnum), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), red threeawn (Aristida purpurea), buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris), and bristlegrass (Setaria spp.) [9].

On the Edwards Plateau, Texas, curlymesquite is part of short-and mid-grass rangelands, with dominant overstories of redberry juniper (Juniperus pinchottii) and honey mesquite and understories of red threeawn, red grama (B. trifida), hairy tridens (Erioneuron pilosum), Reverchon bristlegrass (S. reverchonii), needleleaf bluet (Hedyotis acerosavar. acerosa), Parks groomwell (Lithospermum parksii), mouse-ear (Tiquilia canescens), and longstalk greenthread (Thelesperma longipes) [17].

Vegetation typings describing communities in which curlymesquite is dominant include:

Flora and vegetation of the Rincon Mountains, Pima County, Arizona [7]
Biotic communities of the Southwest [13]
A vegetation classification system for New Mexico, U.S.A. [16]
A vegetation classification system applied to southern California [41]

• IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE
• PALATABILITY
• NUTRITIONAL VALUE
• COVER VALUE
• VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES
• OTHER USES AND VALUES
• MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:

Curlymesquite can be an important forage species in the desert Southwest [25,28,53]. In some parts of central and western Texas, curlymesquite is the most important cattle forage [14]. Horses, cattle, domestic sheep, domestic goats, pronghorn, and deer graze it year-round [36]. Curlymesquite is not highly productive [28].

PALATABILITY:

Curlymesquite is one of the more palatable grass species in the Southwest [53]. Cattle use is high throughout the plant's range [19,23,28,30].

NUTRITIONAL VALUE:

Curlymesquite is of fair to good nutritional value [20,28,56]. Protein content of curlymesquite in Arizona peaks around 13% in August and reaches a low of nearly 2% in November and December [49].

Nutritional content (%) of immature curlymesquite is as follows [40]:

Nutrient	Content
Ash	15.7
Crude fiber	25.6
Ether extract	2.5
N-free extract	39.0
Protein	17.2
Calcium	1.04
Magnesium	0.31
Phosphorus	0.26
Potassium (%)	0.79

COVER VALUE:

In general, shortgrass prairies featuring curlymesquite are not an important habitat for breeding birds [29].

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:

Curlymesquite has good soil binding qualities and grows on most soils, so it has potential as a rehabilitation species [4,37,47,57]. Commercial seed is hard to get, so mulching with hay is the most economical seed source [10,11]. Also, curlymesquite is not drought resistant, so revegetated sites need sufficient irrigation [10,11].

OTHER USES AND VALUES:

No entry

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

Curlymesquite responds well to disturbance [33]. Curlymesquite is highly grazing tolerant [3,4,21,33,39,43,57]. Following herbicide trials in huisache and mesquite stands in southern Texas, curlymesquite was the first grass species to reinvade treated areas [6].

Resinbush (Euryops mulitifus), an introduced shrub from Africa, prevents the growth of curlymesquite from up to 5 to 6.5 feet (1.5-2 m) away [37].

• GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM
• REGENERATION PROCESSES
• SITE CHARACTERISTICS
• SUCCESSIONAL STATUS
• SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Curlymesquite is a native, perennial, warm-season shortgrass. Tufts grow to 4 to 12 inches (10-30 cm) tall [24]. The plant is a sod-former that sends out slender stolons to produce new tufts [27,56].

Longevity of curlymesquite in southern Arizona was determined to be shorter than 9 years on grazed study plots and shorter than 5 years on ungrazed plots [15].

RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM:

Chamaephyte

REGENERATION PROCESSES:

Curlymesquite reproduces by seed or, more commonly, by long stolons that establish new tufts [14,27,53,56]. In a good season, the plant can spread as much as 13 feet (4 m) [14].

Plants produce very few seeds and are often sterile [14,56]. Curlymesquite is not self-fertile [14]. After 20 years uncontrolled storage, only 6% of curlymesquite seeds germinated near Globe, Arizona [52]. Seed germination increased from 59 to 92% and 55 to 87% in 2 trials after an afterripening period of 12 weeks. Removing the seed fascicles also increases germination percentage and lengthens storage periods [42].

The presence of seeds in the soil seedbank depends, in part, on management practices. In a soil seedbank study in a semiarid Texas grassland, curlymesquite, which was a dominant feature of the extant vegetation, had high germinable seed density (254/m²) under heavy continuous grazing. Seed density was low to none under grazing exclusion [34,33].

SITE CHARACTERISTICS:

Curlymesquite is found on dry, open foothills, mesas, rocky slopes, and swales throughout the Southwest [29,32,53]. The plant grows on a wide variety of soils, but grows best on loams to clay loams with pH of 6.8 to 7.4 [36].

Curlymesquite is not a particularly drought-tolerant species [10]. In Arizona desert grasslands, curlymesquite sites receive 13-19 inches (330-483 mm) of precipitation [45]. The semidesert grasslands in New Mexico and Arizona, of which curlymesquite is a prominent component, receive between 10 and 18 inches (250 and 450 mm) annual precipitation, over 50% of which comes from April to September [12].

In southeastern Arizona, curlymesquite is most common on rolling uplands and south-facing treeless slopes, from 1,500 to 6,000 feet (450-1818 m) [32], particularly on sites with much exposed rock and sparse litter [4] and well-drained clay soils [58].

SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:

Curlymesquite is a mid-seral species [26,45]. Curlymesquite, due to its grazing tolerance, dominates on overgrazed sites [33,45,57].

Curlymesquite is not shade tolerant [36,56].

SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:

Curlymesquite is one of the first grasses to start growth in the late spring [34,51], with seedheads emerging about 1 month later [36,51]. In some areas it is dependent on summer rains to initiate growth. In southern Arizona, annual summer rains normally begin in July, at which time plants begin their rapid growth, mature quickly, and begin to dry up by the middle of October [38]. Except for a few green shoots in the spring, the grasses show no further growth until the summer rains. In the coastal plains of Texas, curlymesquite grows throughout the year, wherever moisture is available [8]. Its growth there does not follow a rigid seasonal pattern, as the area normally receives 30 inches (760 mm) of precipitation yearly. In Texas, flowering occurs mostly form August to October, but occasionally from March to November [24].

Curlymesquite is dormant during drought [56].

• FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS
• POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY

FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:

Curlymesquite is often top-killed by fire, but due to its stoloniferous growth pattern, it is usually able to survive and recover quickly [5].

Mean fire interval for presettlement southwestern desert grasslands was approximately 10 years [28,58].

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY:

Surface rhizome/chamaephytic root crown

• IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT
• PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE
• FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:

Curlymesquite is often top-killed by fire but usually survives [5,55].

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:

Stoloniferous grasses like curlymesquite generally are less affected by fire than bunchgrasses, due to the smaller amounts of dead, dry material remaining on the plant. Fires tend to burn more quickly over the grass and not penetrate into growing points [5].

PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:

In the 2nd year following spring prescribed burns in a Madrean evergreen woodland in Arizona, abundance of curlymesquite was significantly (p<0.05) greater on the burned than on the unburned sites [5].

Following a March burn in western Texas in a honey mesquite/tobosa-sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula)-buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides)-threeawn community, curlymesquite grass production increased 28% in the 1st growing season after fire [55].

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:

No entry

FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

Because curlymesquite does not regenerate reliably by seed, spring burning under cool conditions that preserve growing points causes less mortality than fall burning. Forage production increases moderately following burning [5,55].

• CASE NAME
• REFERENCE
• SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION
• STUDY LOCATION
• PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY
• PLANT SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE
• SITE DESCRIPTION
• FIRE DESCRIPTION
• FIRE EFFECTS ON PLANT SPECIES
• FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS

CASE NAME:

Response of curlymesquite to burning in two desert ecosystems

REFERENCE:

Bock, J. H.; Bock, C. E. 1987 [5]

SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION:

Two study sites were burned on May 25 and June 12, 1984.

STUDY LOCATION:

The study took place in southeastern Arizona at The National Audubon Society's Appleton-Whittell Research Sanctuary near Elgin, Santa Cruz County.

PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY:

The Lyle Canyon oak woodland site featured sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula), plains lovegrass (Eragrostis intermedia), Texas bluestem (Schizacharium cirratum), Hall's panic grass (Panicum hallii), goldeneye (Viguiera spp.), Louisiana sagewort (Artemisia ludoviciana), bindweed (Convolvulus spp.), warty caltrop (Kallstremia parviflora), wait-a-minute bush (Mimosa biuncifera), velvet-pod mimosa (M. dysocarpa), yerba de pasmo (Baccharis pteronioides), Emory oak (Quercus emoryi), and Arizona white oak (Q. arizonica).

The Bald Hill grassland site featured plains lovegrass, wolftail (Lycurus phleoides), 3 species of threeawn (Aristida spp.), sprucetop grama (Bouteloua chondrosiodes), sideoats grama, spreading fleabane (Erigeron divergens), shrubby falsemallow (Malvastrum bicuspidatum), dwarf morningglory (Evolvulus spp.), spreading snakeherb (Dyschoriste decumbens), tansyleaf aster (Machaerathera tanacetifolius), wait-a-minute bush, velet-pod mimosa, and yerba de pasmo.

PLANT SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE:

Curlymesquite was in the early phase of growth.

SITE DESCRIPTION:

The site is in the foothills on the west side of the Huachuca Mountains at 4,950 feet (1500 m) elevation. Temperatures range from a 29 degree Fahrenheit (-1.73 ^oC) January mean minimum to a June mean maximum of 90 degrees Fahrenheit (32.4 ^oC). Mean annual precipitation is 17 inches (430 mm), mostly falling in the summer monsoon between July and September.

FIRE DESCRIPTION:

The Madrean evergreen site at Lyle Canyon burned on May 25, 1984, between 10 a.m. and noon. Air temperature was 90 to 92 degrees Fahrenheit (32-33 ^oC). Relative humidity ranged from 16 to 18%, and winds were from 5 to 10 miles per hour (8-16 km/h). Fuel moistures were estimated between 5 to 6%.

The grassland site at Bald Hill burned on June 12, 1984, between 10 and 11:30 a.m. Air temperatures ranged from 84 to 88 degrees Fahrenheit (29-31 ^oC), with relative humidity from 13 to 16% and variable winds gusting from 5 to 22 miles per hour (8-35.2 km/h).

The Bald Hill grassland fires moved slowly, 3.3 to 13.2 feet/minute (1-4 m/minute), with flame lengths from 2.6 to 4.6 feet (0.8-1.4 m) in height. Heat releases were 160 to 540 kW/m.

FIRE EFFECTS ON PLANT SPECIES:

At the Lyle Canyon oak woodland site, abundance of curlymesquite was not significantly difference between the burned and unburned plots for the 1st growing season following the burn. In the 2nd growing season, abundance was significantly higher (P<0.05) on the burned site.

On the Bald Hill grassland site, all species of grasses declined during the 1st postfire season but recovered fully after 2 years.

FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS:

Curlymesquite is not damaged by fire. It may increase in abundance following a spring fire.

Hilaria belangeri: References

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Related categories for SPECIES: Hilaria belangeri | Curlymesquite