DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Scirpus acutus | Hardstem Bulrush 



GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : 
Hardstem bulrush occurs from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland west to
southern British Columbia and south to North Carolina, Arkansas, Texas,
and California [27,45,51].


ECOSYSTEMS : 
   FRES37  Mountain meadows
   FRES38  Plains grasslands
   FRES39  Prairie
   FRES41  Wet grasslands


STATES : 
     AZ  AR  CA  CO  CT  DE  ID  IL  IN  IA
     KS  KY  ME  MD  MA  MI  MN  MO  MT  NE
     NV  NH  NJ  NM  NY  NC  ND  OH  OK  OR
     PA  RI  SD  TN  TX  UT  VT  VA  WA  WV
     WI  WY  AB  BC  MB  NB  NF  NS  ON  PQ
     SK


ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS : 
     ACAD  AGFO  CANY  CHIC  COLM  DEVA
     DINO  EFMO  FRHI  GLAC  INDU  ISRO
     KNRI  LAVO  LIBI  MOCA  NOCA  OLYM
     OZAR  PEFO  PINN  PIRO  PIPE  SAMO
     SLBE  SACN  VOYA  YELL  ZION


BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 
    1  Northern Pacific Border
    2  Cascade Mountains
    3  Southern Pacific Border
    4  Sierra Mountains
    5  Columbia Plateau
    6  Upper Basin and Range
    8  Northern Rocky Mountains
    9  Middle Rocky Mountains
   10  Wyoming Basin
   11  Southern Rocky Mountains
   12  Colorado Plateau
   13  Rocky Mountain Piedmont
   14  Great Plains
   16  Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands


KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : 
   K049  Tule marshes


SAF COVER TYPES : 
NO-ENTRY


SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : 
   216  Montane meadows
   217  Wetlands
   422  Riparian


HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : 
Hardstem bulrush often forms monocultures in marshes throughout its
range [17,76,88].  It is a member of sandhill, spring fen, graminoid
fen, and wet meadow communities [6,11,17,70].

In California hardstem bulrush is a member of montane, coastal, and
valley freshwater marsh communities.  Common associates include Olney
threesquare (Scirpus americanus), California bulrush (S. californicus),
slenderbeak sedge (Carex athrostachya), Nebraska sedge (C. nebracensis),
swamp carex (C. senta), cottonsedge (Eriophorum spp.), common reed
(Phragmites australis), and yellow nutgrass (Cyperus esculentus)
[37,83].  In the western and central United States, a common cattail
(Typha latifolia)-hardstem bulrush habitat type has been described
[1,10,73].

In Montana hardstem bulrush habitat, dominance, and riparian types have
been described [4,29,31].  Common associates include softstem bulrush,
beaked sedge (Carex rostrata), seaside arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima),
common spikesedge (Eleocharis palustris), and common buckbean
(Menyanthes trifoliata).  In Utah hardstem bulrush is commonly
associated with saltmarsh bulrush (Scirpus maritimus), alkali bulrush
(S.  paludosus), saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), and sago pondweed
(Potamogeton pectinatus) [5,7,10,66].

In North Dakota hardstem bulrush is dominant in marshes and meadows.
Associates include whitetop (Scolochloa festucacea), common cattail, and
common reed [17,46].  In Minnesota hardstem bulrush occurs in emergent
marshes with river bulrush (Scirpus fluviatilis), giant burreed
(Sparganium eurycarpus), prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), and
marsh groundsel (Senecio congestus) [34,72].

In Canada hardstem bulrush is found in the Delta Marsh of Manitoba
[52,54].  It is also found in marshes and basins in Saskatchewan and
Alberta [16,77].  

The following publications list hardstem bulrush as a community dominant
or codominant:

Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in
  northwestern Montana [4]
Classification and management of riparian and wetland sites in central
  and eastern Montana [28]
Riparian dominance types of Montana [29]
Classification and management of riparian sites in southwestern Montana
  [31]
Preliminary descriptions of terrestrial natural communities of
  California [37]
Wetland community type classification for west-central Montana [56]
Classification of aquatic and semiaquatic wetland natural areas in Idaho
  and western Montana [58]

Related categories for Species: Scirpus acutus | Hardstem Bulrush