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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Juncus balticus | Baltic Rush
ABBREVIATION :
JUNBAL
SYNONYMS :
Juncus mexicanus (Willd.) Kuntze
J. stenocarpus Buchenau & Fern.
J. ater Rydb
J. arcticus Willd.
SCS PLANT CODE :
JUBA
COMMON NAMES :
Baltic rush
wire rush
wiregrass
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name for Baltic rush is Juncus
balticus Willd. (Juncaceae) [9]. There are five recognized varietes and
two forms [9,21].
Juncus balticus var. littoralis forma littoralis
J. balticus var. littoralis forma dissitiflorus Engelm.
J. balticus var. stenocarpus Buchenau & Fern.
J. balticus var. montanus Engelm.
J. balticus var. vallicola Rydb.
J. balticus var. balticus
LIFE FORM :
Graminoid
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
S. A. Snyder, July 1992
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Snyder, S. A. 1992. Juncus balticus. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Juncus balticus | Baltic Rush
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Baltic rush is distributed from Newfoundland and Labrador across Canada
to Alaska, south through the western states into California, Arizona,
and New Mexico. It also occurs in some New England and Midwestern
states [9,33]. Baltic rush is adventitious in Hawaii [41].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
STATES :
AK AZ CA CO HI ID IL IN KS MI
MN MO MT NE NV NM ND OH OR PA
SD TX UT WA WI WY AB BC MB NB
NF NS ON PQ SK YT
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
APIS ARCH BADL BIBE BRCA CACH
CANY CARE CHIS CHIR CODA CRLA
DEVA DINO FLFO FOBU GRCA GRTE
GRBA JODA LAME LABE MEVE MORA
NABR NOCA OLYM PINN PIPE SAMO
SLBE THRO YELL ZION
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K040 Saltbush - greasewood
K046 Desert: vegetation largely lacking
K048 California steppe
K049 Tule marshes
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K065 Grama - buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
K070 Sandsage - bluestem prairie
K074 Bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
K078 Southern cordgrass prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K098 Northern floodplain forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
16 Aspen
203 Balsam poplar
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
210 Interior Douglas-fir
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
235 Cottonwood - willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon - juniper
251 White spruce - aspen
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Baltic rush is a component of the following western community type and
plant association classifications.
Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in
northwestern Montana [3]
Classification and management of riparian sites in southwestern Montana [12]
Ecology and distribution of riparian vegetation in the Trout Creek
mountains of southcentral Oregon [7]
Ecology and plant communities of the riparian area association with
Catherine Creek in northeastern Oregon [17]
Environmental relationships among wetland community types of the
Northern Range, Yellowstone National Park [38]
A physical and biological characterization of riparian habitats and its
importance to wildlife in Wyoming [26]
Plant associations of the central Oregon pumice zone [35]
Preliminary riparian community type classification for Nevada [24]
Range plant communities of the Central Grasslands Research Station in
southcentral North Dakota [22]
Riparian classification for the Upper Salmon/Middle Fork Salmon River
drainages, Idaho [32]
Riparian community type classification of eastern Idaho-western Wyoming [37]
Riparian community type classification of Utah and southeastern Idaho [28]
Riparian dominance types of Montana [39]
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Juncus balticus | Baltic Rush
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Baltic rush is an important forage species for livestock and elk. It is
used as a hay crop for cattle [15,16]. It is important nesting, hiding,
and feeding cover for shorebirds and waterfowl [5,14].
PALATABILITY :
Palatability varies widely for Baltic rush, ranging from low to
excellent for all classes of livestock [15].
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
In vitro dry matter digestibility for Baltic rush on North Dakota
wetland range was 57 percent in late spring and 20 percent in late
summer [19].
COVER VALUE :
Baltic rush has been rated as good cover for waterfowl, nongame birds,
and small mammals [6].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Baltic rush has been classified as an excellent streambank stabilizer
because of its thick rhizomes [12,24]. Because it increases with
grazing it provides good protection against erosion on severely
overgrazed sites [33].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Native Americans used Baltic rush for weaving baskets and mats [31,33].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Baltic rush increases with grazing [12]. However, because it is often
found in wet habitats, damage from trampling is possible [27]. Baltic
rush can increase in percent cover within 5 years following application
of 2,4-D ester [1].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Juncus balticus | Baltic Rush
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Baltic rush is a thick, mat-forming, rhizomatous graminoid. Its stems
are needle shaped and from 8 to 32 inches (20-81 cm) tall [21,29].
Leaves are basal, and branched flowerheads form on the side of the stem.
The seed pod is a pale to dark brown capsule with many seeds [33].
Botanical differences between varieties are listed below [9,21]:
J. b. var. littoralis - cyme dense to open; 1-9 cm long
J. b. var. littoralis forma dissitiflorus - cyme open & diffuse; 4-15 cm long
J. b. var. montanus - cyme compact; tepals 0.5-0.6 cm long
J. b. var. vallicola - cyme diffuse & branched; tepals 0.4-0.5 cm long
J. b. var. stenocarpus - culms 0.3-0.7 cm long
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Chamaephyte
Geophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Baltic rush reproduces by seed and extensively creeping rhizomes
[25,29]. Mass (g m-2) and length (cm cm-3) per unit area of soil of
rhizomes, large (> 0.9 mm diameter), and fine roots were reported as
follows [25]:
Depth (cm) Rhizomes Large Fine
-------------------------------------------------------
Mass/Length Mass/Length Mass/Length
-------------------------------------------------------
0-10 680.5/.27 265.3/1.83 934.1/97.09
10-20 6.9/.00 190.3/ .85 151.5/17.93
20-30 8.9/.00 97.2/ .51 71.0/ 9.23
30-40 2.9/.00 96.1/ .56 49.8/ 6.28
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Baltic rush occurs from sea level to subalpine zones in montane
habitats, as well as in wet areas of Southwestern deserts, in wet
meadows, along streambanks, rivers, lakes, ponds, freshwater and
brackish marshes, and sometimes in dry flats and meadows [9,15,33]. It
usually occurs on gentle slopes, and occurs on all aspects [35]. The
water table in Baltic rush community types ranges from 13 to 39.4 inches
(33-100 cm) below the surface [27,37,38].
Soil in Baltic rush communities are poorly drained, sandy to silty
loams, often with a thick organic layer. Soils orders and suborders
include Mollisols, Entisols, Borolls, Cryaquolls, Haploxerolls,
Fluvaquentic Haploborolls, and aquic or calcic Cryoborolls
[12,22,28,37].
Plant associates include other rushes (Juncus spp.), sedges (Carex
spp.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), saltgrass (Distichlis
stricta), needle spikesedge (Eleocharis acicularis), redtop (Agrostis
alba), timothy (Phleum pratense), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia
cespitosa), red fescue (Festuca rubra), smartweed (Polygonum spp.),
dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), alkalai sacaton (Sporobolus airoides),
false Solomon's seal (Smilacina stellata), western aster (Aster
occidentalis), elk thistle (Cirsium scariosum), common silverweed
(Potentilla anserina) [4,12,22,24,27,].
Elevational ranges for Baltic rush have been reported as follows [6,35]:
Oregon from 4,200 to 6,100 feet (1,280-1,859 m)
Wyoming from 6,400 to 9,700 feet (1,951-2,957 m)
Colorado from 3,400 to 11,500 feet (1,036-3,505 m)
Montana from 4,000 to 8,900 feet (1,219-2,713 m)
Utah from 4,200 to 9,900 feet (1,280-3,018 m)
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
Baltic rush is a perennial, native, cool-season species [29]. It is a
climax component of several western community types and plant
associations. However, it is usually grazing induced and an indicator
of disturbed sites [7,24,28]. In Montana pure stands of Baltic rush can
indicate disturbance or wetter phases of the Baltic rush community type
[12]. In overgrazed areas Baltic rush will replace Kentucky bluegrass,
tufted hairgrass, and Nebraska sedge (Carex nebraskensis) [24,28]. On
sandy, subirrigated rangelands Baltic rush can be replaced by balsam
poplar (Populus balsamifera), quaking aspen (P. tremuloides), and willow
(Salix spp.) [1].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Flowering dates in some western states have been listed for Baltic rush
[4,6]:
Colorado May - July
Montana June - August
North Dakota June - August
Utah April - May
Wyoming May - July
The variety littoralis flowers from May through September, while the
variety stenocarpus flowers from July through September [9].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Juncus balticus | Baltic Rush
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Baltic rush can survive fire by sprouting from its extensive rhizomes
[29].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
Ground residual colonizer (onsite, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Juncus balticus | Baltic Rush
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Fire in wetland communities often only top-kills plants, leaving
rhizomes in moist soil unharmed [36].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Baltic rush response to fire can vary. A September prescribed fire in a
wetland meadow resulted in no significant change in ground cover of
Baltic rush 4 years following the fire [13]. However, following a May
prescribed fire in subirrigated rangeland dominated by Baltic rush and
Kentucky bluegrass, cover of Baltic rush increased from 35 percent to 60
percent by the fifth postfire year [1].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Aboveground biomass has been measured for Baltic rush at 572.8 g m-2 dry
weight in August in Ontario [11]. This was the highest biomass of all
salt marsh species in this community.
FIRE CASE STUDIES
SPECIES: Juncus balticus | Baltic Rush
CASE NAME :
Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon
REFERENCE :
Young, R. P. 1986 [36]
SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION :
fall burn; information on severity unavailable
STUDY LOCATION :
The fire was conducted on Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, 24 miles (40
km) south of Burns in southeastern Oregon. The burn was located at
Martha Lake Field (T26S, R28E, S24 SE 1/4, & S25 NE 1/4).
PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY :
The study sites consisted of five wetland habitats dominated by
monotypic communities of emergent macrophytes. These sites ranged from
deep-water habitats to upland wet meadows. All dominant species were
rhizomatous and included hardstem bulrush (Scirpus acutus), American
threesquare (S. americanus), alkalai bulrush (S. maritimus), common
cattail (Typha latifolia), burreed (Sparganium eurycarpum), awned sedge
(Carex atherodes), Nebraska sedge (C. nebraskencis), Baltic rush (J. b.
var. montanus), and common spikerush (Eleocharis palustris).
TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE :
dormant
SITE DESCRIPTION :
Total area of the refuge is 178,456 acres (72,219 ha) and sits within a
basin which forms the northwestern part of the Basin and Range Province
of the western United States. Two major rivers, the Silvies and the
Blitzen, flow through the refuge. The climate is semiarid with moderate
to cold temperatures. Annual precipitation averages between 10 and 12
inches (25 and 30 cm), the majority of which falls in winter and spring.
Growing seasons are shortened by cool springs, dry summers, and freezing
in late August or early September.
FIRE DESCRIPTION :
The fire in the Baltic rush community was conducted on 20 October 1981.
Test fires were used to evaluate fire behavior before burning the main
unit. Fires were started with drip torches on the downwind boundaries
of all plots. Strip headfires were used after backing fires created a
wide line. Firelines were constructed where natural breaks did not
occur. Prefire fuels, and weather conditions at the time of the fire
were as follows:
Prefire fuel loading: 591-1,104 gm2
Fuel height: 29 cm
Litter height: 12 cm
Fuel moisture: 3.5 percent
Temperature: 16-23 deg C
Relative humidity: 13-17 percent
Wind speed: 3-16 km/h
Fire behavior and effects on fuels during the prescribed fire were as
follows:
Postfire
Rate of Spread Flame Length Fire Intensity resid. fuels
(m min-1) (m) (kW m-1) (g m-2) Reduction
________________________________________________________________________
Headfire 50-60 3-6 10,131-18,924 mean=68 92%
Backfire 1-2 1.5 276-516
FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES :
Fire effects were evaluated in terms of vegetative response, including
shoot height, density, weight, and growth rate; aboveground standing
crop; residual organic materials; and reproductive effort. These
measurements were taken for 2 years following the fore. Baltic rush
increased in aboveground standing crop and shoot densities. Shoot
weights decreased, although not significantly. Organic residues
increased the second postfire year. All shoots of Baltic rush produced
flowers following the fire. Shoot height and rate of height-growth
following burning and nonuse treatments for the first postfire growing
season are as follows:
Fall fire Nonuse
Growth
period Height Growth rate Height Growth rate
Date (days) (cm) (cm/d) (cm) (cm/d)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
22 April 1982 -- 7 (5)* -- 6 (4) --
29 May 1982 37 17 (6) 0.3 15 (6) 0.3
3 July 1982 35 68 (23) 1.5 62 (22) 1.4
29 July 1982 26 80 (26) 0.5 72 (18) 0.4
19 Aug 1982 21 82 (24) 0.1 69 (19) 0
* All shoot height values = mean + or - (standard deviation)
FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS :
The purpose of this study was to provide information for wetland fire
management plans. Fire can play an important role in rejuvenating these
emergent species; however, long-term effects and effects of repeated
burning need further investigation.
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Juncus balticus | Baltic Rush
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Index
Related categories for Species: Juncus balticus
| Baltic Rush
|
 |
