Introductory
SPECIES: Gleditsia triacanthos | Honey-Locust 



ABBREVIATION : 
GLETRI

SYNONYMS : 
NO-ENTRY


SCS PLANT CODE : 
   GLTR


COMMON NAMES : 
   honey-locust
   common honey-locust
   honey shucks locust
   sweet bean locust


TAXONOMY : 
The currently accepted scientific name for honey-locust is Gleditsia
triacanthos L. (Cesalpiniaceae) [11,14,16,27,42].  Thornless
honey-locust (G. t. forma inermis Schneid.) is occasionally found wild
[27,42].

Natural hybridization between honey-locust and water-locust (G.
aquatica) has been reported [27].


LIFE FORM : 
Tree

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : 
No special status

OTHER STATUS : 
NO-ENTRY


COMPILED BY AND DATE : 
Janet Sullivan, July 1994


LAST REVISED BY AND DATE : 
NO-ENTRY


AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : 
Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Gleditsia triacanthos. In: Remainder of Citation

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Gleditsia triacanthos | Honey-Locust 



GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : 
The natural range of honey-locust extends from central Pennsylvania
through extreme southern Ontario, extreme southern Michigan, southern
Wisconsin, and extreme southeastern Minnesota to extreme southeastern
South Dakota; south through eastern Nebraska to eastern Texas; east to
Alabama; and northeast along the western slopes of the Appalachians.
Isolated populations occur in northwestern Florida.  Honey-locust is
naturalized east of the Appalachians as far north as Nova Scotia [16,27].


ECOSYSTEMS : 
   FRES14  Oak - pine
   FRES15  Oak - hickory
   FRES16  Oak - gum - cypress
   FRES17  Elm - ash - cottonwood
   FRES18  Maple - beech - birch


STATES : 
     AL  AR  CT  DE  FL  GA  IN  IL  IA  KS
     KY  LA  OK  MD  MI  MN  MS  MO  NE  NY
     NC  OH  PA  RI  SC  SD  TN  TX  VA  WI
     WV  NS  ON


ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS : 
     AGFO  ANTI  BISO  BITH  BUFF  CAMO
     CHCH  COLO  COSW  CUGA  CUVA  DEWA
     EFMO  FOCA  FODO  GATE  GWCA  GWMP
     GRSM  HOBE  HOSP  INDU  JELA  OZAR
     MACA  NATR  NERI  ROCR  SARA  SCBL
     SHEN  SHIL  WICR


BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 
   14  Great Plains


KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : 
   K098  Northern floodplain forest
   K100  Oak - hickory forest
   K101  Elm - ash forest
   K102  Beech - maple forest
   K103  Mixed mesophytic forest
   K104  Appalachian oak forest
   K106  Northern hardwoods
   K111  Oak - hickory - pine forest
   K112  Southern mixed forest
   K113  Southern floodplain forest


SAF COVER TYPES : 
    27  Sugar maple
    42  Bur oak
    62  Silver maple - American elm
    82  Loblolly pine - hardwood
    88  Willow oak - water oak - diamondleaf oak
    92  Sweetgum - willow oak
    93  Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
    94  Sycamore - sweetgum - American elm


SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : 
NO-ENTRY


HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : 
Honey-locust is usually only a minor component of natural forest stands.
It is considered an accessory species in four SAF cover types:  bur oak
(Quercus macrocarpa), willow oak (Q. phellos)-water oak (Q.
nigra)-diamondleaf (laurel) oak (Q. laurifolia), sweetgum (Liquidambar
styraciflua)-willow oak, and sugarberry (Celtis laevigata)-American elm
(Ulmus americana).  Honey-locust is a secondary species in all other SAF
cover types listed above [8,17].

Mesophytic species commonly associated with honey-locust include red
maple (Acer rubrum), persimmon (Diospyros virginiana), black tupelo
(Nyssa sylvatica), sweet pecan (Carya illinoensis), boxelder (Acer
negundo), Kentucky coffeetree (Gymnocladus dioica), and black walnut
(Juglans nigra) [8].

VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Gleditsia triacanthos | Honey-Locust 



WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : 
Honey-locust wood is dense, hard, coarse-grained, strong, stiff,
shock-resistant, takes a high polish, and is durable in contact with
soil [11,14,16,22,42].  Honey-locust wood is used locally for posts,
pallets, crates, general construction, furniture, interior finish,
turnery, and firewood [8,36].  It is useful, but is too scarce to be of
economic importance [8].


IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : 
Honey-locust pods are eaten by cattle, goats, white-tailed deer,
Virginia opossum, eastern gray squirrel, fox squirrel, rabbits, quail
(including northern bobwhite), crows, and starling [8,11].  White-tailed
deer frequently strip and eat the soft bark of young trees in winter
[36]; rabbits also consume honey-locust bark in winter [8].  Livestock
and white-tailed deer consume young vegetative growth [8,36].

Honey-locust is a source of pollen and nectar for honey [36].

In Virginia, honey-locust and other species were planted for mast
production on the margins of plots cleared and revegetated for wildlife
[28].  Honey-locust is planted into currently operating pastures and
hayfields to provide high-protein mast for livestock (a management
system termed browse agroforestry).  Cattle do not digest the seeds and
thus do not derive full nutritional benefit from consuming whole pods,
but ground honey-locust pods do provide a high-protein feed for cattle.
Sheep do digest the seeds, and therefore obtain more of the available
protein when consuming whole pods.  The open canopy of honey-locust
allows good growth of pasture grasses [43].


PALATABILITY : 
NO-ENTRY


NUTRITIONAL VALUE : 
Ground honey-locust seeds and pods contained 16.1 percent crude fiber
(as fed) and 9.3 percent protein [30].


COVER VALUE : 
NO-ENTRY


VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : 
Honey-locust pioneers on strip-mine spoil banks in the Midwest.  It
is often planted for erosion control [8].


OTHER USES AND VALUES : 
Thornless honey-locust is widely planted as an ornamental [11],
particularly on dry sites [23].  Honey-locust is also widely used in
windbreaks and shelterbelts [8,36].

Honey-locust pods are being fermented for ethanol production in studies
to explore the feasibility of biomass fuels [4].

Honey-locust was one of a number of species planted to assess biomass
yield potential for short-rotation cropping.  Honey-locust showed good
survival through the fourth annual harvest [21].

Honey-locust pods are edible [5].


MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
Rows of honey-locust planted for windbreaks showed a positive response
to release [9].

In some areas honey-locust invades rangelands.  Honey-locust is
susceptible to triclopyr and to a mixture of picloram and 2,4,-D [29].

Honey-locust is not usually subject to serious insect and disease
problems; however, with the increase in plantations of honey-locust,
there has been a concomitant increase in insect pests.  Honey-locust is
host to a number of leaf feeders including spider mites, white marked
tussock moth, and honey-locust plant bug.  The only serious disease of
honey-locust is a canker which is occasionally fatal [8].

Damage to young honey-locust is caused by rabbits gnawing the bark [8]
and by livestock and white-tailed deer browsing [8,36].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Gleditsia triacanthos | Honey-Locust 



GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : 
Honey-locust is a native, deciduous tree.  Mature heights usually range
from 49 to 98 feet (15-30 m) [11,36], with a maximum height of 140 feet
(43 m) [14].  In natural stands honey-locust averages 70 to 80 feet
(21-24 m) in height [8].  Honey-locust is armed with heavy branched
thorns on the lower branches and trunk [11].  The crown is plumelike and
open [14,42].  The bole is usually short and often divided near the
ground.  The bark of mature trunks is usually 0.25 to 0.75 inches
(0.6-3.5 cm) thick with narrow ridges divided by fissures.  The bark
peels in strips [14].  The thick, fibrous roots are deep and
wide-spreading [14,39].  The tree is sturdy and windfirm [14].  The
fruit is a legume 8 to 16 inches (15-40 cm) long and 1 to 1.4 inches
(2.5-3.5 cm) wide [8,11,22].

Honey-locust is usually described as rapid-growing [8,39].  Average
longevity for honey-locust is 125 years [8].

Unlike most leguminous species, honey-locust does not form Rhizobium
nodules on its roots, and does not fix nitrogen [12].


RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : 
   Phanerophyte


REGENERATION PROCESSES : 
The mimimum seed-bearing age of honey-locust is 10 years.  Optimum seed
production occurs from about 25 to 75 years of age.  Seeds are produced
until about age 100.  Large crops usually occur every other year but can
be produced annually.  Some seed is usually produced every year.
Honey-locust seed is viable for long periods due to an impermeable
seedcoat.  Seeds are dispersed by birds and mammals, including cattle.
Germination of honey-locust seeds is apparently enhanced by passage
through the digestive tract of animals.  Germination is artificially
enhanced by scarification (both hot water and acid treatments are
effective) [8].  Honey-locust seeds showed the broadest germination
response of five species tested (honey-locust, white ash [Fraxinus
americana], sycamore [Platanus occidentalis], red mulberry [Morus
rubra], and black cherry [Prunus serotina]).  Honey-locust showed a high
rate of emergence under all temperatures tested, and under all but the
driest conditions.  It was also the only species of the five that had a
higher proportion of variance in germination rate explained by moisture
than by temperature [13].

Honey-locust seedlings grew faster on clay soils than on loess and
alluvium.  There was no growth difference between sun and shade on clay
soils, but on the other two soil types honey-locust seedlings exhibited
retarded growth in the shade.  Seedling root depths were 5 to 5.25 feet
(1.5-1.6 m) on clay and 20 to 24 inches (50.8-61 cm) in moist alluvial
soil [7].

Honey-locust can be propagated by grafting, budding, and cuttings
(hardwood, softwood, and root cuttings) [8].


SITE CHARACTERISTICS : 
Honey-locust is adapted to a variety of soils and climates [14].  It is
common in both bottomlands and uplands, in the open or in open woods
[16].  Honey-locust occurs on well-drained sites, upland woodlands and
borders, old fields, fencerows, river floodplains, hammocks [22], rich,
moist bottomlands [8], and rocky hillsides [36].  It is most commonly
found on moist, fertile soils near streams and lakes [8].  Best growth
occurs in small stream valleys in southern Indiana and Illinois [14].
It has been rated highly tolerant to flooding [24].  It is also
drought-resistant and somewhat tolerant of salinity [37,39].
Honey-locust tolerates both alkaline and acid soils, but its best growth
occurs on soils with pH between 6.0 and 8.0 [8].  Honey-locust grew
better on low nitrogen sites than many other tree species [1].

The natural range of honey-locust is generally below 2,500 feet (760 m)
elevation, although the upper limit appears to be 5,000 feet (1,520 m).
A 20-year-old plantation of honey-locust had good survival at 6,900 feet
(2,100 m) in Colorado, but the trees were small [8,16].


SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : 
Facultative Seral Species

Honey-locust is intolerant of shade.  Reproduction establishes only in
open areas, gaps, and at the edges of woods [8].  The ability of
honey-locust to invade open prairie is thought to be related to its
tolerance of xeric conditions [3].  Both top and root growth are
retarded by shade.  Lower limbs die back in excessive shade.
Honey-locust is a fast-growing member of early seral stands [8].  Hupp
[45] classes honey-locust as an upland disturbance species which is
sometimes found on the most severely degraded stream channels (streams
disturbed by stream channelization projects).  The presence of
honey-locust and similar species suggests that these streambanks are now
so high as to be above most fluvial activity, and that these sites are
highly disturbed [45].  Honey-locust is also described as a
mid-successional species [41] and is found in gaps or on the edges of
old-growth forests [10].  The distribution of honey-locust appears to be
related to the serendipitous combination of openings (disturbance) and
seed dispersal.

In southeastern Iowa, honey-locust was one of the major dominants in
pioneer forests that developed on abandoned fields and pastures [44].
Honey-locust is also a pioneer in the rocky limestone glades of
Tennessee and Kentucky that are later populated by eastern redcedar
(Juniperus virginiana) [8].  In Mississippi, honey-locust was a
volunteer on an 11-year-old hardwood stand planted to Nuttall oak
(Quercus nuttallii).  At 20 feet (8.8 m), it was the tallest tree in the
stand.  It is likely that honey-locust will eventually be overtopped and
shaded out by other species as the stand matures [25].  In Tennessee,
honey-locust was present on a 12-year-old site (oldfield succession),
but not on 3-, 28-, 30-, 40-, and 45-year-old sites [34].

In southeastern Texas, honey-locust was present at very low density on a
47-year-old gravel pit, but was not present in 3- and 5-year-old pits or
in adjacent undisturbed forest [31].  In southwestern Ohio, honey-locust
was common in 50-year-old forests (on old fields), and present but not
common in 90-year-old and old-growth (over 200 years old) forests
[41,41].  In Ohio, honey-locust was an occasional member of the canopy
of 40- and 60-year-old oak (Quercus spp.)-sugar maple (Acer saccharum)
stands [15].

In central Indiana, honey-locust was present in edge plots but not
interior plots in an old-growth forest [10].  In Kansas, honey-locust
grew in patches on the edges of Konza Prairie gallery forests, reaching
heights of up to 20 feet (6 m); under the canopy it was rarely over 6 to
8 feet (1.8-2.4 m) tall [33].  Large honey-locust trees were present in
a mature shingle oak (Quercus imbricaria)- bur oak community in Kansas,
suggesting that they were relics of an earlier successional stage.
There was no honey-locust in the reproduction layer [44].


SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : 
Honey-locust begins to flower when its leaves are nearly full grown,
from around May 10 in the southern parts of its range to around June 25
in the northern parts of its range [8,42].  The legumes ripen from
September to October, usually falling after ripening but sometimes
remaining on the tree through February [8,16,39,42].

FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Gleditsia triacanthos | Honey-Locust 



FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : 
Honey-locust appears to be excluded from prairies by frequent fire, and
expands where fire is excluded.  On bluestem (Andropogon spp.  and/or
Schizachyrium spp.)  prairie in Kansas, honey-locust was one of a number
of woody species invading undisturbed prairie that had not burned since
1947 [18].

On the Konza Prairie, sites adjacent to gallery forests that had
remained unburned for 10 or more years were converting to woodlands
dominated by junipers (Juniperus spp.), elms (Ulmus spp.), honey-locust,
and hackberries (Celtis spp.).  In areas farther from gallery forests,
fire exclusion leads to increased density of species, including
honey-locust, that otherwise persist only at low densities along stream
margins of frequently burned prairies [3].

Honey-locust also occurs in bottomland forests that experience fire
infrequently.  Fire may create openings for honey-locust reproduction in
these forests.


POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : 
   Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/soboliferous species root sucker

FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Gleditsia triacanthos | Honey-Locust 



IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : 
Honey-locust is easily injured by fire due to its thin bark [8,39].  

In south-central Iowa, grassland dominated by Kentucky bluegrass (Poa
pratense) that was undergoing invasion by coralberry (Symphoricarpos
orbiculatus), honey-locust, and elms was prescribed burned with a series
of fires to observe the effect of fire season on brush control.
Prescribed fires were conducted in February, April, June, and September
in order to include all stages of plant phenology.  Some large
honey-locust trees suffered bark damage and subsequent insect injury.
Many honey-locust trees under 10 feet (3 m) in height were top-killed
and sprouted the following year [20].


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : 
NO-ENTRY


PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : 
Honey-locust sprouts after top-kill by fire [39].

In the south-central Iowa study, there was an increase in the number of
honey-locust stems in the first season following the April prescribed
fire, but the number of honey-locust stems declined to prefire levels by
the second postfire year [20].

In Kansas, a bur oak-dominated gallery forest was prescribed burned in
1983.  There was no apparent fire-caused mortality to the overstory.
The reproduction layer was dominated by elm seedlings, both before and
after the fire.  Although honey-locust seedling mortality was not
reported directly, 100 honey-locust seedlings were present before the
fire, and 50 were recorded in each of the 2 years following the fire [2].


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : 
NO-ENTRY


FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 

References for species: Gleditsia triacanthos

1. Abrams, Marc D. 1985. Age-diameter relationships of Quercus species in relation to edaphic factors in gallery forests of northeast Kansas. Forest Ecology and Management. 13: 181-193. [10377]

2. Abrams, Marc D. 1986. Ecological role of fire in gallery forests in eastern Kansas. In: Koonce, Andrea L., ed. Prescribed burning in the Midwest: state-of-the-art: Proceedings of a symposium; 1986 March 3-6; Stevens Point, WI. Stevens Point, WI: University of Wisconsin, College of Natural Resources, Fire Science Center: 73-80. [16271]

3. Abrams, Marc D.; Gibson, David J. 1991. Effects of fire exclusion on tallgrass prairie and gallery forest communities in eastern Kansas. In: Nodvin, Stephen C.; Waldrop, Thomas A., eds. Fire and the environment: ecological and cultural perspectives: Proceedings of an international symposium; 1990 March 20-24; Knoxville, TN. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-69. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station: 3-10. [16627]

4. Avgerinos, George C.; Wang, Daviel I. C. 1980. Utilization of mesquite and honey locust pods as feedstocks for energy production. In: Proceedings, workshop on tree crops for energy co-production on farms; [Date unknown]; [Location unknown]. Golden, CO: Solar Energy Research Institute: 209-217. [23163]

5. Batzell, Peter. 1985. Edible pods. Bio-dynamics. 155: 55-58. [23161]

6. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434]

7. Biswell, Harold H. 1935. Effects of environment upon the root habits of certain deciduous forest trees. Botanical Gazette. 96(4): 676-708. [3076]

8. Blair, Robert M. 1990. Gleditsia triacanthos L. honeylocust. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical coordinators. Silvics of North America. Volume 2. Hardwoods. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 358-364. [21819]

9. Bratton, Gerald F. 1990. Windbreak renovation studies--update, 1964-1989. In: Great Plains Agricultural Council, compiler. Windbreaks: Living with the wind: Proceedings, windbreak renovation workshop; 1990 October 23-25; Hutchinson, KS. Great Plains Agriculture Council Publ. No. 133. Manhattan, KS: Kansas State University, Cooperative Extension Service: 17-20. [15253]

10. Brothers, Timothy S. 1993. Fragmentation and edge effects in central Indiana old-growth forests. Natural Areas Journal. 13(4): 268-275. [22356]

11. Brown, Russell G.; Brown, Melvin L. 1972. Woody plants of Maryland. Baltimore, MD: Port City Press. 347 p. [21844]

12. Burton, Joseph C. 1972. Nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation by prairie legumes. In: Zimmerman, James H., ed. Proceedings, 2nd Midwest prairie conference; 1970 September 18-20; Madison, WI. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Arboretum: 116-121. [2909]

13. Burton, Philip J.; Bazzaz, F. A. 1991. Tree seedling emergence on interactive temperature and moisture gradients and in patches of old-field vegetation. American Journal of Botany. 78(1): 131-149. [13443]

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20. George, Ronnie R.; Farris, Allen L.; Schwartz, Charles C.; [and others]. 1978. Effects of controlled burning on selected upland habitats in southern Iowa. Iowa Wildlife Research Bulletin No. 25. Des Moines, IA: Iowa Conservation Commission Wildlife Section. 38 p. [4422]

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35. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 10 p. [20090]

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41. Vankat, John L.; Snyder, Gary W. 1991. Floristics of a chronosequence corresponding to old field-diciduous forest succession in southwestern Ohio. I. Undisturbed vegetation. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 118(4): 365-376. [18758]

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43. Wilson, A. A. 1991. Browse agroforestry using honeylocust. Forestry Chronicle. 67(3): 232-235. [23162]

44. McBride, Joe. 1973. Natural replacement of disease-killed elms. The American Midland Naturalist. 90(2): 300-306. [8868]

45. Hupp, Cliff R. 1992. Riparian vegetation recovery patterns following stream channelization: a geomorphic perspective. Ecology. 73(4): 1209-1226. [19499]

Related categories for Species: Gleditsia triacanthos | Honey-Locust