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REFERENCES

SPECIES: Panicum virgatum | Switchgrass
REFERENCES : 1. Abrams, Marc D.; Hulbert, Lloyd C. 1987. Effect of topographic position and fire on species composition in tallgrass prairie in northeast Kansas. American Midland Naturalist. 117(2): 442-445. [291] 2. Ahshapanek, D. C. 1962. Phenology of a tall-grass prairie in central Oklahoma. Ecology. 43: 135-138. [5598] 3. Albertson, F. W. 1937. Ecology of mixed prairie in west central Kansas. Ecological Monographs. 7: 483-547. [5057] 4. Anderson, Kling L.; Smith, Ed F.; Owensby, Clenton E. 1970. Burning bluestem range. Journal of Range Management. 23: 81-92. [323] 5. Anderson, Roger C. 1990. The historic role of fire in the North American grassland. In: Collins, Scott L.; Wallace, Linda L., eds. Fire in North American tallgrass prairies. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press: 8-18. [14192] 6. Barnes, P. W.; Harrison, A. T.; Heinisch, S. P. 1984. Vegetation patterns in relation to topography and edaphic variation in Nebraska Sandhills prairie. Prairie Naturalist. 16(4): 145-157. [396] 7. Beaty, E. R.; Engel, J. L.; Powell, John D. 1978. Tiller development and growth in switchgrass. Journal of Range Management. 31(5): 361-365. [19835] 8. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434] 9. Branson, Farrel A. 1953. Two new factors affecting resistance of grasses to grazing. Journal of Range Management. 6: 167-171. [508] 10. Brejda, John J.; Moser, Lowell E.; Waller, Steven S. 1989. Rhizome and tiller development of three Nebraska Sandhills warm-season grasses. In: Bragg, Thomas B.; Stubbendieck, James, eds. Prairie pioneers: ecology, history and culture: Proceedings, 11th North American prairie conference; 1988 August 7-11; Lincoln, NE. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska: 211-215. [14048] 11. Christisen, Donald M. 1981. Significance of native prairie to greater prairie chicken (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus) survival in Missouri. In: Stuckey, Ronald L.; Reese, Karen J., eds. The Prairie Peninsula--in the "shadow" of Transeau: Proceedings, 6th North American prairie conference; 1978 August 12-17; Columbus, OH. Ohio Biological Survey Biological Notes No. 15. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University, College of Biological Sciences: 250-254. [3437] 12. Collins, O. Brown; Smeins, Fred E.; Riskind, David H. 1975. Plant communities of the blackland prairie of Texas. In: Wali, Mohan K, ed. Prairie: a multiple view. Grand Forks, ND: University of North Dakota Press: 75-88. [4431] 13. Cornelius, D. R. 1950. Seed production of native grasses under cultivation in eastern Kansas. Ecological Monographs. 20: 1-29. [5545] 14. Crawford, Hewlette S.; Kucera, Clair L.; Ehrenreich, John H. 1969. Ozark range and wildlife plants. Agric. Handb. 356. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 236 p. [18602] 15. Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; [and others]. 1977. Intermountain flora: Vascular plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A. Vol. 6. The Monocotyledons. New York: Columbia University Press. 584 p. [719] 16. Currier, Paul J. 1989. Plant species composition and groundwater levels in a Platte River wet meadow. In: Bragg, Thomas B.; Stubbendieck, James, eds. Prairie pioneers: ecology, history and culture: Proceedings, 11th North American prairie conference; 1988 August 7-11; Lincoln, NE. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska: 19-24. [14013] 17. Gunson, John R. 1992. Historical and present management of wolves in Alberta. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 20(3): 330-339. [5681] 18. Diamond, David D.; Smeins, Fred E. 1985. Composition, classification and species response patterns of remnant tallgrass prairies in Texas. American Midland Naturalist. 113(2): 294-307. [3421] 19. Diboll, Neil. 1986. Mowing as an alternative to spring burning for control of cool season exotic grasses in prairie grass plantings. In: Clambey, Gary K.; Pemble, Richard H., eds. The prairie: past, present and future: Proceedings, 9th North American prairie conference; 1984 July 29 - August 1; Moorhead, MN. Fargo, ND: Tri-College University Center for Environmental Studies: 204-209. [3574] 20. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806] 21. Duebbert, Harold F.; Jacobson, Erling T.; Higgins, Kenneth F.; Podoll, Erling B. 1981. Establishment of seeded grasslands for wildlife habitat in the praire pothole region. Special Scientific Report-Wildlife No. 234. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 21 p. [5740] 22. Eddleman, Lee E.; Meinhardt, Patricia L. 1981. Seed viability and seedling vigor in selected prairie plants. In: Stuckey, Ronald L.; Reese, Karen J., eds. The Prairie Peninsula--in the "shadow" of Transeau: Proceedings, 6th North American prairie conference; 1978 August 12-17; Columbus, OH. Ohio Biological Survey Biological Notes No. 15. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University, College of Biological Sciences: 213-217. [3410] 23. Ehley, Alan M. 1990. Program encourages use of prairie species on roadsides. Restoration & Management Notes. 8(2): 101-102. [14156] 24. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905] 25. Ewing, A. L.; Engle, D. M. 1988. Effects of late summer fire on tallgrass prairie microclimate and community composition. American Midland Naturalist. 120(1): 212-223. [5322] 26. Fulbright, Timothy E.; Redente, Edward F.; Hargis, Norman E. 1982. Growing Colorado plants from seed: a state of the art: Volume II: Grasses and grasslike plants. FWS/OBS-82/29. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 113 p. [3709] 27. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998] 28. Gates, G. A. 1982. Warm-season grasses for livestock and wildlife. Missouri Conservation. 43(1): 8-13. [5813] 29. George, Ronnie R. 1978. Native prairie grass pastures as nesting habitat for bobwhite quail and ring-necked pheasant. In: Glenn-Lewin, David C.; Landers, Roger Q., Jr., eds. Proceedings, 5th Midwest prairie conference; 1976 August 22-24; Ames, IA. Ames, IA: Iowa State University: 104-106. [3357] 30. George, Ronnie R.; Farris, Allen L.; Schwartz, Charles C.; [and others]. 1979. Prairie grass as nest cover for upland birds. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 7(1): 4-9. [19836] 31. Gibson, David J. 1989. Effects of animal disturbance on tallgrass prairie vegetation. American Midland Naturalist. 121: 144-154. [6641] 32. Gibson, David J.; Hulbert, Lloyd C. 1987. Effects of fire, topography and year-to-year climatic variation on species composition in tallgrass prairie. Vegetatio. 72: 175-185. [3866] 33. Gilbert, W. L.; Perry, L. J.,Jr.; Stubbendieck, J. 1979. Dry matter accumulation of four warm season grasses in the Nebraska Sandhills. Journal of Range Management. 32(1): 52-54. [5538] 34. Grelen, Harold E.; Hughes, Ralph H. 1984. Common herbaceous plants of Southern forest range. Res. Pap. SO-210. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest and Range Experiment Station. 147 p. [2946] 35. Griffin, J. L.; Jung, G. A. 1983. Leaf and stem forage quality of big bluestem and switchgrass. Agronomy Journal. 75(5): 723-726. [4153] 36. Hackney, Courtney T.; de la Cruz, Armando A. 1981. Effects of fire on brackish marsh communities: managememt implications. Wetlands. 1: 75-86. [14534] 37. Hitchcock, A. S. 1951. Manual of the grasses of the United States. Misc. Publ. No. 200. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Administration. 1051 p. [2nd edition revised by Agnes Chase in two volumes. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.]. [1165] 38. Kartesz, John T.; Kartesz, Rosemarie. 1980. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume II: The biota of North America. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press; in confederation with Anne H. Lindsey and C. Richie Bell, North Carolina Botanical Garden. 500 p. [6954] 39. Kelting, Ralph W. 1957. Winter burning in central Oklahoma grassland. Ecology. 38(3): 520-522. [16157] 40. Knapp, Alan K. 1984. Water relations and growth of three grasses during wet and drought years in a tallgrass prairie. Oecologia. 65: 35-43. [1357] 41. Knapp, Alan K. 1985. Effect of fire and drought on the ecophysiology of Andropogon gerardii and Panicum virgatum in a tallgrass prairie. Ecology. 66(4): 1309-1320. [1358] 42. Kucera, Clair L. 1981. Grasslands and fire. In: Mooney, H. A.; Bonnicksen, T. M.; Christensen, N. L.; [and others], technical coordinators. Fire regimes and ecosystem properties: Proceedings of the conference; 1978 December 11-15; Honolulu, HI. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 90-111. [4389] 43. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384] 44. Kuenstler, William F.; Henry, Donald S.; Sanders, Samuel A. 1983. Using prairie grasses for forage production on mine spoil. In: Kucera, Clair L., ed. Proceedings, 7th North American prairie conference; 1980 August 4-6; Springfield, MO. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri: 215-218. [3221] 45. Kufeld, Roland C. 1973. Foods eaten by the Rocky Mountain elk. Journal of Range Management. 26(2): 106-113. [1385] 46. Davis, James R. 1965. A survey of an intentional burn in Arizona ponderosa pine. Res. Note RM-41. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 2 p. [1318] 47. Launchbaugh, John L.; Owensby, Clenton E. 1978. Kansas rangelands: Their management based on a half century of research. Bull. 622. Hays, KS: Kansas State University, Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station. 56 p. [9477] 48. Leithead, Horace L.; Yarlett, Lewis L.; Shiflet, Thomas N. 1971. 100 native forage grasses in 11 southern states. Agric. Handb. 389. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 216 p. [17552] 49. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No. 14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496] 50. Manske, Llewellyn Leo. 1980. Habitat, phenology and growth of selected sandhills range plants. Fargo, ND: North Dakota State University. 154 p. Dissertation. [4549] 51. Manske, Llewellyn L.; Barker, William T. 1988. Habitat usage by prairie grouse on the Sheyenne National Grasslands. In: Bjugstad, Ardell J., technical coordinator. Prairie chickens on the Sheyenne National Grasslands [symposium proceedings]; 18 September 18; Crookston, MN. General Technical Report RM-159. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 8-20. [5200] 52. McMillan, C. 1959. The role of ecotypic variation in the distribution of the central grassland of North America. Ecological Monographs. 29: 285-308. [5523] 53. Morrison, Linda C.; DuBois, John D.; Kapustka, Lawrence A. 1986. The vegetational response of a Nebraska sandhills grassland to a naturally occurring fall burn. Prairie Naturalist. 18(3): 179-184. [1696] 54. Newell, L. C. 1968. Chemical composition of two warm-season prairie grasses in three environments. Crop Science. 8: 325-329. [5540] 55. Newell, L. C.; Moline, W. J. 1978. Forage quality evaluations of twelve grasses in relation to season for grazing. Res. Bull. 283. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska, Agricultural Experiment Station. 43 p. [5741] 56. Ohlenbuseh, Paul D.; Hodges, Elizabeth P.; Pope, Susan. 1983. Range grasses of Kansas. Manhattan, KS: Kansas State University, Cooperative Extension Service. 23 p. [5316] 57. Olson, Wendell W. 1975. Effects of controlled burning on grassland within the Tewaukon National Wildlife Refuge. Fargo, ND: North Dakota University of Agriculture and Applied Science. 137 p. Thesis. [15252] 58. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843] 59. Rice, E. 1950. Growth and floral development of five species of range grasses in central Oklahoma. Botanical Gazette. 3: 361-377. [5580] 60. Richards, Mary S.; Landers, R. Q. 1973. Responses of species in Kalsow Prairie, Iowa, to an April fire. Proceedings Iowa Academy of Science. 80: 159-161. [19837] 61. Risser, P. G.; Birney, E. C.; Blocker, H. D.; [and others]. 1981. The true prairie ecosystem. US/IBP Synthesis Series 16. Stroudsburg, PA: Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company. 557 p. [16874] 62. Robocker, W. C.; Miller, Bonita J. 1955. Effects of clipping, burning and competition on establishment and survival of some native grasses in Wisconsin. Journal of Range Management. 8: 117-120. [3886] 63. Rohn, Sherry R.; Bragg, Thomas B. 1989. Effect of burning on germination of tallgrass prairie plant species. In: Bragg, Thomas A.; Stubbendieck, James, eds. Prairie pioneers: ecology, history and culture: Proceedings, 11th North American prairie conference; 1988 August 7-11; Lincoln, NE. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska: 169-171. [14038] 64. Sims, Phillip L.; Ayuko, Lucas J.; Hyder, D. N. 1971. Developmental morphology of switchgrass and sideoats grama. Journal of Range Management. 24: 354-360. [19838] 65. Snyder, Warren D. 1990. Establishing switchgrass for wildlife in eastern Colorado. Outdoor Facts: Game Information Leaflet No. 113. Denver, CO: Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife. 4 p. [16177] 66. Steuter, Allen A. 1987. C3/C4 production shift on seasonal burns--northern mixed prairie. Journal of Range Management. 40(1): 27-31. [2237] 67. Stubbendieck, J.; Nichols, James T.; Roberts, Kelly K. 1985. Nebraska range and pasture grasses (including grass-like plants). E.C. 85-170. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska, Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service. 75 p. [2269] 68. Thornburg, Ashley A. 1982. Plant materials for use on surface-mined lands. SCS-TP-157. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 88 p. [3769] 69. Towne, Gene; Owensby, Clenton. 1984. Long-term effects of annual burning at different dates in ungrazed Kansas tallgrass prairie. Journal of Range Management. 37(5): 392-397. [2357] 70. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982. National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names. SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573] 71. Undersander, D. J.; Hutcheson, D. P. 1984. Seasonal changes in composition of range grasses on the Texas High Plain Plains. In: Proceedings of the Forage and Grassland Conferance; [Date of conference unknown]; Lexington, KY. [Place of publication unknown]. American Forage and Grassland Council: 191-196. [5683] 72. Vogel, K. P.; Dewald, C. L.; Gorz, H. J.; Haskins, F. A. 1985. Improvement of switchgrass, indiangrass, and eastern gamagrass--current status and future. In: Carlson, Jack R.; Mcarthur, E. Durant, chairmen. Range plant improvement in western North America: Proceedings of a symposium at the annual meeting of the Society for Range Management; 1985 February 14; Salt Lake City, UT. Denver, Co: Society for Range Management: 51-62. [4386] 73. Vogel, Willis G. 1981. A guide for revegetating coal minesoils in the eastern United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-68. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 190 p. [15575] 74. Wasser, Clinton H. 1982. Ecology and culture of selected species useful in revegetating disturbed lands in the West. FWS/OBS-82/56. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Western Energy and Land Use Team. 347 p. Available from NTIS, Springfield, VA 22161; PB-83-167023. [2458] 75. Weaver, J. E. 1954. North American prairie. Lincoln, NE: Johnsen Publishing Company. 348 p. [4237] 76. Weaver, J. E. 1960. Extent of communities and abundance of the most common grasses in prairie. Botanical Gazette. 122: 25-33. [5532] 77. Weaver, J. E. 1968. Prairie plants and their environment: A fifty-year study in the Midwest. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. 276 p. [17546] 78. Wheeler, W. A.; Hill, D. D. 1957. Grassland seeds. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc. 628 p. [18902] 79. Zhang, Jianhua; Maun, M. A. 1991. Establishment and growth of Panicum virgatum L. seedlings on a Lake Erie sand dune. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 118(2): 141-153. [15700] 80. Higgins, Kenneth F.; Kruse, Arnold D.; Piehl, James L. 1989. Prescribed burning guidelines in the Northern Great Plains. Ext. Circ. EC-760. Brookings, SD: South Dakota State University, Cooperative Extension Service, South Dakota Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit. 36 p. [14185] 81. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]

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