Introductory
SPECIES: Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia | Thinleaf Alder 



ABBREVIATION : 
ALNINCT

SYNONYMS : 
   Alnus tenuifolia
   Alnus tenuifolia var. occidentalis
   Alnus incana ssp. rugosa var. occidentalis


SCS PLANT CODE : 
   ALTE2


COMMON NAMES : 
   thinleaf alder
   thin-leaved alder
   mountain alder
   river alder


TAXONOMY : 
Thinleaf alder is a member of a huge circumboreal complex distributed
throughout much of North America and Europe.  Subtle differences in
botanical characteristics exhibited across this plant's wide geographic
distribution have caused taxonomic disagreement.  Members of the taxon
are universally accepted as Alnus incana (L.) Moench, but disagreement
exists as to the proper classification below the species level.
Currently two classifications which differentiate members of this taxon
exist:

Alnus incana (L.) Moench - Circumboreal distribution
  ssp. incana - Old World plants
  ssp. rugosa (DuRoi) Clausen - New World plants
    var. rugosa - speckled alder - eastern U.S. and Canada 
    var. occidentalis (Dippel) Hitchcock - thinleaf alder - western U.S.
                                                            and Canada
                                                            [22,55] 

And

Alnus incana (L.) Moench - Circumboreal distribution
  ssp. incana - Old World plants
  ssp. rugosa (DuRoi) Clausen - speckled alder - eastern U.S. and Canada
  ssp. tenuifolia (Nuttall) Breitung - thinleaf alder - western U.S. and
                                                        Canada  [12,15,27]

This discussion recognizes the entity Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia
(Nuttall) Breitung.  


LIFE FORM : 
Tree

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : 
No special status

OTHER STATUS : 
NO-ENTRY


COMPILED BY AND DATE : 
Ronald Uchytil, April 1988


LAST REVISED BY AND DATE : 
NO-ENTRY


AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : 
Uchytal, Ronald J. 1989. Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia. In: Remainder of Citation

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia | Thinleaf Alder 



GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : 
Thinleaf alder is the most widely distributed alder in western North
America and is the most common alder of the Rocky Mountains, the Sierra
Nevada, and the east side of the Cascades [53].  It is found on a wide
variety of sites, from near sea level to nearly 10,000 feet (3,048 m) in
Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico [25].  Thinleaf alder is found from
central Alaska and the Yukon Territory, southeast to western
Saskatchewan and British Columbia, and south throughout the Mountain
States to New Mexico and California [34].  Throughout much of
Saskatchewan, the ranges of thinleaf alder and speckled alder (Alnus
incana ssp. rugosa) overlap, with plants in this region exhibiting
intermediate botanical characteristics [24].  Thinleaf alder seldom
overlaps with red alder (Alnus rubra) habitat and probably never
overlaps with white alder (A. rhombifolia) [25].


ECOSYSTEMS : 
   FRES20  Douglas-fir
   FRES21  Ponderosa pine
   FRES23  Fir - spruce
   FRES26  Lodgepole pine
   FRES29  Sagebrush
   FRES34  Chaparral - mountain shrub


STATES : 
     AK  AZ  CA  CO  ID  MT  NV  NM  OR  UT
     WA  WY  AB  BC  MB  SK  YT


ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS : 
     BAND  CARE  CODA  CRLA  FLFO  GLAC
     GRCA  GRSA  LACL  LAVO  ROMO  SAGU
     TICA  WHIS  WRST  YELL  YOSE  YUCH


BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 
    2  Cascade Mountains
    4  Sierra Mountains
    5  Columbia Plateau
    6  Upper Basin and Range
    8  Northern Rocky Mountains
    9  Middle Rocky Mountains
   10  Wyoming Basin
   11  Southern Rocky Mountains
   12  Colorado Plateau
   13  Rocky Mountain Piedmont


KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : 
   K005  Mixed conifer forest
   K007  Red fir forest
   K011  Western ponderosa forest
   K012  Douglas-fir forest
   K013  Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
   K014  Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K018  Pine - Douglas-fir forest
   K019  Arizona pine forest
   K020  Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K021  Southwestern spruce - fir forest
   K023  Juniper - pinyon woodland
   K037  Mountain mahogany - oak scrub
   K038  Great Basin sagebrush
   K055  Sagebrush steppe


SAF COVER TYPES : 
   201  White spruce
   203  Balsam poplar
   204  Black spruce
   207  Red fir
   210  Interior Douglas-fir
   211  White fir
   213  Grand fir
   215  Western white pine
   216  Blue spruce
   217  Aspen
   218  Lodgepole pine
   229  Pacific Douglas-fir
   230  Douglas-fir - western hemlock
   235  Cottonwood - willow
   237  Interior ponderosa pine
   243  Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
   244  Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
   245  Pacific ponderosa pine


SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : 
NO-ENTRY


HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : 
Thinleaf alder typically forms narrow bands along midelevation streams
and rivers, or around springs of moist mountain slopes [17,31,41].
Adjacent upland communities are typically dominated by coniferous
forests or big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) [17,41,58].

Published classification schemes listing thinleaf alder as an indicator
species or as a dominant part of the vegetation in community types
(cts), habitat types (hts), plant associations (pas), riparian zone
associations (rzas), dominance types (dts), or riparian site types (rst)
are presented below:

   Area                Classification                 Authority

FS Region 2:WY,      general veg. pas             Johnston 1987
 SD,NE,CO,KS
FS Region 2:WY,      general veg. hts             Wasser & Hess 1982
 SD,NE,CO,KS
MT                   riparian veg. dts            Hansen & others 1988
sw MT                riparian veg. rst, hts, cts  Hansen & others 1988
ne OR                riparian cts                 Kauffman & others 1985
e OR,se WA:Blue Mt   general veg. cts             Hall 1973
OR:Deschutes,Ochoco, riparian veg. rzas, cts      Kovalchik 1987
 Fremont&Winema NF's 
e ID,w WY            riparian veg. cts            Youngblood & others
                                                  1985a 
n UT,ID              riparian veg. cts            Youngblood & others
                                                  1985b
s UT                 riparian veg. cts            Padgett & Youngblood
                                                  1986
Crater Lake NP       general veg. hts, cts        McNeil 1975
se WY:Medicine Bow   forest veg. hts, cts         Wirsing & Alexander
 NF                                               1975
se WY:Medicine Bow   forest veg. hts, cts         Alexander & others
 NF                                               1986
CO:Gunnison &        general veg. hts             Komarkova 1986
 Uncompahgre NF's                                  
AB,Canada:Peace-     general veg. cts             Dirschl & others 1974
 Athabaska Delta

VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia | Thinleaf Alder 



WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : 
Thinleaf alder is generally not used as a wood source because of its
small size.  It is occasionally used for firewood [33].


IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : 
Cattle, sheep, and goats all eat thinleaf alder.  Varying degrees of use
have been reported, ranging from near zero to moderate.  In Montana,
livestock generally do not browse thinleaf alder [18].  But in the Blue
Mountains of Oregon, cattle use of thinleaf alder is considered to be
moderate [47].  Utilization by livestock seems to depend on stand
accessibility, stand density, and the palatability of other browse
species present.  In Montana, dense stands hinder access and are of
limited value for livestock [17].  Cattle tend to avoid thinleaf alder
stands found on the mucky soils associated with mountain springs [31].

The twigs and leaves of younger thinleaf alder plants are eaten by deer,
elk, and moose [21,28,53].  Light to moderate use by elk was observed
primarily in summer and fall in portions of the Rocky Mountains [60].
Moderate use of thinleaf alder by moose occurred during late winter in
Montana [29].  It is a moderately important browse for Rocky Mountain
mule deer [32].  Muskrats, beavers, cottontails, and snowshoe hares all
eat alder (Alnus spp.) twigs and leaves [21].  Beavers eat the bark and
build dams and lodges with the stems [53].  Alder seeds, buds, and
catkins are eaten by redpolls, siskins, chickadees, and goldfinches and
are considered to be an important winter food source [2,15,36].


PALATABILITY : 
Thinleaf alder generally has a poor to fair palatability rating for
livestock [8,53].  Cattle may use thinleaf alder more than sheep or
horses, as they frequent riparian habitats where plants grow [53].  In
Wyoming, thinleaf alder was found to be relatively unpalatable to big
game animals and was browsed very little, and thus was considered an
increaser [3].  In the Blue Mountains of Oregon, research showed that
thinleaf alder comprised 57 percent of available shrubs for browse in
the study area but made up only 47 percent of shrub use [47].

The relish and degree of use shown by livestock and wildlife species for
thinleaf alder in several western states is rated as follows [3,6,8]:


                      CO    ID    MT    UT    WY

Cattle               poor  ----  poor  fair  poor
Sheep                fair  fair  poor  fair  ----
Horses               poor  ----  poor  poor  ----
Pronghorn            ----  ----  ----  poor  poor
Elk                  ----  ----  ----  fair  poor
Mule deer            ----  ----  ----  fair  poor
White-tailed deer    ----  ----  ----  ----  poor
Small mammals        ----  ----  fair  fair  good
Small nongame birds  ----  ----  ----  poor  good
Upland game birds    ----  ----  ----  fair  good
Waterfowl            ----  ----  ----  fair  poor


NUTRITIONAL VALUE : 
Thinleaf alder's energy value has been rated fair and its protein value
poor [8].


COVER VALUE : 
Thinleaf alder communities provide hiding and thermal cover for big game
animals such as white-tailed and mule deer [17] and often serve as travel
corridors for these and other big game animals [18].  Many bird species
use thinleaf alder communities for nesting and brood rearing [28].  When
thinleaf alder overhangs a streambank, plants provide cover and shade
for salmonids [31].

The degree to which thinleaf alder provides environmental protection
during one or more seasons for wildlife species is as follows [8,17]:

                       CO    MT    UT    WY
Pronghorn             ----  ----  poor  poor
Bighorn               ----  ----  ----  ----
Elk                   fair  ----  good  fair
Mt.goat               ----  ----  ----  ----
Mule deer             good  good  good  fair
White-tailed deer     poor  good  ----  ----  
Small mammals         good  fair  good  good
Small nongame birds   good  good  good  good
Upland game birds     fair  fair  good  good
Waterfowl             ----  ----  fair  poor


VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : 
Thinleaf alder is recommended for use in revegetating disturbed riparian
areas.  Since thinleaf alder is easy to establish on disturbed sites and
has a rapid growth rate, it can quickly stabilize disturbed streambanks
[43].  Plants can be established along streambanks from direct seeding,
container-grown seedlings, or bareroot stock [43,44], but propagation
from stem cuttings is not recommended.  Once established, plants spread
well vegetatively and by natural seeding [44].

To obtain seed, proven cone collection and seed extraction procedures
should be followed [21,50].  A closely related alder, Hazel alder (Alnus
incana ssp. rugosa), yielded 1 pound (0.45 kg) of seed per 2.5 gallons
(9.5 l) of cones [21].


OTHER USES AND VALUES : 
Native Americans reportedly pounded the wood of thinleaf alder into a
powder to produce a red dye [33].


MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
Streambanks anchored by thinleaf alder are stable and can withstand
relatively severe spring runoff [31].  However, overgrazing and
excessive trampling by livestock can seriously reduce thinleaf alder's
ability to maintain streambank stability during spring runoff and
flooding [30,31].

Thinleaf alder improves soil fertility through the addition of nitrogen
to the soil from nitrogen-fixing root nodules and a nitrogen-rich leaf
litter [15,31]].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia | Thinleaf Alder 



GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : 
Thinleaf alder is a deciduous multistemmed shrub or small tree which
tends to form thickets and may grow up to 40 feet (12 m) tall [2,42].
More typically, mature plants are 6 to 15 feet (2-5 m) tall, with 4 to 8
inch (10-20 cm) diameter trunks [45,53,55].  The bark is thin, smooth,
and green-gray, grayish-brown, or reddish-brown [22,42,45].  The leaves
are broadly elliptic or ovate-oblong, mostly 1 to 3 inches (3-7 cm)
long, dull green on both sides, with doubly dentate margins [22,42].
Male and female flowers occur on the same plant in catkins.  The
drooping staminate catkins are clustered at the end of a twig, each
about 1 to 4 inches (3-10 cm) long [22].  Clusters of three to nine
pistillate catkins (which develop into cones) are on short stout stalks.
Each catkin is about 0.4 to 0.6 inch (9-13 mm) long [22,42].  The cones
remain on plants for about a year after seeds are shed, aiding in
identification during winter.


RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : 
   Undisturbed State:  Phanerophyte (microphanerophyte)
   Burned or Clipped State:  Hemicryptophyte


REGENERATION PROCESSES : 
Thinleaf alder reproduces both sexually and vegetatively.  

Sexual Reproduction:  Male and female flowers of thinleaf alder occur in
catkins on the same plant.  The female catkins are small, 0.4 to 0.6
inch (9-13 mm) long, semiwoody, conelike, and wind pollinated.  The
fruit is a small, single-seeded nutlet, with narrow lateral wings which
aid in dispersal by wind and water [15,39,50].  Thinleaf alder produces
abundant seed which is dispersed during fall and winter [15,59].  There
are about 675,000 cleaned air-dried seeds per pound (1,488,000/kg) [50].
Annual seedfall observations in Alaska showed that 3,305 seeds/m sq were
found in soil under thinleaf alder stands, but of these, only 745 were
viable [59].  In fact, seed viability can be quite low; as many as 95
percent of thinleaf alder seeds have been found empty [15,50].  In Oregon
and Washington, female cones are often disfigured with disease, but the
effects on seed viability have not been reported [20].  Seeds require no
treatment or prechilling to break dormancy and can be expected to
germinate immediately after dispersal when conditions are favorable [15].
Seed of the closely related speckled alder has remained viable in
storage for up to 10 years when stored in sealed containers at 34 to 38
degrees F (1-3 C) [50].  Germination and seedling establishment seems
better on exposed mineral soils than on organic substances [59].

Vegetative Reproduction:  Thinleaf alder often occurs in dense thickets,
which reportedly result from underground rhizomes or suckers [6].
However thinleaf alder is a prolific seeder, and thickets could be
produced by natural seeding alone [11].  More recent studies suggest that
plants found in thickets are not clones [51].  However, sprouting of
exposed thinleaf alder roots in streams has been noted, and submerged
branches sometimes form adventitious roots [11,15].  If plants are
damaged, sprouting can occur from the root collar or stump [15].  After
top-removal by beavers, plants have been observed to sprout heavily from
the cut [28].  Plants can also sprout from the root crown following fire
[59].


SITE CHARACTERISTICS : 
Thinleaf alder seldom grows away from water and is typically confined
to rivers, moist stream borders, overflow channels, or moist mountain
springs or seeps and only occasionally occurs in broad floodplains
[2,17,30].  Most sites are seasonally flooded, and water tables normally
remain within 3 feet (1 m) of the ground surface [17,28,31].  Restricted
to high water tables, thinleaf alder communities often form continuous
narrow stringers immediately adjacent to perennial streams [28,58].
Thinleaf alder has a high flood tolerance and thus stabilizes
streambanks.  Quite shade tolerant, it is frequently found growing in
the understory of coniferous forests on moist sites [2,15].

Soils:  Thinleaf alder typically grows on poorly developed soils of
cobbles, gravels, or sands [17,31].  Soils usually remain moist
yearround due to high water tables.  As stands develop along moving
water, finer fluvial deposits are trapped, which eventually develop into
surface soil textures of loams to sandy loams overlying coarser
substrates [17,28,31].  Mountain springs and seeps in Oregon have
surface soils 6 to 20 inches (15-50 cm) deep, composed of organic mucks
or organic loams over a stony subsoil [31].

Soils under thinleaf alder are normally higher in available nitrogen
than adjacent communities, since thinleaf alder can fix between 41 and
349 pounds/acre (43-360 kg/ha) of nitrogen annually [15].  

Associates:  Thinleaf alder is commonly found with shrubs such as
re-dosier dogwood (Cornus serices), Hudson Bay currant (Ribes
hudsonianum), prickly currant (R. lacustre), woods rose (Rosa woodsii),
Douglas spirea (Spiraea douglasii), and common snowberry (Symphoricarpos
albus).  Common associated herbs include bullrush (Scirpus spp.), sedges
(Carex spp.), bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis), timothy
(Phloem pratense), fowl bluegrass (Poa palustris), and Kentucky
bluegrass (Poa pratensis) [17,28,31,58].  In the Great Basin, thinleaf
alder is most commonly associated with water birch (Betula occidentalis)
and willows (Salix spp.) [33].

Elevation:  Thinleaf alder is typically a low to middle elevation
species.  Elevational ranges for the following western states are
presented below [8,25,31,55]: 

from 5,000 to 10,000 feet (1,524-3,048 m) in CO
     2,500 to 8,000 feet (762-2,438 m) in ID
     2,500 to 8,000 feet (762-2,438 m) in MT
     2,200 to 5,700 feet (671-1,737 m) in OR
     4,500 to 8,000 feet (1,372-2,438 m) in the Sierra Nevada Mtns.
     4,100 to 9,000 feet (1,250-2,745 m) in UT
     6,200 to 9,000 feet (1,890-2,745 m) in WY


SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : 
Thinleaf alder is an early seral species [28,59].  Seasonal disturbances
from flooding provide suitable seedbeds for establishment of new plants.
Many thinleaf alder communities appear to be seral to cottonwood
(Populus spp.) and willow (Salix spp.) [28,31].  


SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : 
Both staminate and pistillate catkins of thinleaf alder are produced
during the gowing season prior to blooming and are exposed during the
winter.  Catkins then expand before the leaves emerge in the spring.
Flowering generally begins during March and April in the northwestern
United States [15].  Cones ripen in the fall, after which dispersal
occurs.  The empty cones remain on plants for about a year.  Leaves
remain green until they are dropped in the fall.  

The average dates of phenological events in Montana and Idaho are
presented below [49]:

                    East of Continental      West of Continental
                    Divide: Montana          Divide: Montana & Idaho

Leaf bud burst          May 19                     May 7
Leaves full green       June 18                    June 8
Flowering starts        April 15                   May 15
Flowering ends          May 6                      May 30
Fruit ripe              August 3                   August 24
Seed fall starts        June 6                     Sept 10
Leaves start to wither  Sept 11                    Sept 5
Leaves begin to fall    Sept 22                    Sept 20
Leaves fallen           Oct 5                      Oct 14

The flowering dates for several western states are presented below
[8,15,39,42,49,50]:

Flowering Begins        Flowering Ends        Location

  May                       ----                 AK 
  April                    August                CO
  March                    July                  ID
  March                    August                MT
  March                     ----                 OR
  February                  ----                 Great Basin
  March                     June                 WY         

FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia | Thinleaf Alder 



FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : 
Generally thinleaf alder has the ability to sprout from its root crown
following fire [4,59].  Its numerous wind-dispersed seeds are also
important in revegetating areas following fire [38,59].

Fire tends to occur infrequently on the moist sites colonized by
thinleaf alder communities [4,31].  Nonflammable bark and nonresinous
leaves provide alders some protection from low intensity fires [5].


POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : 
   survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
   off-site colonizer; seed carried by wind; postfire years one and two
   off-site colonizer; seed carried by animals or water; postfire yr 1&2

FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia | Thinleaf Alder 



IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : 

Severe fires can completely remove organic soil layers, leaving alder
roots exposed and charred and thus eliminating basal sprouting.  Low
severity fires kill only aboveground plant parts [19,31,59].


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : 
NO-ENTRY


PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : 
Thinleaf alder often sprouts from its root crown following fire.
Several new sprouts may arise from each burned plant, thus increasing
stand density [4,5].

Off-site plants are important in revegetating burned areas through the
dispersal of numerous wind- and water-transported seeds.  Since thinleaf
alder disperses its seeds in the fall, favorable seedbeds created by
late summer fires are immediately colonized [59].


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : 
NO-ENTRY


FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
Riparian areas in which thinleaf alder occurs can serve as natural fire
breaks [4,5].

References for species: Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia

1. Alexander, Robert R.; Hoffman, George R.; Wirsing, John M. 1986. Forest vegetation of the Medicine Bow National Forest in southeastern Wyoming: a habitat type classification. Res. Pap. RM-271. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 39 p. [307]

2. Arno, Stephen F.; Hammerly, Ramona P. 1977. Northwest trees. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers. 222 p. [4208]

3. Beetle, Alan A. 1962. Range survey in Teton County, Wyoming: Part 2. Utilization and condition classes. Bull. 400. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, Agricultural Experiment Station. 38 p. [418]

4. Crane, Marilyn F. 1982. Fire ecology of Rocky Mountain Region forest habitat types. Final Report Contract No. 43-83X9-1-884. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 1. 272 p. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. [5292]

5. Davis, Kathleen M.; Clayton, Bruce D.; Fischer, William C. 1980. Fire ecology of Lolo National Forest habitat types. INT-79. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 77 p. [5296]

6. Dayton, William A. 1931. Important western browse plants. Misc. Publ. 101. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 214 p. [768]

7. Dirschl, German J.; Dabbs, Don L.; Gentle, Garry C. 1974. Landscape classification and plant successional trends in the Peace-Athabasca Delta. Canadian Wildlife Service Report Series 30. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Wildlife Service. 33 p. [6177]

8. Dittberner, Phillip L.; Olson, Michael R. 1983. The plant information network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming. FWS/OBS-83/86. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]

9. Dorn, Robert D. 1988. Vascular plants of Wyoming. Cheyenne, WY: Mountain West Publishing. 340 p. [6129]

10. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]

11. Furlow, John J. 1979. The systematics of the American species of Alnus (Betulaceae) Part 1. Rhodora. 81(825): 1-121. [6195]

12. Furlow, John J. 1979. The systematics of the American species of Alnus (Betulaceae) Part 2. Rhodora. 81(826): 151-248. [8795]

13. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]

14. Grime, J. P. 1979. Plant strategies & vegetation proceses. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. 222 p. [2896]

15. Haeussler, S.; Coates, D. 1986. Autecological characteristics of selected species that compete with conifers in British Columbia: a literature review. Land Management Report No. 33. Victoria, BC: Ministry of Forests, Information Services Branch. 180 p. [1055]

16. Hall, Frederick C. 1973. Plant communities of the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon and southeastern Washington. R6-Area Guide 3-1. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region. 82 p. [1059]

17. Hansen, Paul L.; Chadde, Steve W.; Pfister, Robert D. 1988. Riparian dominance types of Montana. Misc. Publ. No. 49. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station. 411 p. [5660]

18. Hansen, Paul; Pfister, Robert; Joy, John; [and others]. 1989. Classification and management of riparian sites in southwestern Montana. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Riparian Association. 292 p. Draft Version 2. [8900]

19. Hanson, William A. 1979. Preliminary results of the Bear Creek fire effects studies. Proposed open file report. Anchorage, AK: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Anchorage District Office. 83 p. [6400]

20. Hayes, Doris W.; Garrison, George A. 1960. Key to important woody plants of eastern Oregon and Washington. Agric. Handb. 148. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 227 p. [1109]

21. Healy, William M.; Gill, John D. 1974. Alders. In: Gill, John D.; Healy, William M., compilers. Shrubs and vines for Northeastern wildlife. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-9. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 6-9. [6208]

22. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur. 1964. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Part 2: Salicaceae to Saxifragaceae. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 597 p. [1166]

23. Holloway, Patricia; Zasada, John. 1979. Vegetative propagation of 11 common Alaska woody plants. Res. Note PNW-334. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 12 p. [1183]

24. Hosie, R. C. 1969. Native trees of Canada. 7th ed. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Forestry Service, Department of Fisheries and Forestry. 380 p. [3375]

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Related categories for Species: Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia | Thinleaf Alder