COVER VALUE:

The short stature and scattered distribution of prairie Junegrass provide minimum coverage for larger birds and mammals. Relative coverage classifications for wildlife species are [37]:

	MT	ND	UT	WY
Small mammals	Poor	Poor	Good	Fair
Small non-game birds	Poor	Fair	Good	Fair
Upland game birds	Poor	Fair	Fair	Fair
Waterfowl	Good	Poor	Poor	Fair

 

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:

Prairie Junegrass can recolonize areas that have been subjected to severe water stress. Recolonization by prairie Junegrass provides protective cover to help subsequent post-drought, successional plant species growth [121].

Prairie Junegrass's ability to suppress invasive annuals is variable. Reestablishing prairie Junegrass populations, through greenhouse propagation and transplant, within an area overrun by annuals has been successful [72]. Borman and others [22] observed a weak ability to exclude annual weeds in southwest Oregon. When grown with the invasive Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus) under densities of 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 m^-2, emergence and seedling survival of prairie Junegrass were not affected [96].

Prairie Junegrass has the ability to revegetate areas of high soil disturbance. Sod obtained from a native rough fescue (Festuca scabrella) climax grass community (containing prairie Junegrass) in Canada was used to revegetate a steep-sloped ravine edge disturbed during road construction and community facility development [91]. Prairie Junegrass is a component in seeding mixtures designed for restoration of disturbed Fescue grassland sites within Glacier National Park [69]. A study evaluating secondary successional patterns in a big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) community in the Piceane Basin of northwest Colorado observed a positive response in prairie Junegrass vegetation cover after induced soil disturbance. Increased vegetation cover over a six year period occurred after three different soil disturbance regimes [14]:

a)	Vegetation mechanically removed and soil scarified to 12 inches (30 cm)
b)	Top soil and subsoil (C horizon) removed to 3.3 feet (1 m) mixed and replaced
c)	2 layers, 3.3 feet (1 m), soil removed and replaced in reverse order (second layer on top)

Disturbance of sites with loamy surface soil and heavy clay subsoil by vehicle traffic and bison activity in Wood Buffalo National Park, Alberta, was associated with increased coverage for prairie Junegrass. Undisturbed sites showed 0.25 to 1.4% cover, disturbed 3.4 to 3.8% cover [89].

Larger numbers of seed for native species are finding their way into the market every year, with availability determined by demand [107]. A seed testing procedure for purity and viability of prairie Junegrass is under development [21]. Propagation of prairie Junegrass from seed can be difficult as shown by the study results below [84]:

Stratification	Days to 1st Germination	Days to peak Germination	Approx. # of seedlings / oz. of seed
10 weeks (dry)	13	NA	low
10 weeks (moist)	7	19	low

Direct seeding and seedling transplant produced poor results. Transplanting year old plants had good results [84]. Seed stratification produced greater germination rates than dry storage, 58% to 18% respectively. Viability of seed dramatically decreased from 21% in 3rd year of dry storage at room temperature to 7% in the 6th year [18].

OTHER USES AND VALUES:

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

Obtaining prairie Junegrass seed from plants within similar environments (i.e. elevation, climate), may be significant for re-establishing vigorous populations. A correlation between genotype and phenotype of individuals from different habitats has been observed [95].

Grazing on prairie Junegrass populations has both positive and negative results [15,39,80,88,102,103]. Evaluations of grazing are difficult because growing conditions may prove more significant than grazing pressure. Important grazing considerations for prairie Junegrass include site characteristics (e.g. soil, elevation) [109], environmental conditions [69,105], growing season, and frequency [69]. A study comparing rotational grazing (1½ months spring and 1½ months fall every other year) and continuous grazing saw increases under both regimes; precipitation was above the long term average [103]. A study comparing rotational grazing and season long grazing on a native northern mixed-grass prairie of North Dakota was associated with positive responses in prairie Junegrass basal cover between the 1st and 4th year. Degenerative effects were seen in the 6th year [15]. Prairie Junegrass responds well to grazing and is more palatable in spring and fall [114,117]. In general, grazing conducted August through October is sustainable, if adequate moisture is available [24]. Maintaining a 3 inch (7.6 cm) stubble is recommended for seral communities of the Great Basin, Pacific Northwest and northern Great Plains [80].

The increased presence of invasive plant species in areas with prairie Junegrass has led to studies evaluating the use of herbicidal controls. Tordon and Transline were evaluated for control of spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) on native grasslands. No negative effects were documented for prairie Junegrass and increases in native grass density were observed [93]. Tebuthiuron applied to control sagebrush in Idaho had no effect on prairie Junegrass canopy cover at application rates reaching 1.1 kg ha ^-1 [123].

Correlations between mycorrhizal associations and prairie Junegrass stage of development have been observed. Positive associations are seen within early seedling development [51]. In later developmental stages, a negative association was documented within several grassland communities. In the absence of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) in low P soils, prairie Junegrass outcompeted big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii); the opposite was true in the presence of VAM and P [52]. Suppression of mycorrhizal symbiosis increased the biomass of prairie Junegrass within a experimental tall-grass prairie consisting of big bluestem, purple prairie clover (Dalea purpurea), speedwell (Veronica fasciculata) and tall blazing star (Liatris aspera) [124].

---

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Koeleria macrantha | Prairie Junegrass

---

• GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM
• REGENERATION PROCESSES
• SITE CHARACTERISTICS
• SUCCESSIONAL STATUS
• SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Prairie Junegrass is a loosely-tufted, shallow-rooted, native grass of small stature. This cool-season perennial bunchgrass has long, mostly basal leaves [11,43,56,110]. The panicle is narrow and spikelike, except during spring flowering, when open [117].

Quantitative botanical characteristics are extremely variable depending upon sample location. The spikelike panicle can range from 1 to 7 inches (2.5-17.8 cm) in length [117] and is usually two flowered and compressed [54]. During flowering the spikelike branches are open [78]. The long, narrow, flat leaves range from 1.5 to 5 inches (3.8-12.7 cm) long from their basal point of attachment [117]. Prairie Junegrass's leaves are drought resistant and persist under dry conditions [33].

Prairie Junegrass has an average maximum rooting depth between 13 to 29.5 inches (33-75 cm) [29]. Root density decreases after 11.8 inches (30 cm), with the greatest concentration of fibrous roots found within the upper 1.2 inches (3 cm) [107]. Lateral spread ranges from 5.9 to 7.9 inches (15-20 cm) near the soil surface [29].

RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM:

Hemicryptophyte

REGENERATION PROCESSES:

Regeneration is accomplished by seed, which ripens late summer to fall [110] and by sprouting from the residual plant [23,120]. Prairie Junegrass seeds are relatively small (4,000 gram^-1 reported by Eddleman [40] and 3,125 gram^-1 reported by Nernberg [83]) and of low viability [78,83,110].

Temperature, soil moisture and seasonality provide cues for germination of prairie Junegrass [40,104,112]. A comparison of germination and emergence of prairie Junegrass at 45 (7°C), 55 (13°C), 64 (18°C) and 80 (27°C) degrees Fahrenheit, showed the greatest % emergence at 64 degrees Fahrenheit (18°C) [104]. Blake [18] observed good germination within silt loam at 1/2 and 1/3 saturation. Prairie Junegrass also possesses the ability to germinate under periods of water stress. Germination responses were observed at water potential between 0 to 12 bars [40].

A seedbank evaluation of prairie Junegrass found that seed was infrequent or absent within sampled areas, although prairie Junegrass was a significant member of the plant community [112]. Seedbank germination response to seasonality was also measured. Prairie Junegrass showed no seedling establishment during early spring (May and June) [112]. Large peaks were observed during late summer and autumn [112].

The presence of mycorrhizae may have a significant (p< 0.05) positive effect on seedling emergence [51]. Neutral effects have also been reported [124].  

SITE CHARACTERISTICS:

Prairie Junegrass is fairly cosmopolitan among prairie and grassland habitats of North America. A small percentage of prairie Junegrass cover is found within the majority of upland and high-prairie systems [38,90,122] in scattered stands [117]. Prairie Junegrass is normally found at elevations between 5,000 to 8,000 feet (1524-2438 m) [87]. Preferred sites are cool, semi-arid (xeric) [8,10,26], infertile grasslands and rock outcrops [27]. Annual precipitation requirements range from 16 to 21 inches (41-53 cm) [87] with 70% obtained during the growing season (August-September) [26].

The wide distribution of prairie Junegrass across several habitat types is consistent with its occurrence on many soil types [58,87]. A study evaluating ecological factors associated with production of grassland communities in western North Dakota found prairie Junegrass a member of several plant communities of different soils and vegetation [90]. Percent clay doesn't appear to have a great effect upon the presence of prairie Junegrass [58]. Steep slopes and well-drained soils with moderate to high water holding capacity are preferred [97]. Within sagebrush communities of Grand Teton National Park, a greater occurrence of prairie Junegrass was found on coarse textured soils [98]. An evaluation within the White Mountains of California found prairie Junegrass occurring on carbonate, noncarbonate, basalt, sandstone, and adamellite substrates, with a moderate affinity for noncarbonates [72]. A positive association with exchangeable Na was also found, along with a negative association to sandstone substrates and sites with high exchangeable K [72].

SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:

Prairie Junegrass acts as a seral-recolonizer of previously water- stressed areas [122] and played a leading role in recolonizing bare soil of mid-continental grasslands after the droughts of 1933 to 1940 [121].

Prairie Junegrass is part of seral western juniper sites [35]. Prairie Junegrass also occurs in several climax communities. See the 'Habitat Types and Plant Communities' section of this species summary.

SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:

Prairie Junegrass has a wide distribution, so only a general description of seasonal development is given. Avoidance of growth during dry, summer months is ubiquitous [11]. Development is associated with rapid, early, spring growth [11,29] with maximum leaf growth taking place the first half of May [11].

	% Mature Foliage Height
Mid-April	65%
End-of-May	90%

(Observed within sandhills region of Nebraska)

Flowering usually occurs late spring to early summer [52]. First appearance of flowers occurs in southern regions, flowering progressively later to the north and west [74]. Prairie Junegrass is one of the earliest grasses to flower in the southern United States [74].

Initiation of growth is correlated with soil temperatures of 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4°C) and air temperature just below 42 degrees Fahrenheit (5.5°C) [29]. Blaisdell [17] observed seasonal development of prairie Junegrass in southern Idaho over six years. Mean initiation of growth occurred at the beginning of April, 10 to 15 days after disappearance of snow (4/2). Flower stalks formed at the beginning of May (5/7) with a fully developed inflorescence occurring by June 1st. Flowers bloomed mid- June (6/17) with seed ripening occurring mid-July (7/10). Seed dissemination started mid-July (7/15) and ended mid-August (8/11).

Case studies have given the following as typical flowering months: [17,31,37,54,95]

	Beginning of Flowering	End of Flowering
Colorado	April	June
Idaho	May - June	June - July
Montana	May	July
North Dakota	June	July
Saskatchewan	June	June - July

---

FIRE ECOLOGY

Koeleria macrantha | Prairie Junegrass

---

• FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS
• POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY

FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:

Prairie Junegrass is reported as showing little or no damage [129] to moderate damage [126] from fire. Perennial grasses possess growing points insulated near or below the soil surface [129]. The small stature of prairie Junegrass and coarse textured foliage aid in protection of these meristimatic tissue areas [129]. Possessing coarsely textured foliage and a small clump size also limits the potential for fire damage [129]. Coarse grasses like prairie Junegrass burn quickly, transferring little heat below the soil surface [120]. As a member of eastern Oregon grasslands, prairie Junegrass is considered a superior fire-resistant perennial bunch grass [126].

Fire survival strategy for prairie Junegrass is based upon seed germination and residual plant survival [23]. The extent of damage or benefit imposed by fire is highly variable. Response can vary according to fire severity, physiological state of plant, soil moisture, and season of burn [23,101].

Fire regimes for plant communities in which prairie Junegrass occurs are summarized below. For further information regarding fire regimes and fire ecology of communities where prairie Junegrass is found, see 'Fire Ecology and Adaptations' section of the FEIS species summary for the plant community or ecosystem.

Community or Ecosystem	Dominant Species	Fire Return Interval Range in Years (mean)
Pacific ponderosa pine*	Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa	1-47 [25]
interior ponderosa pine*	P. ponderosa var. scopulorum	2-200 [25]
Colorado pinyon	P. edulis	10-49 [25]
Mexican pinyon	P. cembroides	20-70 [115,116
Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir*	Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca	25-100 [25]
coastal Douglas-fir*	Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii	40-240 [25,79,94]
quaking aspen (west of the Great Plains)	Populus tremuloides	7-100 [48,75]
oak-hickory	Quercus-Carya spp.	50-100 [1]
Texas savanna	Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa	< 10 [25]
California montane chaparral	Ceanothus and/or Arctostaphylos spp.	50-100 [25]
basin big sagebrush	Artemisia tridentata var. tridentata	12-43 [99]
mountain big sagebrush	Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana	5-15 [127]
Wyoming big sagebrush	Artemisia tridentata var. wyomingensis	10-70 (40) [118,127]
mountain grasslands	Pseudoroegneria spicata	3-40 (10) [7]
plains grasslands	Bouteloua gracilis and/or Buchloe dactyloides	20-40 [25]
prairie	Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii	1-6 [66]

*fire return interval varies widely; trends in variation are noted in the species summary

 

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY:

Tussock graminoid
Caudex, growing points in soil
Secondary colonizer - on-site seed

---

FIRE EFFECTS

SPECIES: Koeleria macrantha | Prairie Junegrass

---

• IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT
• PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE
• FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:

Prairie Junegrass is usually top-killed or killed by fire. Fast-moving, low-intensity fires will consume above ground vegetation without damaging the plant's crown [101]. In general, late-spring burns are more damaging to prairie Junegrass than early-spring, late-summer, fall, or winter burns [113].

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT

The rootcrown of prairie Junegrass may sustain immediate damage depending upon amount of heat transferred through the soil [36]. Meristimatic tissue of most grasses is found at the ground surface in the rootcrown [101]. A study [36] in the southwest United States evaluated patterns of plant growth in relation to soil heating from wildfire in chaparral systems. Prairie Junegrass was found to have a strong negative correlation between heat load and resprouts.

PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:

Positive postfire vegetational responses are common for prairie Junegrass. Increased seedhead presence and height-of-inflorescence have been documented [41]. Annual burning of a native grassland in the aspen parkland of central Alberta caused a 40% increase in seedhead presence compared to unburned areas [5].

Prairie Junegrass's response to fire is related to season of burn, fire intensity, and postfire water availability [49]. Several studies evaluating the effect of fire on following season vigor report positive correlations [2,3,4,6,8]. Time required to acquire the approximate preburn frequency or coverage, is rapid, averaging 2 to 5 years [120].  

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:

Prairie Junegrass shows positive responses to fire. Fall and early-spring burns produce better responses than summer burns [4,62]. A summation on the effect of burn seasonality in eastern Oregon is given below [126]:

Burn Season	Change in Basal Area	Mortality
Mid-May	-32%	20%
Mid-June (Post-seed-out)	-18%	0%
Mid-October	approx. -18%	0%

Observations of prairie Junegrass populations two years after a spring burn were conducted in Galena Gulch within the Deer Lodge National Forest in western Montana. Burned sites experienced a 40% increase in prairie Junegrass occurrence [6]. Percent coverage of prairie Junegrass was evaluated in burned and unburned sites after a June fire in western Montana. Coverage was greater in the burned areas two years after the burn populations decreased, but maintained levels above the control stands [6].

	Autumn 1977		Spring 1978		Summer 1978
	Unburned	Burned	Unburned	Burned	Unburned	Burned
	1.6	1.5	1.4	2.4	1.5	3.0

An experiment was initiated in 1926 on a bluestem pasture in eastern Kansas to record effects of fire upon several ecological parameters. Fires were set the same times each year beginning in 1926: early-spring (March 20), medium-spring (April 10), late-spring (May 5) and late-fall (December 1). The response of prairie Junegrass to the burns from late June, 1928, to early July, 1933, are summarized below [4]:

Number of plants/year within 2 rods square - observed late June and early July

Year Observed

Burn date	1928	1929	1930	1931	1932	1933	Mean
Fall	1,210	1,864	2,114	2,283	1,783	1,080	1,722
Early-spring	1,296	1,402	1,465	1,340	1,002	482	1,165
Medium-spring	574	555	756	1,031	767	523	701
Late-spring	1,058	1,052	1,571	1,818	1,068	447	1169
Check plot	619	1,084	1,052	992	627	181	759

Prairie Junegrass density on all burn treatments except medium-spring, exceeded density on the 1928 check plot until 1933, when densities were low on early-spring and late-spring treatment sites as well [4].

An August burn in northeastern Oregon resulted in elevated postburn coverage for prairie Junegrass at 1 and 5 years after moderate and low severity burns. Moderate burns maintained 5% prairie Junegrass cover, near the preburn 3% coverage. The low severity burn showed an increase the 1st year from 2% to 9%, dropping to 4% the 5th year [61].

Average % composition for prairie Junegrass was observed under different burning regimes from 1928 to 1982 on a tall-grass prairie in Kansas. Winter (December 1) and early spring (March 20) burns highly favored prairie Junegrass (p<0.05) [113]. Burns at different times show degenerative effects [19].

Twelve to 15 years after prescribed burns in eastern Idaho, prairie Junegrass produced more herbage on burned than unburned sites. Production on 'heavy' burns (main stem of sagebrush consumed by fire) was less than on 'light' (only leaves consumed) and 'moderate' (leaves and small branches consumed) burns. Results in pounds/acre are [16]:

Fire Season	Years postfire	Unburned	Light-burn	Moderate-burn	Heavy-burn
August	12	9.4	14.2	13.3	10.7
September	15	32.8	43.6	53.4	36.8

FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

Burning, in general, has a positive influence on prairie Junegrass populations when conducted in early-spring and fall and followed by mean or above average annual precipitation [113]. Water availability after a burn is important for maintaining healthy postfire populations of prairie Junegrass. A fall burn and above average precipitation increased postfire prairie Junegrass density in a southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest [86]. The opposite was seen at a fall burn in North Dakota, but burned areas possessed a lower moisture content than unburned areas [11].

A study comparing fire tolerance and burn season found prairie Junegrass tolerant to burns conducted in May, June and November on a grassland in eastern Oregon [24]. Evaluations were made 1 and 2 years after the burn.

---

Koeleria macrantha: References

---

1. Abrams, Marc D. 1992. Fire and the development of oak forests. BioScience. 42(5): 346-353. [19215]

2. Adams, Glenn R. 1980. Results of range/wildlife prescribed burning on the Fort Rock Ranger District in central Oregon. R-6 Fuels Management Notes. September 24, 1980. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Aviation and Fire Management. 6 p. [292]

3. Aikman, J. M. 1955. Burning in the management of prairie in Iowa. Iowa Academy of Science. 62: 53-63. [3999]

4. Aldous, A. E. 1934. Effect of burning on Kansas bluestem pastures. Tech. Bull. 38. Manhattan, KS: Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Science, Agricultural Experiment Station. 65 p. [5999]

5. Anderson, Howard G.; Bailey, Arthur W. 1980. Effects of annual burning on grassland in the aspen parkland of east-central Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany. 58: 985-996. [3499]

6. Antos, Joseph A.; McCune, Bruce; Bara, Cliff. 1983. The effect of fire on an ungrazed western Montana grassland. The American Midland Naturalist. 110(2): 354-364. [337]

7. Arno, Stephen F. 1980. Forest fire history in the northern Rockies. Journal of Forestry. 78(8): 460-465. [11990]

8. Arnold, Joseph F.; Jameson, Donald A.; Reid, Elbert H. 1964. The pinyon-juniper type of Arizona: effects of grazing, fire and tree control. Production Research Report No. 84. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 28 p. [353]

9. Arnow, Lois A. 1994. Koeleria macrantha and K. pyramidata (Poaceae): nomenclatural problems and biological distinctions. Systematic Botany. 19(1): 6-20. [30498]

10. Baisan, Christopher H.; Swetnam, Thomas W. 1990. Fire history on a desert mountain range: Rincon Mountain Wilderness, Arizona, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 20: 1559-1569. [14986]

11. Barnes, P. W.; Harrison A. T. 1982. Species distribution and community organization in a Nebraska sandhills mixed prairie as influenced by plant/soil-water relationships. Oecologia. 52: 192-201. [5026]

12. Beetle, Alan A. 1961. Range survey in Teton County, Wyoming. Part 1. Ecology of range resources. Bull. 376. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, Agricultural Experiment Station. 42 p. [417]

13. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]

14. Biondini, Mario E.; Bonham, Charles D.; Redente, Edward F. 1985. Secondary successional patterns in a sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) community as they relate to disturbance and soil biological activity. Vegetatio. 60: 25-36. [448]

15. Biondini, Mario E.; Manske, Llewellyn. 1996. Grazing frequency and ecosystem processes in a northern mixed prairie, USA. Ecological Applications. 6(1): 239-256. [26566]

16. Blaisdell, James P. 1953. Ecological effects of planned burning of sagebrush-grass range on the Upper Snake River Plains. Tech. Bull. 1975. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 39 p. [462]

17. Blaisdell, James P. 1958. Seasonal development and yield of native plants on the upper Snake River Plains and their relation to certain climatic factors. Tech. Bull. 1190. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 68 p. [463]

18. Blake, Abigail Kincaid. 1935. Viability and germination of seeds and early life history of prairie plants. Ecological Monographs. 5(4): 405-460. [22086]

19. Blankespoor, Gilbert W. 1987. The effects of prescribed burning on a tall-grass prairie remnant in eastern South Dakota. Prairie Naturalist. 19(3): 177-188. [2757]

20. Blower, Dan. 1982. Key winter forage plants for B.C. ungulates. Victoria, BC: British Columbia Ministry of the Environment, Terrestrial Studies Branch. [17065]

21. Bohnen, Julia L.; Hanchek, Anne M. 1994. Native grass and wildflower seed: an LCMR grant. In: Wickett, Robert G.; Lewis, Patricia Dolan; Woodliffe, Allen; Pratt, Paul, eds. Spirit of the land, our prairie legacy: Proceedings, 13th North American prairie conference; 1992 August 6-9; Windsor, ON. Windsor, ON: Department of Parks and Recreation: 239-241. [24698]

22. Borman, M. M.; Krueger, W. C.; Johnson, D. E. 1991. Effects of established perennial grasses on yields of associated annual weeds. Journal of Range Management. 44(4): 318-322. [16119]

23. Bradley, Anne F.; Noste, Nonan V.; Fischer, William C. 1992. Fire ecology of forests and woodlands of Utah. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-287. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 128 p. [18212]

24. Britton, C. M.; Sneva, F. A.; Clark, R. G. 1979. Effect of harvest date on five bunchgrasses of eastern Oregon. In: 1979 Progress report...research in rangeland management. Special Report 549. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University, Agricultural Experiment Station: 16-19. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, SEA-AR. [2743]

25. Brown, James K.; Smith, Jane Kapler, eds. 2000. Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on flora. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-42-vol. 2. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 257 p. [33874]

26. Burzlaff, Donald F. 1962. A soil and vegetation inventory and analysis of three Nebraska Sandhills range sites. Research Bulletin 206. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska College of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station. 33 p. [21600]

27. Campbell, B. D.; Grime, J. P.; Mackey, J. M. L. 1992. Shoot thrust and its role in plant competition. Journal of Ecology. 80: 633-641. [21227]

28. Campbell, J. B.; Lodge, R. W.; Johnston, A.; Smoliak, S. 1962. Range management of grasslands and adjacent parklands in the prairie provinces. Publ. 1133. Ottawa, ON: Canada Department of Agriculture, Research Branch. 32 p. [595]

29. Clarke, S. E.; Tisdale, E. W.; Skoglund, N. A. 1943. The effects of climate and grazing practices on short-grass prairie vegetation in southern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan. Technical Bulletin No. 46. Ottawa, Canada: Canadian Dominion, Department of Agriculture. 53 p. [635]

30. Coupland, Robert T. 1950. Ecology of mixed prairie in Canada. Ecological Monographs. 20(4): 271-315. [700]

31. Coupland, Robert T. 1961. A reconsideration of grassland classification in the northern Great Plains of North America. Journal of Ecology. 49: 135-167. [12588]

32. Coxson, Darwyn S.; Looney, John Henry H. 1986. Vegetation patterns within southern Alberta coulees. Canadian Journal of Botany. 64: 2464-2475. [1957]

33. Craine, J. M.; Berin, D. M.; Reich, P. B.; [and others]. 1999. Measurement of leaf longevity of 14 species of grasses and forbs using a novel approach. New Phytologist. 142: 475-481. [35526]

34. Currie, P. O.; Reichert, D. W.; Malechek, J. C.; Wallmo, O. C. 1977. Forage selection comparisons for mule deer and cattle under managed ponderosa pine. Journal of Range Management. 30(5): 352-356. [4697]

35. Dealy, J. Edward; Geist, J. Michael; Driscoll, Richard S. 1978. Communities of western juniper in the Intermountain Northwest. In: Martin, Robert E.; Dealy, J. Edward; Caraher, David L., eds. Proceedings of the western juniper ecology and management workshop; 1977 January; Bend, OR. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-74. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 11-29. [784]

36. Dion, Dennis C.; Davis, Frank W. 2000. Fire, soil heating, and formation of vegetation patterns in chaparral. Ecological Monographs. 70(1): 149-169. [35515]

37. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]

38. Dix, R. L.; Smeins, F. E. 1967. The prairie, meadow, and marsh vegetation of Nelson County, North Dakota. Canadian Journal of Botany. 45: 21-58. [5528]

39. Dormaar, Johan F.; Willms, Walter D. 1990. Sustainable production from the rough fescue prairie. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 45(1): 137-140. [11389]

40. Eddleman, Lee E. 1979. Regeneration strategies of mixed-prairie plants. In: Goodin, J. R.; Northington, D. K., eds. Arid land plant resources: Proceedings of the international arid lands conference on plant resources; 1979 July; Lubbock, TX. Lubbock, TX: Texas Tech University, International Center for Arid and Semi-Arid Land Studies: 684-698. [845]

41. Ehrenreich, John H.; Aikman, John M. 1963. An ecological study of the effect on certain management practices on native prairie in Iowa. Ecological Monographs. 33(2): 113-130. [9]

42. Etter, Harold M. 1973. Mined-land reclamation studies on bighorn sheep range in Alberta, Canada. Biological Conservation. 5(3): 191-195. [13731]

43. Ewing, J. 1924. Plant successions of the brush-prairie in north-western Minnesota. Journal of Ecology. 12: 238-266. [11122]

44. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]

45. Flook, Donald R. 1964. Range relationships of some ungulates native to Banff and Jasper National Parks, Alberta. In: Crisp, D. J., ed. Grazing in terrestrial and marine environments. [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown]. 119-128. [15688]

46. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]

47. Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1392 p. [1603]

48. Gruell, G. E.; Loope, L. L. 1974. Relationships among aspen, fire, and ungulate browsing in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. Lakewood, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Rocky Mountain Region. 33 p. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Region. [3862]

49. Habeck, James R. 1980. Mormon Ridge fire ecology/game range restoration project. Missoula, MT: Lolo National Forest, Missoula Ranger District; Contract completion report. On file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Lab, Missoula, MT. 26 p. [5293]

50. Hall, Frederick C. 1973. Plant communities of the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon and southeastern Washington. R6-Area Guide 3-1. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 82 p. [1059]

51. Hartnett, D. C.; Samenus, R. J.; Fischer, L. E.; Hetrick, B. A. D. 1994. Plant demographic responses to mycorrhizal symbiosis in tallgrass prairie. Oecologia. 99(1-2): 21-26. [30423]

52. Hetrick, B. A. D.; Wilson, W. T.; Hartnett, D. C. 1989. Relationship between mycorrhizal dependence and competitive ability of two tallgrass prairie grasses. Canadian Journal of Botany. 67: 2608-2615. [9275]

53. Hickman, James C., ed. 1993. The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p. [21992]

54. Hickman, O. Eugene. 1975. Seasonal trends in the nutritive content of important range forage species near Silver Lake, Oregon. Research Paper PNW-187. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 32 p. [1145]

55. Hitchcock, A. S. 1951. Manual of the grasses of the United States. Misc. Publ. No. 200. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Administration. 1051 p. [2nd edition revised by Agnes Chase in two volumes. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.]. [1165]

56. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur; Ownbey, Marion. 1969. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 1: Vascular cryptograms, gymnosperms, and monocotyledons. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 914 p. [1169]

57. Hopkins, William E.; Kovalchik, Bernard L. 1983. Plant associations of the Crooked River National Grassland. R6 Ecol 133-1983. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 98 p. [1193]

58. Hubbard, William A. 1950. The climate, soils, and soil-plant relationships of an area in southwestern Saskatchewan. Scientific Agriculture. 30(8): 327-342. [6263]

59. Humphrey, Robert R. 1955. Forage production on Arizona ranges, IV. Coconino, Navajo, Apache Counties: A study in range condition. Bulletin 266. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona, Agricultural Experiment Station. 84 p. [5087]

60. Hungerford, C. R. 1970. Response of Kaibab mule deer to management of summer range. Journal of Wildlife Management. 34(40): 852-862. [1219]

61. Johnson, Charles Grier, Jr. 1998. Vegetation response after wildfires in national forests of northeastern Oregon. R6-NR-ECOL-TP-06-98. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 128 p. (+ appendices) [30061]

62. Kartesz, John T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume I--checklist. 2nd ed. Portland, OR: Timber Press. 622 p. [23877]

63. Keating, Kimberly A.; Irby, Lynn R.; Kasworm, Wayne F. 1985. Mountain sheep winter food habits in the upper Yellowstone Valley. Journal of Wildlife Management. 49(1): 156-161. [15521]

64. Kentucky State Nature Preserves Commission. (2000) Endangered, threatened, and special concern plants and animals of Kentucky, [Online]. Available: http://www.nr.state.ky.us/nrepc/dnr/ksnpc/species/ets.htm [2000, August 23]. [35555]

65. Komarkova, Vera. 1986. Habitat types on selected parts of the Gunnison and Uncompahgre National Forests. Final Report Contract No. 28-K2-234. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 270 p. [1369]

66. Kucera, Clair L. 1981. Grasslands and fire. In: Mooney, H. A.; Bonnicksen, T. M.; Christensen, N. L.; [and others], technical coordinators. Fire regimes and ecosystem properties: Proceedings of the conference; 1978 December 11-15; Honolulu, HI. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 90-111. [4389]

67. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. United States [Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States]. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 1:3,168,000; colored. [3455]

68. Kufeld, Roland C. 1973. Foods eaten by the Rocky Mountain elk. Journal of Range Management. 26(2): 106-113. [1385]

69. Laycock, William A. 1967. How heavy grazing and protection affect sagebrush-grass ranges. Journal of Range Management. 20: 206-213. [1421]

70. Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Louisiana Natural Heritage Program. 1998. Animals of special concern--December 1998. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries. 4 p. [35362]

71. Majerus, Mark. 1999. Collection and production of indigenous plant material for National Park restoration. In: Revegetation with native species: Proceedings, 1997 Society for Ecological Restoration annual meeting; 1997 November 12-15; Fort Lauderdale, FL. Proceedings RMRS-P-8. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 17-21. [30375]

72. Marchand, Denis E. 1973. Edaphic control of plant distribution in the White Mountains, eastern California. Ecology. 54(2): 233-250. [1521]

73. McClaran, Mitchel P. 1981. Propagating native perennial grasses. Fremontia. 9(1): 21-23. [28360]

74. McMillan, C. 1959. The role of ecotypic variation in the distribution of the central grassland of North America. Ecological Monographs. 29: 285-308. [5523]

75. Meinecke, E. P. 1929. Quaking aspen: A study in applied forest pathology. Tech. Bull. No. 155. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 34 p. [26669]

76. Moir, W. H. 1983. A series vegetation classification for Region 3. In: Moir, W. H.; Hendzel, Leonard, tech. coords. Proceedings of the workshop on Southwestern habitat types; 1983 April 6-8; Albuquerque, NM. Albuquerque, NM: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region: 91-95. [1672]

77. Mooney, Melissa Jane. 1985. A preliminary classification of high-elevation sagebrush-grass vegetation in northern and central Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 123 p. Thesis. [1689]

78. Morris, H. E.; Booth, W. E.; Payne, G. F.; Stitt, R. E. 1950. Important grasses on Montana ranges. Bull. No. 470. Bozeman, MT: Montana Agricultural Experiment Station. 52 p. [5520]

79. Morrison, Peter H.; Swanson, Frederick J. 1990. Fire history and pattern in a Cascade Range landscape. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-254. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 77 p. [13074]

80. Mosley, Jeffrey C. 1996. Prescribed sheep grazing to suppress cheatgrass: a review. Sheep & Goat Research Journal. 12(2): 74-81. [30475]

81. Mueggler, W. F.; Stewart, W. L. 1980. Grassland and shrubland habitat types of western Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-66. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 154 p. [1717]

82. National Academy of Sciences. 1971. Atlas of nutritional data on United States and Canadian feeds. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. 772 p. [1731]

83. Nernberg, Dean J. 1995. Landscape prairie restoration: a mixed-grass prairie perspective. In: Hartnett, David C., ed. Proceedings of the fourteenth North American Prairie Conference: prairie biodiversity; 1994 July 12-16. Manhattan, KS: Kansas State University: 185-197. [27573]

84. Nuzzo, Victoria. 1978. Propagation and planting of prairie forbs and grasses in southern Wisconsin. In: Glenn-Lewin, David C.; Landers, Roger Q., Jr., eds. Proceedings, 5th Midwest prairie conference; 1976 August 22-24; Ames, IA. Ames, IA: Iowa State University: 182-189. [3379]

85. Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife. 1999. Wildlife that are considered to be endangered, threatened, of special interest, extirpated, or extinct in Ohio. Columbus, OH: Division of Wildlife, Wildlife Diversity and Endangered Species. 8 p. [35360]

86. Oswald, Brian P.; Covington, W. Wallace. 1984. Effect of a prescribed fire on herbage production in southwestern ponderosa pine on sedimentary soils. Forest Science. 30(1): 22-25. [2805]

87. Parker, Karl G. 1975. Some important Utah range plants. Extension Service Bulletin EC-383. Logan, UT: Utah State University. 174 p. [9878]

88. Potter, Loren D.; Krenetsky, John C. 1967. Plant succession with released grazing on New Mexico range lands. Journal of Range Management. 20: 145-151. [5129]

89. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]

90. Redmann, Robert E. 1975. Production ecology of grassland plant communities in western North Dakota. Ecological Monographs. 45: 83-106. [4601]

91. Redmann, Robert E.; Schwarz, Arthur G. 1986. Dry grassland plant communities in Wood Buffalo National Park, Alberta. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 100(4): 526-532. [4030]

92. Revel, Richard D. 1993. Canada's rough fescue grasslands. Restoration & Management Notes. 11(2): 117-124. [30472]

93. Rice, P. M.; Toney, J. C. 1996. Plant population responses to broadcast herbicide applications for spotted knapweed control. Down to Earth. 51(2): 14-19. [27754]

94. Ripple, William J. 1994. Historic spatial patterns of old forests in western Oregon. Journal of Forestry. 92(11): 45-49. [33881]

95. Robertson, Philip A. 1974. Morphological variation and chromosome numbers of North American populations of Koeleria cristata. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 101(3): 124-129. [30449]

96. Romo, J. T.; Eddleman, L. E. 1987. Effects of Japanese brome on growth of bluebunch wheatgrass, junegrass, and squirreltail seedlings. Reclamation and Revegetation Research. 6: 207-218. [262]

97. Rothenberger, Steven J. 1995. Plant community analysis of Schultz Prairie, Webster County, Nebraska. In: Hartnett, David C., ed. Prairie biodiversity: Proceedings, 14th North American prairie conference; 1994 July 12-16; Manhattan, KS. Manhattan, KS: Kansas State University: 35-41. [28225]

98. Sabinske, Darold W.; Knight, Dennis H. 1978. Variation within the sagebrush vegetation of Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. Northwest Science. 52(3): 195-204. [2046]

99. Sapsis, David B. 1990. Ecological effects of spring and fall prescribed burning on basin big sagebrush/Idaho fescue--bluebunch wheatgrass communities. Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University. 105 p. Thesis. [16579]

100. Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. 1994. Rangeland cover types of the United States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management. 152 p. [23362]

101. Smith, Michael A.; Busby, Fee. 1981. Prescribed burning: effective control of sagebrush in Wyoming. RJ-165. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, Agricultural Experiment Station. 12 p. [2175]

102. Smoliak, S. 1960. Effects of deferred-rotation and continuous grazing on yearling steer gains and shortgrass prairie vegetation of southeastern Alberta. Journal of Range Management. 13: 239-243. [12267]

103. Smoliak, S. 1965. A comparison of ungrazed and lightly grazed Stipa-Bouteloua prairie in southeastern Alberta. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 45: 270-275. [12391]

104. Smoliak, S.; Johnston, A. 1968. Germination and early growth of grasses at four root-zone temperatures. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 48(2): 119-127. [27404]

105. Sneva, Forrest A. 1972. Grazing return following sagebrush control in eastern Oregon. Journal of Range Management. 25: 174-178. [2188]

106. Spence, Liter E. 1937. Root studies of important range plants of the Boise River watershed. Journal of Forestry. 35: 747-754. [77]

107. Stevens, Richard. 1999. Restoration of native communities by chaining and seeding. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Stevens, Richard, compilers. Proceedings: ecology and management of pinyon-juniper communities within the Interior West: Sustaining and restoring a diverse ecosystem; 1997 September 15-18; Provo, UT. Proc. RMRS-P-9. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station: 285-289. [30567]

108. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 10 p. [20090]

109. Stohlgren, Thomas J.; Schell, Lisa D.; Vanden Heuvel, Brian. 1999. How grazing and soil quality affect native and exotic plant diversity in Rocky Mountain grasslands. Ecological Applications. 9(1): 45-64. [30504]

110. Stubbendieck, James; Flessner, Theresa R.; Weedon, Ronald R. 1989. Blowouts in the Nebraska Sandhills: the habitat of Penstemon haydenii. In: Bragg, Thomas B.; Stubbendieck, James, eds. Prairie pioneers: ecology, history and culture: Proceedings, 11th North American prairie conference; 1988 August 7-11; Lincoln, NE. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska: 223-225. [14050]

111. Swetnam, Thomas W.; Baisan, Christopher H.; Caprio, Anthony C.; Brown, Peter M. 1992. Fire history in a Mexian oak-pine woodland and adjacent montane conifer gallery forest in southeastern Arizona. In: Ffolliott, Peter F.; Gottfried, Gerald J.; Bennett, Duane A.; [and others], technical coordinators. Ecology and management of oak and associated woodlands: perspectives in the sw United States & n Mexico: Proceedings; 1992 April 27-30; Sierra Vista, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-218. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 165-173. [19759]

112. Thompson, K.; Grime, J. P. 1979. Seasonal variation in the seed banks of herbaceous species in ten contrasting habitats. Journal of Ecology. 67: 893-921. [90]

113. Towne, Gene; Owensby, Clenton. 1984. Long-term effects of annual burning at different dates in ungrazed Kansas tallgrass prairie. Journal of Range Management. 37(5): 392-397. [2357]

114. Trottier, Garry C. 1986. Disruption of rough fescue, Festuca hallii, grassland by livestock grazing in Riding Mountain National Park, Manitoba. Canadian Field-Naturalist. 100(4): 488-495. [8122]

115. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Region. 1983. Plant associations (habitat types) of Region 2.,3rd ed. Lakewood, CO. 224 p. [2385]

116. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1994. Plants of the U.S.--alphabetical listing. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 954 p. [23104]

117. Vallentine, John F. 1961. Important Utah range grasses. Extension Circular 281. Logan, UT: Utah State University. 48 p. [2937]

118. Vincent, Dwain W. 1992. The sagebrush/grasslands of the upper Rio Puerco Area, New Mexico. Rangelands. 14(5): 268-271. [19698]

119. Volland, Leonard A. 1985. Plant associations of the central Oregon Pumice Zone. R6-ECOL-104-1985. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 138 p. [7341]

120. Volland, Leonard A.; Dell, John D. 1981. Fire effects on Pacific Northwest forest and range vegetation. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Range Management and Aviation and Fire Management. 23 p. [2434]

121. Weaver, J. E. 1968. Prairie plants and their environment: A fifty-year study in the Midwest. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 276 p. [17548]

122. Weaver, J. E.; Albertson, F. W. 1944. Nature and degree of recovery of grassland from the great drought of 1933-1940. Ecological Monographs. 14(4): 393-479. [2462]

123. Whitson, Thomas D.; Ferrell, Mark A.; Alley, Harold P. 1988. Changes in rangeland canopy cover seven years after tebuthiuron application. Weed Technology. 2: 486-489. [6749]

124. Wilson, Gail W. T.; Hartnett, David C. 1997. Effects of mycorrhizae on plant growth and dynamics in experimental tallgrass prairie microcosms. American Journal of Botany. 84(4): 478-482. [27918]

125. Wirsing, John M.; Alexander, Robert R. 1975. Forest habitat types on the Medicine Bow National Forest, southeastern Wyoming: preliminary report. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-12. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 11 p. [2591]

126. Wright, Henry A.; Neuenschwander, Leon F.; Britton, Carlton M. 1979. The role and use of fire in sagebrush-grass and pinyon-juniper plant communities: A state-of-the-art review. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-58. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 48 p. [2625]

127. Young, James A.; Evans, Raymond A. 1981. Demography and fire history of a western juniper stand. Journal of Range Management. 34(6): 501-505. [2659]

128. Young, James A.; Evans, Raymond A.; Major, Jack. 1977. Sagebrush steppe. In: Barbour, Michael G.; Major, Jack, eds. Terrestrial vegetation of California. New York: John Wiley & Sons: 763-796. [4300]

129. Young, Richard P. 1983. Fire as a vegetation management tool in rangelands of the Intermountain Region. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Shaw, Nancy, compilers. Managing Intermountain rangelands--improvement of range and wildlife habitats: Proceedings; 1981 September 15-17; Twin Falls, ID; 1982 June 22-24; Elko, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-157. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 18-31. [2681]

---

---

Koeleria macrantha Index

Related categories for SPECIES: Koeleria macrantha | Prairie Junegrass

• Introductory
• Distribution and Occurrence
• Value and Use
• Botanical and Ecological Characteristics
• Fire Ecology
• Fire Effects
• References
• All Frames (for printing)