• ABBREVIATION
• SYNONYMS
• NRCS PLANT CODE
• COMMON NAMES
• TAXONOMY
• LIFE FORM
• FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS
• OTHER STATUS
• AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION

ABBREVIATION:

SYNONYMS:

NRCS PLANT CODE [135]:

COMMON NAMES:

TAXONOMY:

Green needlegrass occasionally hybridizes with Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides) to produce Achnella caduca (Beal) Barkworth, a sterile plant [52,71].

LIFE FORM:

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:

OTHER STATUS:

AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:

• GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
• ECOSYSTEMS
• STATES
• BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS
• SAF COVER TYPES
• SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES
• HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:

ECOSYSTEMS [45]:

STATES:

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [6]:

KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS [86]:

SAF COVER TYPES [37]:

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [119]:

HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:

Conditions and trends on ponderosa pine ranges in Colorado [23]
The prairie, meadow, and marsh vegetation of Nelson County, North Dakota [32]
The many faces of South Dakota rangelands: description and classification [47]
Wind Cave National Park grassland ecology [49]
Ecologic observations on Pinus ponderosa laws.  (Pinaceae) at its eastern most extension in South Dakota [65]
The climate, soils, and soil-plant relationships of an area in southwestern Saskatchewan [68]
Alberta's prairie vegetation: past and present use [104]
Production ecology of grassland plant communities in western North Dakota [109]
Vegetation, soil, and cattle responses to grazing on Northern Great Plains range [110]
Climax vegetation of Montana: Based on soils and climate [114]
Woodlands in northwestern Nebraska [132]

North and South Dakota:
Green needlegrass is a codominant of western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), prairie Junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii var. gerardii), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), and needle-and-thread (Hesperostipa comata) [9,19,21,36,46,47,48,72,88,91,99,101,109,116,121,123,128,136,142,143,144,147,149].  Green needlegrass is associated with sideoats grama (Bouteloua curtipendula) [19,48,91,116,123], Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) [19,72,149,], Sandberg bluegrass (P. secunda) [91], porcupine grass (Hesperostipa spartea) [47,116], Baker's wheatgrass (Elymus bakeri) [116], buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides) [46,91,116,142,144], prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia) [21,47], plains muhly (Muhlenbergia cuspidata) [21,47,123], sand dropseed (Sporobolus cryptandrus) [142,143,144], threadleaf sedge (Carex filifolia) [9,21,88,123,142,143,144], needleleaf sedge (C. duriuscula) [21,88,91,123], Japanese brome (Bromus japonicus) [142,143,144], smooth brome (B. inermis) [19], and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) [4]. 

Shrubs that green needlegrass is associated with include fringed sagebrush (Artemisia frigida) [143] and western snowberry (Symphoricarpos occidentalis) [19,109,149].  Green needlegrass occurs in the understory of interior pondersosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum) [65].  Scarlet globemallow (Sphaeralcea coccinea) [19,47], plains prickly-pear (Opuntia polyacantha) [143], and western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), Flodman's thistle (Cirsium flodmanii), Canadian anemone (Anemone canadensis) [19] are also found with green needlegrass.

Montana:
Green needlegrass is a component of juniper-wheatgrass (Juniperus spp.-Agropyron spp.) and juniper-sandreed (Juniperus spp.-Calamovilfa spp.) communities [96].  It is found in the understory of Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca), Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum), interior ponderosa pine [93,114], limber pine (Pinus flexilis), and chokecherry (Prunus virginiana) [114].

Green needlegrass is a codominant of western wheatgrass, needle-and-thread grass, bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), and blue grama [1,29,30,35,38,60,67,82,90,93,94,107,110,114,131,146].  Grasses associated with green needlegrass include porcupine grass [114], Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis) [94,103,114], Baker's wheatgrass [103], prairie Junegrass [1,29,30,114,131], Sandberg bluegrass [67,93,131], plains reedgrass (Calamagrostis montanensis) [131], prairie sandreed [11,114], needleleaf sedge [1,67,131], sand dropseed [67], big bluestem [146], little bluestem [30,114,146], Kentucky bluegrass, cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) [94], tumblegrass (Schedonnardus paniculatus) [67], alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides) [67,114], plains muhly [114], purple threeawn (Aristida purpurea) [67], and threadleaf sedge [60,67]. 

Shrubs that green needlegrass is commonly found with include Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. wyomingensis) [12,38,67,82,93,103,114], plains silver sagebrush (A. cana ssp. cana) [12,67,80,90,103,114], mountain silver sagebrush (A. c. ssp. viscidula) [12,67,82,90,103,114], fringed sagebrush [82,131], Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia) [114], western snowberry [67,93], black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) [12,93], shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa) [103], Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii) [114], antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata) [54], creeping juniper (J. horizontalis) [114], and Gardner's saltbush (Atriplex gardneri) [12,114]. 

Forbs commonly found with green needlegrass are American vetch (Vicia americana) [114,131],  Hood's phlox (Phlox hoodii) [67,131], western yarrow [1,103], common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) [1], scarlet globemallow [67,131], pussytoes (Antennaria spp.) [131], and the cactus, plains prickly-pear [1,67,82]. 

In Wyoming and Utah, green needlegrass is found with Wyoming big sagebrush, mountain big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana), basin big sagebrush (A. t. ssp. tridentata), antelope bitterbrush [57,78], shrubby cinquefoil, and common juniper (Juniperus communis) [106].  It is a codominant of western wheatgrass and spike fescue (Leucopoa kingii) [15].  Green needlegrass is also associated with Sandberg bluegrass [57], needle-and-thread grass, cheatgrass, Indian ricegrass [78], and sedges [57].

In Colorado and Nebraska, green needlegrass is found in the understory of interior ponderosa pine with blue grama, cheatgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, needle-and-thread grass, western wheatgrass, little bluestem, sideoats grama, prairie sandreed, plains muhly, prairie Junegrass, Japanese brome, threadleaf sedge, sun sedge, dandelions (Taraxacum spp.), common juniper, wax currant (Ribes cereum), fringed sage, and common snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus) [83,132].

In Alberta, green needlegrass occurs in the wheatgrass-bluegrass (Agropyron spp.-Poa spp.) community, reedgrass-wheatgrass (Calamagrostis spp.-Agropyron spp.) community [117], and rough fescue (Festuca altaica) association [74].  In Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Alberta, green needlegrass is codominant with western wheatgrass, needle-and-thread grass, blue grama, and buffalo grass [5,10,84,92,104,151].  It is associated with Sandberg bluegrass, plains muhly, threadleaf sedge [5], prairie Junegrass [5,84,151], western wheatgrass [5,104]  plains reedgrass, sun sedge, obtuse sedge (Carex obtusata) [84,151], timber oatgrass (Danthonia intermedia), Idaho fescue, porcupine grass [74,84,151], needleleaf sedge, [84,151], Pumpelly brome (Bromus pumpellianus), and pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens) [74].  Green needlegrass is associated with the shrubs fringed sagebrush [5,84,151], plains silver sagebrush, and Gardner's saltbush, winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata) [5].  It is also found with little clubmoss (Selaginella densa), prairie goldenrod (Solidago missouriensis), pussytoes, and plains prickly-pear [5].

• IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE
• PALATABILITY
• NUTRITIONAL VALUE
• COVER VALUE
• VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES
• OTHER USES AND VALUES
• MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:

The seeds of green needlegrass are eaten by small mammals and songbirds, such as Vesper sparrow [7,127,139].  It is eaten by elk [93,122], Kaibab mule deer [69], and cattle [93].

PALATABILITY:

The palatability of green needlegrass for livestock and wildlife species is rated as follows [31]:

NUTRITIONAL VALUE:

Johnston and Bezeau [74] rate the nutritive value of green needlegrass in Alberta, Canada:

The food value of green needlegrass for wildlife species is rated as follows [31]:

COVER VALUE:

The value of green needlegrass as cover for domestic animals and wildlife is rated as follows [31]:

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:

OTHER USES AND VALUES:

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

Green needlegrass requires dormant fall plating [66].  Sites and planting dates must be chosen with moisture and germination in mind [44].  

• GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM
• REGENERATION PROCESSES
• SITE CHARACTERISTICS
• SUCCESSIONAL STATUS
• SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

The numerous, mostly basal leaves, are flat to involute and taper to threadlike tips [139].  Average length of leaves ranges from 4 to 12 inches (10.2-30.5 cm) [127].  Inflorescences are narrow, loose spikelets and 4 to 8 inches (10-20 cm) [62,98] long.  Awns are bent twice and are 0.75 to 1.5 inches (1.9-3.8 cm) long [52,62,73,98,141].  Old sheath bases are often persistent [141].  

Green needlegrass has a deep, up to 4 to 5 feet (122-152 cm) [140], fibrous root system [4,22,89,127,139], similar to needle-and-thread grass.  The main roots are 0.04 inch (1 mm) in diameter; lateral spread is 14 inches (35.6 cm) in the first 6 inches (15.2 cm) of soil, and 18 inches (45.7 cm) in the first 12 inches (30.5 cm).  The system is well branched and rootlets are abundant to depths of 2.5 feet (76.2 cm) [140].

RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM [108]:

REGENERATION PROCESSES:

SITE CHARACTERISTICS:

Green needlegrass is found in a wide range of temperatures.  Mean annual temperatures where green needlegrass is present are  3.4 to 117 degrees Fahrenheit (-15.9 to 47 ^oC).  Green needlegrass occurs in areas with an average precipitation of 10-26 inches (254-660 mm) and the majority of the precipitation occurs between April and September [5,9,11,20,124,134,148].  Mean annual precipitation ranges for green needlegrass are as follows:

Soils: Green needlegrass is found on a variety of soil types [4,9,32,36,48,49,51,83,84,88,103,109,110,123,144,151].  It is tolerant of heavy clay soils, is less common on loams and sandy soils [91,127], and is weakly to moderately tolerant of soil salinity [139].  

SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:

SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:

Goetz [50] observed these dates of development in North Dakota during 1955-1962:

White and Wight [145] observed these dates of development in Montana during 1975 and 1976: 

• FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS
• POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY

FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:

Fire regimes for plant communities and ecosystems in which green needlegrass occurs are summarized below.  For further information regarding fire regimes and fire ecology of communities and ecosystems where green needlegrass if found, see the 'Fire Ecology and Adaptations' section of the FEIS species summary for the plant community or ecosystem dominants listed below. 

POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [125]:

• IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT
• PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE
• DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE
• FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:

PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:

DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:

FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

• CASE NAME
• REFERENCE
• FIRE CASE STUDY AUTHORSHIP
• SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION
• STUDY LOCATION
• PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY
• TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE
• SITE DESCRIPTION
• FIRE DESCRIPTION
• FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES
• FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS

CASE NAME:

REFERENCE:

FIRE CASE STUDY AUTHORSHIP:

SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION:

STUDY LOCATION:

PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY:

TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE:
Plants were in "a depressed state of vigor", probably due to excess litter and mulch accumulation.

SITE DESCRIPTION:

FIRE DESCRIPTION:

FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES:

Spring growth was consumed by the fire and some plants were killed.  Leaf length, number of inflorescences and basal area were decreased by burning.  Individuals that survived the fire had as much or more growth than those on the unburned plot 1 year postfire.  Measured fire effects were:

FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS:

Nassella viridula: References

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Related categories for SPECIES:  Nassella viridula | Green Needlegrass