|
Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
|
|
Introductory
SPECIES: Leymus salinus | Salina Wildrye
ABBREVIATION :
LEYSAL
SYNONYMS :
Elymus salinus
Elymus salina
Elymus ambiguus var. salinus
Elymus ambiguus var. salmonis
SCS PLANT CODE :
LESA4
LESAM
LESAS
LESAS2
COMMON NAMES :
Salina wildrye
bullgrass
hard grass
that old bunchgrass
TAXONOMY :
The fully documented scientific name of Salina wildrye is Leymus salinus (M.E.
Jones) A. Love. [5,14,15,22]. Subspecies are [5,22]:
Leymus salinus (M.E. Jones) A. Love ssp. salinus
= Elymus salinus Jones
= Elymus salina Jones
= Elymus ambiguus var. salinus (M.E. Jones) C. Hitchc.
Leymus salinus ssp. salmonis (C. Hitchc.) Atkins
= Elymus ambiguus var. salmonis Hitchc.
Leymus salinus ssp. mojavensis Barkw. & Dewey
LIFE FORM :
Graminoid
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
N. McMurray, September 1987
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
McMurray, Nancy. 1987. Leymus salinus. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Leymus salinus | Salina Wildrye
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Salina wildrye is essentially a species of the upper Colorado River
Basin. Although occuring primarily throughout the Wasatch Plateau and
into western Colorado, this bunchgrass extends from southwestern Wyoming
south to northern Arizona and New Mexico [4]. It is also reported from
scattered locations in southern California, Nevada, and Idaho [2].
Distributions of the three subspecies as described by Barkworth and
Atkins [4] are as follows:
Leymus salinus spp. salinus - central Wasatch Plateau and western
Colorado
Leymus salinus spp. salmonis - mountains of western Utah and in Nevada;
north to Custer County, Idaho
Leymus salinus spp. mojavensis - scattered locations in the New York,
Providence and Clark Mountains in southern California and on
the south rim of the Grand Canyon
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
STATES :
AZ CA CO ID NV NM UT WY
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
ARCH CANY COLM DEVA GLCA MEVE
NABR
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
12 Colorado Plateau
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K11 Western ponderosa forest
K15 Western spruce - fir forest
K23 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K37 Mountain mahogany - oak scrub
K38 Great Basin sagebrush
K40 Saltbush - greasewood
K46 Desert - vegetation largely lacking
K51 Wheatgrass - bluegrass
K55 Sagebrush steppe
SAF COVER TYPES :
210 Interior Douglas-fir
217 Aspen
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon - juniper
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Although not a common species throughout its range, Salina wildrye has been
utilized as a climax indicator on xeric shrubland communities in Colorado.
Baker and Kennedy [3] described the following two plant associations:
shadscale/Salina wildrye (Atriplex confertifolia/Leymus salinus)
saltsage/Salina wildrye (Atriplex gardneri/Leymus salinus)
Commonly associated species not previously mentioned include Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii), pondersoa pine (Pinus ponderosa), greasewood
(Sarcobatus vermiculatus), basin big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata
ssp. wyomingensis), winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata), Stansbury
cliffrose (Pushia mexicana var. stansburiana), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa
secunda), and Indian ricegrass (Oryzopsis hymenoides).
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Leymus salinus | Salina Wildrye
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Little detailed information is presently available concerning livestock
and wildlife utilization of Salina wildrye. Due to its tendency to grow
in rather dense bunches, this bunchgrass produces a moderate amount of
forage [32]. The somewhat coarse herbage is generally considered to
provide fair forage during the growing season [44]. Salina wildrye is
reported to decrease with domestic livestock grazing on sites dominated
by Atriplex spp. (A. confertifolia and A. gardneri) in northwestern
Colorado [3].
PALATABILITY :
Due the coarsness of the herbage, Salina wildrye is not a preferred
forage; when dried and matured, plants are largely unpalatable to most
livestock. Although palatability varies with site and associted
species, early in the growing season Salina wildrye is only moderately
palatable to cattle and horses; sheep utilization is apparently quite
low even during the spring and fall grazing seasons [44].
The degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for Salina
wildrye in several western states is rated as follows [58]:
CO UT WY
Cattle ---- Fair Good
Sheep ---- Poor Good
Horses ---- Fair Good
Pronghorn ---- Poor Poor
Elk ---- Fair Fair
Mule deer ---- Poor Poor
White-tailed ---- ---- Poor
deer
Small mammals ---- Poor ----
Small nongame ---- Poor ----
birds
Upland game birds ---- Poor ----
Waterfowl ---- Poor ----
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Salina wildrye has been rated as fair in energy value and poor in
protein value [58].
Nutritional information concerning Salina wildrye seeds is presented
below [38]:
cal / kg 2,750
% protein 12.5
% carbohydrates 55.9
% fat 0.60
% ash 24.1
% moisture 6.9
COVER VALUE :
The degree to which Salina wildrye provides environmental protection during one
or more seasons for wildlife species is as follows [58]:
CO UT WY
Pronghorn ---- Poor Poor
Elk ---- Poor Poor
Mule deer ---- Poor Fair
White-tailed ---- ---- Poor
deer
Small mammals ---- Fair Good
Small nongame ---- Fair Good
birds
Upland game birds ---- Poor Good
Waterfowl ---- Poor Poor
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Adaptational attributes such as salt tolerance, drought resistance and
the strongly rhizomatous nature of some ecotypes of Salina wildrye
[19,49] earmark this bunchgrass as a potentially important revegetation
species for use on saline slopes in the western United States [31]. In
Utah, Vallentine [44] reports that Salina wildrye has successfully
stabilized steep, erosive hillsides characterized by clay soils. Recent
taxonomic studies differentiating Salina wildrye and Colorado wildrye
(Leymus ambiguus) were initiated in response to inquiries as to the
suitability of these bunchgrasses for revegetation projects [2].
Apparently subspecies salinus is being considered for planting on newly
buned areas througout the central Wasatch Plateau; subspecies salmonis
may prove potentially useful as a wildlife forage on extremely dry sites
in central Idaho. Limited information indicates that although this
species exhibits low seed germination and poor seedling vigor, once
established, plants typically persist and spread on a variety of sites
[32]. These authors list Salina wildrye as adapted for seeding in the
following communities: mountain brush, pinyon-juniper, big sagebrush,
black greasewood, saltgrass, and shadscale saltbush.
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Seeds of Salina wildrye were a native food resource utilized by Indian
tribes inhabiting the Great Basin [38].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Leymus salinus | Salina Wildrye
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Salina wildrye is a native, erect, coarse-stemmed, caespitose, drought
tolerant, cool-season, perennial bunchgrass that occasionally produces
short rhizomes [4,19]. Leaves are primarily basal with the leaf blades
strongly involute [2,44]. Densely tufted culms typically range from 16
to 56 inches (40-140 cm) in height. The slender, erect spikes are
usually 1.6 to 5.6 inches (4-14 cm) long. Barkworth and Atkins [4] have
designated three subspecies based upon herbage pubescence or lack
thereof and the number of spikelets per node; brief morphological
descriptions are presented below:
Leymus salinus ssp. salinus - culms 15.6 to 40.8 inches (39-102 cm);
inflorescence 1.6 to 4.8 inches (4-12 cm) long with only one
spikelet at most nodes; basal leaf sheaths glabrous
Leymus salinus ssp. salmonis - culms 24 to 56 inches (60-140 cm);
basal leaf sheaths conspicuously pubescent; blades open to
involute but not strongly so; infloresence usually with two
spikelets at most nodes
Leymus salinus ssp. mojavensis - new taxonomic entity; differs from
ssp. salinus in its flat and spreading leaf blades and from
ssp. salmonis in its glabrous leaf sheaths and abaxial leaf
blades; culms 14 to 36 inches (35-90 cm); inflorescence with
one spikelet at most nodes but the 2 to 3 central nodes with 2
spikelets
Although Salina wildrye occurs as both tetraploid (2N = 28) and
octoploid (2N = 56) individuals, differing ploidy levels are uncommon
within the same population; studies suggest ploidy differences are not
reflected morphologically [4].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Hemicryptophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Regenerative processes in Salina wildrye have not been widely
documented. This species apparently employs both sexual and vegetative
(tillering) modes of reproduction. Plants are typically caespitose and
form erect, somewhat large, well-spaced bunches that are rather densely
packed [2,44]; occasionally, under more mesic conditions, Salina wildrye
will produce rhizomes [4]. Considerable controversy exists as to the
consistency with which Salina wildrye exhibits a rhizomatous growth
habit. Cronquist and others [12] indicate that plants in the
Intermountain Region typically produce large bunches that give the
appearence of being non-rhizomatous, especially when growing on heavy
clay soils; however, under close inspection, plants bear short rhizomes.
Failure to recognize the rizomatous nature of this species has probably
made it one of the most frequently misidentified taxa in Utah;
apparently rhizomatous plants key to bullgrass (Leymus simplex) or
beardless wildrye (L. triticoides) in some floras [19]. Very little
autocological data in available concerning the seed habits of this
cool-season bunchgrass; seedbed and germination requirements are
virtually unstudied. Limited information indicates that initial
seedling establishment is not highly successful due to the combined
dffects of low seed germination and poor seedling vigor; once
established, however, plants are able to persist on a wide variety of
sites and are quite drought tolerant [32].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Salina wildrye characteristically grows on dry, sandy, gravelly, or
rocky sites within sagebrush-grass, pinyon-juniper and salt desert
communities [49]. Chiefly found on mountain slopes and plateaus, this
bunchgrass rarely occurs in low lying alkaline sites or on flat terrain
[2,49]. A commonly occuring species throughout its somewhat restricted
geographical range, Salina wildrye is most frequently associated with
dry, rocky hillsides; slopes tend to be north-facing in the southern
portion of its distribution and south-facing as one moves northward [2].
Other typical sites include alkaline bluffs, washes, benches, canyon
sides and alluvial fans [3,44]. Plants are drought resistant,
moderately tolerant of alkaline environments, and although able to grow
in a variety of soils, are usually found on clayey or loamy soils [12].
In their treatment of this species, Atkins and others [2] suggested that
subspecies salmonis adapted to more xeric sites than subspecies salinus.
Apparently subspecies salmonis favors rocky, possibly volcanic,
hillsides and occassionally forms pure stands whereas subspecies salinus
has a relatively wide ecological amplitue and is seldom found in pure
stands.
On the Travaputs Plateau in Utah, Salina wildrye is often the dominant
species on dry, steep canyon walls and alluvial fans; to a lesser
extent, this bunchgrass also occurs on dry areas of canyon bottoms and
ridges where it is a common component beneath stands of sagebrush and
pinyon-juniper [19]. Although the majority of these sites are
characterized by clay soils dervied from marl limestone or shale, some
areas also exhibit soils derived from calcareous limestone.
Salina wildrye is less frequently associated with salt desert
communities. In northwestern Colorado, Baker and Kennedy [3] describe
a shadscale/ Salina wildrye (Atriplex confertifolia/Leymus salinus)
association on shallow to steep, north slopes. Soils were
characteristically shaley with a surface layer of sandstone fragments;
saline soils had an average electrical conductivity of 1.16 mmhos/cm and
a pH of 7.77. These authors also report a saltsage/ salina wildrye
(Atriplex gardeneri/Leymus salinus) association occuring on flat to
very gently sloping benches, ridges and saddles. On these sites soils
were generally very clayey; electrical conductivity averaged .35
mmhos/cm with a pH of 8.01.
Elevational ranges are presented below [3,49,58]:
from 5,200 to 8,500 feet (1,585-2,591 m) in CO
4,986 to 9,400 feet (1,520-2,866 m) in UT
8,200 to 8,200 feet (2,500-2,500 m) in WY
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Self-perpetuating stands of Salina wildrye are characteristic of late
successional or climax saline shrubland communities throughout the upper
Colorado River Basin [3]. Apparently this cool-season bunchgrass is
rarely found in pure stands [2]. Plants typically decrease in response
to grazing on shadescale (Atriplex confertifolia) and saltsage (A.
gardneri) dominated sites in northwestern Colorado [3].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
The phenological development of Salina wildrye has not been widely
documented. Atkins and others [2] report tetraploid plants of
subspecies salinus flowering 3 weeks earlier than octoploid plants when
grown together under nursery conditions. Anthesis data for several
western states are presented below [58].
State Earliest flowering Latest flowering
date date
CO May July
WY May July
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Leymus salinus | Salina Wildrye
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Although a common bunchgrass throughout its rather restricted
geographical range [2,4]. A review of the available literature yielded
no information pertaining specifically to the fire ecology of Salina
wildrye. Basin wildrye, Leymus cinereus, is a morphologically similar
species characteristically occupying saline and/or alkaline lowland
sites throughout the Great Basin and northern Rocky Mountains [27].
General fire adaptations for basin wildrye are summarized below; it is
presently unknown to what extent this information can be extrapolated to
Salina wildrye.
Basin wildrye is a cool-season bunchgrass that is generally considered
to be well adapted to disturbance by fire [10,51,57]. Crowns are
characterized by coarse stems which tend to insulate perannating buds
located at or just below the ground surface [52]; as a result, the
majority of plants survive fire to become components of the postburn
community [36,47]. Apparently basin wildrye relies primarily upon
residual plant surival for postburn regeneration, resprouting via basal
buds and also rhizomes in some ecotypes. Young and Evans [57] reported
that yield, viability, and germination of seed from native stands in the
central Great Basin is characteristically low; germination rates rarely
exceed 35 to 40%. However, basin wildrye exhibits widespread ecotypic
variation in seed fill and germination potential [41,48].
Widely cited as being stimulated by fire [11,13,16] trends in postburn
frequencies and coverages of basin wildrye have received little study.
Recent research following prescribed burning of sagebrush-grassland
communities in Nevada [57] indicated recovery is rapid following fire;
although basal diameters and plant heights are initially reduced,
limited information suggests that preburn levels are typically regained
within 4 years. (Detailed information from this study is available
under basin wildrye cases studies). Recovery is generally related to
season of burn and fire severity; burning during periods of plant
dormancy appears to be most condusive to the rapid recovery of this
native bunchgrass [45,50,57].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
Caudex, growing points in soil
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Leymus salinus | Salina Wildrye
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
No information could be located in the avialable literature concerning
the effect of fire on Salina wildrye. This bunchgrass typically forms
somewhat large, well spaced bunches that are rather densely packed [2];
in addition, crowns are characterized by coarse stems and leaves [44].
Such attributes suggest that plants burn somewhat quickly with little
heat transferred downward into the crown [52]. As a result, basal buds
located at or just below the ground surface are not subjected to
prolonged heating and probably survive to resprout. The rhizomatous
nature of this species, especially in more mesic situations, also
suggests that Salina wildrye is moderately resistant to fire mortality.
Summarized fire effects information for basin wildrye (Leymus cinereus),
a morphologically similar buchgrass, is presented below; the extent to
which this information applies to Salina wildrye is presently unknown.
Few studies have documented detailed fire effects information concerning
basin wildrye. Generally this cool-season bunchgrass is recognized as
being quite resistant to fire mortality [10,51]. Range and others [33]
reported that the coarse stems and leaves of basin wildrye are
remarkablly resistant to high intensity burning. Bunchgrass crowns
characterized by coarse stems and leaves are generally considered to be
less prone to prolonged burning than fine-leaved bunchgrasses such as
Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) [50,52]; during burning little heat is
transferred downward into the crown and basal buds located at or just
below the surface of the ground are not subjected to prolonged heating.
Although basin wildrye plants are frequently reduced to charred stubble
and typically exhibit reduced basal diameters immediately following
burning, the majority survive to resprout. Resprouting usually occurs
from the root crown. Apparently some ecotypes are also able to
regenerate via rhizomes [20,35,57]; however, the literature contains
little information as to the nature of rhizome location or depth in this
species.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
Results of prescribed burns conducted on sagebrush-grass communities in
Nevada suggest that basin wildrye plants burned in late August suffer
more damage than those burned in early October [33,57]. One tagged
plant died following late summer burning; unfortunately, no preburn data
was reported for this individual. On a similar study site, these
researchers tagged a 10 inch (25 cm) diameter plant. The late August
burn reduced this plant to stubble, burning with an intensity of 280
btu/ft/sec and a rate of spread of 25 ft/min (660 btu/ft sq); basal
crown temperature reached a maximum of 1,500 degrees F (815 degrees C)
[57]. Although surviving summer burning, this individual developed a
dead center within 2 years. In contrast, relatively large diameter
plants are remarkably resistant to fire mortality when burning occurs in
the fall. An extremely intense October burn (3,770 btu/ft/sec with a
rate of spread of 40 ft/min) merely defoliated two basin wildrye plants
whose basal diameters measured 26 inches (65 cm) and 19.6inches (49 cm).
Immediately following burning, plant crowns consisted of blackened stems
and leaves measuring 4.8 inches (12 cm) in height. Fire survival is
generally thought to be more inhibited in large diameter bunches where
dense stubble accumulations can generate hot fires within the crown
[50],53]. Rough fescue (Festuca scabrella) is a native bunchgrass which
is somewhat similar to basin wildrye in that plants can attain large
diameter crowns which are characterized by coarse-stemmed, densely
tufted culm bases. Antos and others [1] reported that fescue mortality
can be quite high following hot midsummer wildfires on mountain
grassland sites in westcentral Montana. On these sites reduced fire
frequencies had produced heavy litter accumulations within large
bunches; survival appeared to be inhibited in plants where crown
diameters exceeded 7.8 inches (20 cm).
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Fire response information for Salina wildrye has not been well
documented in the available literature. Circumstantial evidence
suggests that this densely tufted bunchgrass is well adapted to
disturbance by fire since plants are most often associated with xeric
hillsides [2]. Fire response information for basin wildrye (Leymus
cinereus), a morphologically similar bunchgrass, is summarized below.
It is presently unknown the degree to which this information can be
applied to fire response in Salina wildrye. This species commonly
occupies rocky sites that have probably burned less frequently but
perhaps with more severity than the saline and/or alkaine lowland and
upland sites charateristically occupied by basin wildrye; this suggests
that postburn reestablishment and response may be somewhat different
between these two bunchgrasses. The more rhizomatous nature of Salina
wildrye [19,49] indicates that plants are probalbly more tolerant of
higher severity fires than basin wildrye; however, both species
apparently exhibit low seed germination and poor seedling vigor [32].
Basin wildrye is quite tolerant of burning; generally plants are
stimulated by fire and recover quite rapidly on most sites [28,36,40].
Recent studies involving late season burning on sagebrush-grassland
communities in Nevada indicate that although plants suffer initial
decreases in basal diameter and height, the majority regain preburn
measurements within approximately 4 years [57]. Resprouting typically
occurs from basal buds. Apparently some ecotypes are also able to
regenerate via rhizomes; however, the literature contains little
information as to the nature of rhizome location or depth. Residual
plant survival appears to be the predominant mode of postburn
regeneration in this bunchgrass. Although basin wildrye exhibits
considerable ecotypic variation in seed habits [41,48], Young and Evans
[56] reported that yield, viability and germination of wildrye seed from
central Great Basin stands is typically quite low. Seedbed requirements
for this grass are virtually unstudied and its presently unknown whether
exposed mineral soil is more condusive than litter for successful
seedling establishment. Presumablly off-site seed sources also play a
limited role in the postburn reestablishment of basin wildrye. Basin
wildrye invaded and established dense stands on widely dispersed badger
diggings within mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp.
vaseyana) communities in Utah; except for its occurence on these
disturbed sites, this bunchgrass was a rare component of the community
[46].
Individual postburn plant response in basin wildrye is sometimes quite
dramatic [11,16]. Zschaechner [57] reported that despite a reduction in
basal diameter immediately following an October prescribed burn, one
basin wildrye plant recovered its preburn basal diameter within 2 years;
by the end of the fourth postburn growing season, crown diameter had
nearly doubled and height was 142% of the original. Fall burning is
most often recognized as being least damaging to this cool-season
bunchgrass [45,52]; plants also recover rapidly from early spring
burning [7,16,23,47]. In Washington, Daubenmire [13] observed that
basin wildrye remained vigorous and productive following repeated annual
burning (season not indicated) of basin wildrye/saltgrass (Leymus
cinereus/Distichlis stricta) habitat types.
Trends in postburn frequencies and coverages of basin wildrye have
received little documentation. Even though production is consistently
enhanced after fire, in many degraded plant communities thoroughout the
Great Basin this species does not occur in sufficient quantities to
contribute significantly to postburn vegetative cover. On many sites,
postfire abundance of basin wildrye does not change significantly for
the first several years [16,36,47]. In big sagebrush/ Thurber
needlegrass (Artemisia tridenta/Stipa thurberiana) communities in
Nevada, Young and Evans [55] reported that densities of basin wildrye
remained constant at .02 plants/ square meter for upto 2 years following
a mid-season wildfire; densities during the third and fourth postburn
seasons declined to .01 plants / square meter when sites were subjected
to intense cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) invasion. Researching
successional patterns on a series of increasingly older burns within
sagebrush-grassland communities in southeastern Idaho, Humphrey [21]
found that basin wildrye was a prominent species in almost all stages of
vegetational development. On these sites, coverages of basin wildrye
gradually increased to a maximum relative cover of 6% on 17 year old
burns; apparently this species was present on 25 to 35 year old burn
sites, but in lower abundances.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Leymus salinus | Salina Wildrye
REFERENCES :
1. Antos, Joseph A.; McCune, Bruce; Bara, Cliff. 1983. The effect of fire
on an ungrazed western Montana grassland. American Midland Naturalist.
110(2): 354-364. [337]
2. Atkins, Riley J.; Barkworth, Mary E.; Dewey, Douglas R. 1984. A
taxonomic study of Leymus ambiguus and L. salinus (Poaceae:Triticeae).
Systematic Botany. 9(3): 279-294. [2851]
3. Baker, William L.; Kennedy, Susan C. 1985. Presettlement vegetation of
part of northwestern Moffat County, Colorado, described from remnants.
Great Basin Naturalist. 45(4): 747-783. [384]
4. Barkworth, Mary E.; Atkins, Riley J. 1984. Leymus hochst.
(Gramineae:Triticeae) in North America: taxonomy and distribution.
American Journal of Botany. 71(5): 609-625. [2889]
5. Barkworth, Mary E.; Dewey, Douglas R. 1985. Genomically based genera in
the perennial Triticeae of North America: identification and membership.
American Journal of Botany. 72(5): 767-776. [393]
6. Barkworth, Mary E.; Dewey, Douglas R.; Atkins, Riley J. 1983. New
generic concepts in the Triticeae of the Intermountain Region: key and
comments. Great Basin Naturalist. 43(4): 561-572. [394]
7. Beardall, Louis E.; Sylvester, Vern E. 1976. Spring burning for removal
of sagebrush competition in Nevada. In: Proceedings, Tall Timbers fire
ecology conference and fire and land management symposium; 1974 October
8-10; Missoula, MT. No. 14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research
Station: 539-547. [406]
8. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
9. Britton, C. M.; Clark, R. G.; Sneva, F. A. 1983. Effects of soil
moisture on burned and clipped Idaho fescue. Journal of Range
Management. 36(3): 708-710. [516]
10. Bunting, Stephen C. 1985. Fire in sagebrush-grass ecosystems:
successional changes. In: Sanders, Ken; Durham, Jack, eds. Rangeland
fire effects: Proceedings of a symposium; 1984 November 27-29; Boise,
ID. Boise, ID: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land
Management, Idaho State Office: 7-11. [558]
11. Bunting, Stephen C.; Kilgore, Bruce M.; Bushey, Charles L. 1987.
Guidelines for prescribed burning sagebrush-grass rangelands in the
northern Great Basin. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-231. Ogden, UT: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station. 33 p. [5281]
12. Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; [and others].
1977. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West,
U.S.A. Vol. 6. The Monocotyledons. New York: Columbia University Press.
584 p. [719]
13. Daubenmire, R. 1970. Steppe vegetation of Washington. Technical Bulletin
62. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, College of Agriculture,
Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. 131 p. [733]
14. Dewey, Douglas R. 1983. Historical and current taxonomic perspectives of
Agropyron, Elymus, and related genera. Crop Science. 23: 637-642. [793]
15. Dewey, Douglas R. 1983. New nomenclatural combinations in the North
American perennial Triticeae (Gramineae). Brittonia. 35(1): 30-33.
[794]
16. Everett, Richard L.; Ward, Kenneth. 1984. Early plant succession on
pinyon-juniper controlled burns. Northwest Science. 58(1): 57-68. [901]
17. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
18. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
19. Goodrich, Sherel; Neese, Elizabeth. 1986. Uinta Basin flora. [Place of
publication unknown]: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.
320 p. [23307]
20. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur; Ownbey, Marion. 1969. Vascular
plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 1: Vascular cryptograms,
gymnosperms, and monocotyledons. Seattle, WA: University of Washington
Press. 914 p. [1169]
21. Humphrey, L. David. 1984. Patterns and mechanisms of plant succession
after fire on Artemisia-grass sites in southeastern Idaho. Vegetatio.
57: 91-101. [1214]
22. Kartesz, John T. 1994. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of
the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume II--thesaurus. 2nd ed.
Portland, OR: Timber Press. 816 p. [23878]
23. Klebenow, Donald A.; Beall, Robert C. 1977. Fire impacts on birds and
mammals on Great Basin rangelands. In: [Source unknown]. Reno, NV:
University of Nevada, Division of Renewable Natural Resources: 59-62. On
file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain
Research Station, Fire Sciences Lab, Missoula, MT. [1348]
24. Koniak, Susan. 1985. Succession in pinyon-juniper woodlands following
wildfire in the Great Basin. Great Basin Naturalist. 45(3): 556-566.
[1371]
25. Krall, James L.; Stroh, James R.; Cooper, Clee S.; Chapman, Stephen R.
1971. Effect of time and extent of harvesting basin wildrye. Journal of
Range Management. 24(6): 414-418. [8140]
26. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
27. Lesperance, A. L.; Young, James A.; Eckert, Richard E., Jr.; Evans,
Raymond A. 1978. Great Basin wildrye. Rangeman's Journal. 5(4): 125-127.
[3829]
28. Mason, Robert B. 1981. Response of birds and rodents to controlled
burning in pinyon-juniper woodlands. Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 55
p. Thesis. [1545]
29. Perry, L. J., Jr.; Chapman, S. R. 1974. Effects of clipping on
carbohydrate reserves in basin wildrye. Agronomy Journal. 66: 67-69.
[8090]
30. Perry, L. J., Jr.; Chapman, S. R. 1975. Effects of clipping on dry
matter yields of basin wildrye. Journal of Range Management. 28(4):
271-274. [8112]
31. Plummer, A. Perry. 1977. Revegetation of disturbed Intermountain area
sites. In: Thames, J. C., ed. Reclamation and use of disturbed lands of
the Southwest. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press: 302-337. [171]
32. Plummer, A. Perry; Christensen, Donald R.; Monsen, Stephen B. 1968.
Restoring big-game range in Utah. Publ. No. 68-3. Ephraim, UT: Utah
Division of Fish and Game. 183 p. [4554]
33. Range, Phil; Veisze, Paul; Beyer, Cheryl; Zschaechner, Greg. 1982. Great
Basin rate-of-spread study: Fire behavior/fire effects. Reno, Nevada:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Nevada State
Office, Branch of Protection. 56 p. [1935]
34. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
35. Roundy, Bruce A.; Cluff, Greg J.; Young, James A.; Evans, R. A. 1983.
Treatment of inland saltgrass and greasewood sites to improve forage
production. In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Shaw, Nancy, compilers. Managing
Intermountain rangelands--improvement of range and wildlife habitats:
Proceedings of symposia; 1981 September 15-17; Twin Falls, ID; 1982 June
22-24; Elko, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-157. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station: 54-66. [2036]
36. Sheeter, Guy Richard. 1968. Secondary succession and range improvements
after wildfire in northeastern Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada.
203 p. Thesis. [41]
37. Shiflet, Thomas N., ed. 1994. Rangeland cover types of the United
States. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management. 152 p. [23362]
38. Simms, Steven R. 1985. Acquisition cost and nutritional data on Great
Basin resources. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology.
7(1): 117-126. [267]
39. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern
Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
40. Martin, S. Clark. 1948. Mesquite seeds remain viable after 44 years.
Ecology. 29(3): 393. [2992]
41. Thornburg, Ashley A. 1982. Plant materials for use on surface-mined
lands. SCS-TP-157. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil
Conservation Service. 88 p. [3769]
42. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1994. Plants
of the U.S.--alphabetical listing. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 954 p. [23104]
43. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Survey. [n.d.]. NP
Flora [Data base]. Davis, CA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National
Biological Survey. [23119]
44. Vallentine, John F. 1961. Important Utah range grasses. Extension
Circular 281. Logan, UT: Utah State University. 48 p. [2937]
45. Vallentine, John F. 1971. Range development and improvements. Provo:
Brigham Young University Press. 516 pgs. [2414]
46. Walker, G. R.; Brotherson, J. D. 1982. Habitat relationships of basin
wildrye in mountain valleys of central Utah. Journal of Range
Management. 35(5): 628-633. [2440]
47. Ward, Kenneth V. 1977. Two-year vegetation response and successional
trends for spring burns in the pinyon-juniper woodland. Reno, NV:
University of Nevada. 62 p. Thesis. [276]
48. Wasser, Clinton H. 1982. Ecology and culture of selected species useful
in revegetating disturbed lands in the West. FWS/OBS-82/56. Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 347 p.
[4837]
49. Welsh, Stanley L.; Atwood, N. Duane; Goodrich, Sherel; Higgins, Larry
C., eds. 1987. A Utah flora. Great Basin Naturalist Memoir No. 9. Provo,
UT: Brigham Young University. 894 p. [2944]
50. Wright, Henry A. 1971. Why squirreltail is more tolerant to burning than
needle-and-thread. Journal of Range Management. 24: 277-284. [2610]
51. Wright, Henry A. 1985. Effects of fire on grasses and forbs in
sagebrush-grass communities. In: Sanders, Ken; Durham, Jack. eds.
Rangeland fire effects: Proceedings of the symposium; 1984 November
27-29; Boise, ID. Boise, ID: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Land Management, Idaho State Office: 12-21. [2617]
52. Wright, Henry A.; Bailey, Arthur W. 1982. Fire ecology: United States
and southern Canada. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 501 p. [2620]
53. Wright, Henry A.; Klemmedson, James O. 1965. Effect of fire on
bunchgrasses of the sagebrush-grass region in southern Idaho. Ecology.
46(5): 680-688. [2624]
54. Young, James A.; Evans, Raymond A. 1972. Conversion of medusahead to
downy brome communities with diuron. Journal of Range Management. 25:
40-43. [2649]
55. Young, James A.; Evans, Raymond A. 1978. Population dynamics after
wildfires in sagebrush grasslands. Journal of Range Management. 31(4):
283-289. [2657]
56. Young, James A.; Evans, Raymond A. 1981. Germination of Great Basin
wildrye seeds collected from native stands. Agronomy Journal. 73:
917-920. [3747]
57. Zschaechner, Greg A. 1985. Studying rangeland fire effects: a case study
in Nevada. In: Sanders, Ken; Durham, Jack, eds. Rangeland fire effects:
Proceedings of the symposium; 1984 November 27-29; Boise, ID. Boise, ID:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Managment, Idaho State
Office: 66-84. [2692]
58. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information
network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and
Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior,
Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]
Index
Related categories for Species: Leymus salinus
| Salina Wildrye
|
 |
