• ABBREVIATION
• SYNONYMS
• NRCS PLANT CODE
• COMMON NAMES
• TAXONOMY
• LIFE FORM
• FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS
• OTHER STATUS
• AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION

ABBREVIATION:

JUNOST

SYNONYMS:

Juniperus utahensis (Engelm.) Lemmon [63]
Sabina osteosperma (Torr.) Antoine[127]

NRCS PLANT CODE:

JUOS

COMMON NAMES:

Utah juniper

TAXONOMY:

The accepted scientific name for Utah juniper is Juniperus osteosperma (Torr.) Little (Cupressaceae) [66,67,75].

In northwestern Nevada, Utah juniper hybridizes with western juniper (J. occidentalis). In Arizona, Utah juniper hybridizes with oneseed juniper (J. monosperma), Rocky Mountain juniper (J. scopulorum), and alligator juniper (J. deppeana) [62].

LIFE FORM:

Tree

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:

No special status

OTHER STATUS:

No entry

AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:

Zlatnik, Elena. (1999, May). Juniperus osteosperma. In: Remainder of Citation

• GENERAL DISTRIBUTION
• ECOSYSTEMS
• STATES
• BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS
• KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS
• SAF COVER TYPES
• SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES
• HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:

Utah juniper is the most common tree in the Great Basin and is widely distributed throughout the arid West [67,80]. The tree occurs occasionally in southern Idaho, southern Montana, and western Wyoming, and is common in Colorado, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California. Utah juniper is the most common juniper species in Arizona [4].

ECOSYSTEMS:

FRES21   Ponderosa pine
FRES28   Western hardwoods
FRES29   Sagebrush
FRES30   Desert shrub
FRES34   Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35   Pinyon-juniper
FRES36   Mountain grasslands
FRES40   Desert grasslands

STATES:

AZ   CA   CO   ID   MT   NV    NM   OR   UT   WY

BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS:

 3   Southern Pacific Border
 4   Sierra Mountains
 5   Columbia Plateau
 6   Upper Basin and Range
 7   Lower Basin and Range
 9   Middle Rocky Mountains
10   Wyoming Basin
11   Southern Rocky Mountains
12   Colorado Plateau
13   Rocky Mountain Piedmont

KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:

K019   Arizona pine forest
K023   Juniper-pinyon woodland
K031   Oak-juniper woodlands
K032   Transition between K031 and K037
K037   Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub
K038   Great Basin sagebrush

SAF COVER TYPES:

220   Rocky Mountain juniper
237   Interior ponderosa pine
239   Pinyon-juniper
240   Arizona cypress
241   Western live oak

SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES:

210   Bitterbrush
211   Creosote bush scrub
212   Blackbush
412   Juniper-pinyon woodland
413   Gambel oak
415   Curlleaf mountain-mahogany
416   True mountain-mahogany
417   Littleleaf mountain-mahogany
503   Arizona chaparral
504   Juniper-pinyon pine woodlands

HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:

Utah juniper is a climax species in a number of pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.), sagebrush (Artemisia spp.)-grassland, and shrub-steppe habitat types. At the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Site, Utah juniper dominates with big sagebrush (A. tridentata), antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), and threetip sagebrush (A. arbuscula), on areas with bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), needle-and-thread grass (Hesperostipa comata), Thurber's needlegrass (Achnatherum thurberiana), and Sandberg bluegrass (P. secunda) [3].

In Utah pinyon-juniper sites, Utah juniper dominates with singleleaf pinyon (Pinus monophylla), Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), threetip sagebrush, black sagebrush (Artemisia nova), big sagebrush, desert ceanothus (Ceanothus greggii), curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), true mountain-mahogany (C. montanus), green rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus), Stansbury cliffrose (Purshia mexicana var. stansburiana), antelope bitterbrush, desert snowberry (Symphoricarpos longiflorus), blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis), cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), sheep fescue (Festuca ovina), galleta (Hilaria jamesii), prairie junegrass (Koeleria macrantha), Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), Sandberg bluegrass, bluebunch wheatgrass, and needle-and-thread grass [24].

In pinyon-juniper woodlands in southern California, Utah juniper dominates with singleleaf pinyon, Parry pinyon (Pinus quadrifolia), and California juniper (Juniperus californica). Common associates include Joshua tree (Yucca brevifolia), oaks (Quercus spp.), manzanita (Arctostaphylos spp.), Ceanothus (Ceanothus spp.), mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus spp.), rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.), ephedra (Ephedra spp.), buckwheat (Eriogonum spp.), silktassel (Garrya spp.), snakeweed (Gutierrezia spp.), goldenweed (Isocoma spp.), bitterbrush (Purshia spp.), horsebrush (Tetradymia spp.), blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima), Stansbury cliffrose, Apache plume (Fallugia paradoxa), California fremont (Fremontodendron californicum), desert peach (Prunus fasciculata), skunkbush sumac (Rhus trilobata), and needlegrass (Achnatherum spp.) [118].

Habitat typings in which Utah juniper appears as a community dominant include:

Classification of the forest vegetation of Colorado by habitat type and community type [1]
Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of Arizona south of the Mogollon Rim and southwestern New Mexico [11]
Vegetation and soils of the Coils Creek Watershed [15]
Vegetation and soils of the Cow Creek Watershed [16]
Vegetation and soils of the Crane Springs Watershed [17]
Vegetation and soils of the Rock Springs Watershed [18]
Vegetation and soils of the Duckwater Watershed [20]
Vegetation and soils of the Mill Creek Watershed [21]
Vegetation and soils of the Churchill Canyon Watershed [22]
Vegetation and soils of the Pine and Mathews Canyon Watersheds [23]
Vegetation of the Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming, in relation to substrate and climate [38]
Grassland, shrubland, and forestland habitat types of the White River-Arapaho National Forest [65]
A preliminary riparian habitat type classification system for the Bureau of Land Management Districts in southern and eastern Idaho [61]
Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of northern New Mexico and northern Arizona [81]
Flora of the Orange Cliffs of Utah [110]

• WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE
• IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE
• PALATABILITY
• NUTRITIONAL VALUE
• COVER VALUE
• VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES
• OTHER USES AND VALUES
• MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS

WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE:

Utah juniper has long been used for construction, fence posts, firewood, pencils, Christmas trees, and other purposes [4,14,67,80]. Utah juniper wood is highly decay resistant [83].

IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:

Utah juniper is used by many birds and animals, both wildlife and livestock, for cover and food.

PALATABILITY:

Juniper "berries" or berry-cones are eaten by jackrabbits and coyotes [80]. Many bird species depend on juniper berry-cones for fall and winter food [9]. The foliage is grazed by mule deer when other foliage is scarce and during periods of deep snow [67,39,43,55]. Although deer mice and other small mammals are common in Utah juniper stands, in deer mice feeding trials in Nevada, Utah juniper seeds were the least preferred food choice of 28 seeds [47].

Large mammal use of Utah juniper is outlined in the following table [31,55,60,74,92,91,87,109,113]:

 

Species	NV	UT	AZ	NM	CO
mule deer	medium, in winter	medium to high, in winter	low	low	high, in winter
elk	--	--	low	medium, in winter	low
domestic sheep	--	none to low	--	--
cattle	--	none	--	--
pronghorn	--	--	low to medium	--	--

NUTRITIONAL VALUE:

Utah juniper is only moderately nutritious forage. The tree has low concentrations of manganese, iron, potassium, and phosphorus compared to other forage. Utah juniper does have high calcium, but with a calcium to phosphorous ratio of 28 to 1, animals probably would not do well on it [25]. Winter crude protein levels are from 6.4 to 7.9%. Eight percent protein is considered a maintenance value for mule deer [39]. In a Utah feeding trial, Smith [112] concluded that Utah juniper's low protein content makes it very poor feed, especially for young animals. In vitro dry matter digestibility for Utah juniper, measured in the fall, was 44.1% in a Utah study. Fifty percent is considered to be a maintenance level for mule deer [28].

Nutrient content of Utah juniper is as follows [90]:

Nutrient	Content
Ash (%)	4.5
Crude fiber (%)	22.0
Ether extract (%)	16.3
N-free extract (%)	50.8
Protein (%)	6.4
Calcium (%)	1.59
Magnesium (%)	0.25
Phosphorus (%)	0.17
Thiamine (mg/kg)	2.4

Utah juniper needles contain volatile oils--monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes--that, in high concentration, can be damaging to the microorganisms in a deer's rumen and prevent proper digestion of food [39,104]. In a study comparing Utah juniper oil with that of alligator juniper and Rocky Mountain juniper, Utah juniper was most inhibitory of rumen microbial activity. Deer are able to detect the volatile oil content of food and will preferentially browse foods with lower content [39].

COVER VALUE:

Utah juniper is an important cover and shelter species for several large animals, including mule deer throughout its range, elk for winter cover in Wyoming, Utah, and New Mexico, desert bighorn sheep throughout the Southwest, bison in Utah, wild horses throughout the West, mountain lion and lynx in Utah, Wyoming and Arizona, and pronghorn in Utah and Nevada [32,43,55,82,84,87,109].

Several small animals are also commonly found in pinyon-juniper woodlands, including the porcupine, desert cottontail, deer mouse, Great Basin pocket mouse, chisel-toothed kangaroo rat, desert woodrat, and others [55,121]. A study of small mammal populations on unchained, and on 8-year-old, and 15-year-old chained pinyon-juniper woodlands in Colorado found greater species diversity on the unchained site, although lower total numbers of animals [94].

Many reptiles also rely on the pinyon-juniper ecosystem for habitat [55].

Seventy-three different bird species breed in pinyon-juniper habitat woodlands, although of those, only 5 are obligates (screech owl, gray flycatcher, scrub jay, plain titmouse, and gray vireo) and 13 semi-obligates [9]. Ferruginous hawks nest in Utah juniper trees [68].

A study of chained juniper woodlands in Colorado concluded that breeding bird densities were more than double on unchained than on 8-year-old and 15-year-old chained areas. There were no breeding species in common between the 2 types of sites, since the woodland supported tree-dependent species, and the chained sites supported ground- and shrub-nesters. Species diversity was also greater on the unchained sites [94].

VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:

Utah juniper is generally considered too slow growing to be useful as a site rehabilitation species [126].

OTHER USES AND VALUES:

No entry

MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:

Currently one of the most important economic values of pinyon-juniper woodlands is for livestock grazing [98].

In northwest Colorado, chaining Utah juniper stands to increase livestock production resulted in a significant reduction of bird species diversity (p<0.05) and an increase in the number of small mammals [105].

Utah juniper is occasionally heavily infested by juniper mistletoe (Phoradendron juniperum ssp. juniperum) and dense mistletoe (P. bolleanum ssp. densum) [123].

• GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM
• REGENERATION PROCESSES
• SITE CHARACTERISTICS
• SUCCESSIONAL STATUS
• SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT

GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:

Utah juniper is a short tree that may live as long as 650 years [83]. Utah junipers grow less than 26.4 feet (8 m) and are often as short as 9.9 to 14.85 feet (3-4.5 m), with a trunk 4 to 7.5 inches (10-30 cm) thick [67,66,75,100]. Sometimes the tree has multiple stems [4].

Under severe site conditions, Utah juniper trees persist in very stunted forms. A 6-inch tree with a 24-inch (60 cm) taproot may be over 50 years old [80]. Utah junipers grow very slowly, usually only about 0.05 inch (0.127 cm) in diameter per year [58,88].

Utah junipers have a taproot that extends deep into the soil (as far as 15 feet (4.5 m)) and lateral roots that may extend as far as 100 feet (30.3 m) from the tree, several inches below the soil surface. Most root biomass is within the first 3 feet (0.9 m) of soil, with fine roots concentrated in the uppermost 18 inches (46 cm) [111] or just below the soil surface [119]. Utah juniper responds to low nutrient levels in the soil by developing extensive networks of fine roots at the base of the tree and at the end of lateral roots. These roots are in part responsible for the competitiveness of juniper versus understory species [72,78]. Junipers compete more efficiently for soil moisture than do herbaceous understory plants; therefore, over time, junipers are more likely to maintain a stable population, while understory plants decrease [8,50,114].

A Utah study concluded that Utah junipers do not use soil moisture from summer precipitation and do not have active roots in shallow soils layers during the summer [40].

Utah juniper is colonized by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae [77].

RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM:

Phanerophyte

REGENERATION PROCESSES:

Utah juniper is monoecious and sometimes dioecious [4,67,54,80,123]. It reproduces by seeds in cones and produces abundant seeds in most years [4] or every couple of years [9,62]. Cones have 1 or 2 seeds [66]. The seeds have dormant embryos and impermeable seedcoats, so they need a period of "after-ripening" and usually germinate the second season following maturity [120].

Utah junipers begin to produce seed only when they are about 30 years old [24,58]. Utah juniper seeds are long-lived. In one study, 17% of Utah juniper seeds germinated after 45 years [4,j71]. In general, about 8 to 49% of Utah juniper seeds germinate [58].

Animal transport of seeds is an important factor in the dissemination of juniper seeds [9,24,88], especially by jackrabbits [10,103]. Seeds that have passed through the digestive tract of animals germinate more quickly than those that have not [4].

SITE CHARACTERISTICS:

Utah juniper thrives on very dry sites [66,80,88]. Precipitation patterns in juniper communities vary, but Utah juniper is generally found in areas of 12 to 18 inches (305-457 mm) of precipitation, with extremes of below 10 inches (254 mm)/year [97] to highs of 20 inches (508 mm)[31,88,114]. Utah juniper usually occurs in areas with hot, dry summers and cold, wet winters [9,59,93], although Utah juniper is also commonly found in areas of summer monsoonal precipitation in New Mexico and Arizona [114].

Utah juniper commonly grows on alluvial fans and dry, rocky hillsides [10,67,97,107], with shallow, alkaline soils [27]. Utah juniper is considered a "sodium-sensitive" species [27,107]. In west-central Utah, Utah juniper is found on a range of soil textures, but most often on gravelly loams and gravelly clay loams with a pH range of 7.4 to 8.0 [10]. In the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming, Utah juniper dominates on limestone soils, whereas ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) in the same elevations dominates on soils derived from granites and sandstones [2].

Decaying organic material below juniper trees may result in a 0.4 to 0.8 inch (1-2 cm) thick water-repellent soil surface [101,102]. Fire apparently destroys this water repellency [101].

Utah juniper occurs at 3,000 to 8,000 feet (909-2424 m) elevation in the Great Basin [80]. In Arizona, Utah juniper occurs at 3,000 to 7,500 feet (909-2273 m) [75], more commonly above 5,000 feet (1515 m) [89]. In California, the plant is common from 4290 to 8580 feet (1300-2600 m) [66] and found as high as 10,000 feet (3030 m) in the Sierra Nevada [9]. In Utah, Utah juniper is found most often from 5,000 to 7,000 feet (1,500-2,100 m) [37]. The upper limits of the pinyon-juniper zone in Utah and northeastern Arizona are from 6,500 feet (1970 m) on north-facing slopes to 8,400 feet (2545 m) on south-facing slopes [6].

SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:

Utah juniper is not shade tolerant [88]. It is a climax species in harsh areas where stands are open and regeneration can occur without competition for light.

Across the West, junipers have expanded their historical range in the years since European settlement [4,19,24,29,30,73,116,124], especially into sagebrush-grass communities below areas of traditional pinyon-juniper [10,36,86]. Overgrazing, fire suppression, and climatic change have been identified as potential causes of juniper invasion [19,30,33,37,42,86,95,114]. In the absence of fire or other disturbances, trees eventually dominate the site and crowd out herbaceous and shrub species [4,10,19]. On the Fort Apache Indian Reservation in Arizona, herbaceous cover on a grazed area was twice as high after clearing junipers as on control plots [5].

Juniper litter has an allelopathic effect on some understory species, especially Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis), Sandberg bluegrass, and blue grama [24,44,50,70,120]. This effect is particularly evident on heavy, poorly drained clay soils [70]. Broadcasting grass seeds over litter appeared to lower the allelopathic effects [44].

Cheatgrass does not appear to suffer from allelopathic effects [44], and fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens) growth increases under juniper canopies [72].

SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:

Utah juniper seeds germinate in the spring [13].

Seasonal development of Utah juniper in Arizona is as follows [64]:

Phenological stage	Date
Bark begins to slip	March 25
Pollen shedding; seed cones open	March 25
Approx. start of leader elongation	April 20
First conspicuous new pollen cones	August 19
Bark begins to stick	September 15
Leader elongation ceases	October 19

FIRE ECOLOGY

SPECIES:  Juniperus osteosperma
  | Utah Juniper 





FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY





FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:




Utah juniper is usually killed by fire, especially when trees are small.  However, Utah juniper habitat types rarely have sufficient fine fuels to produce severe or continuous fires.  Fuel loads probably rarely exceed 1 to 3 tons per acre [34].  Phenolic compounds produced by the trees reduce ground cover and therefore further decrease fuel loading around the tree.  Sites that are most likely to burn are those with small, scattered trees with sufficient herbaceous understory, or those with large, decadent trees able to sustain a crown fire under windy conditions [24].  Juniper stands are seldom dense enough to carry a crown fire from one tree to the next, so even if one tree is struck by lightning, a fire that burns throughout the stand may not result [35].

One difficulty in estimating fire histories in juniper habitat types is that junipers don't usually form fire scars.  If a fire is severe enough to form a fire scar, it probably will kill the cambium [53].


Ten to 30 years is an estimated mean fire interval for Utah juniper in Arizona, and from 11 to 23 years in southwestern Idaho.  Fires were probably more common on slightly more mesic sites than on xeric sites [24]. 








POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY:




Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)

Initial off-site colonizer (off-site, initial community)










FIRE EFFECTS

SPECIES:  Juniperus osteosperma
  | Utah Juniper 





IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS





IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:






Utah juniper is usually killed by fire [10,45], especially when shorter than 3 to 4 feet (0.9-1.2 m) [35,125]. Larger trees, above 4 feet (1.2 m) tall, are capable of surviving surface fires [24,114]. Mortality occurs when 60% or more of the crown is scorched [69,114].  Surface fires will thin a juniper stand to large trees and trees growing on rocks and in other refugia [35].



Tausch and West [117] studied fire scars of Utah junipers in a stand in southwestern Utah.  Thirty-eight percent of the Utah junipers sampled were older than an approximately 146 year-old  fire, and 4 trees had fire scars from a second fire 317 years before sampling.







DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:






No entry








PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:






Barney and Frischknecht [10] evaluated 28 different burns in west-central Utah to assess vegetation changes following fire in pinyon-juniper communities.  The effects of fire on Utah juniper over time were as follows:


    
Approximate age of burn (yrs)
    
Crown cover (%)
    
Basal area (ft2/acre)


    
3
    
--
    
--


    
6
    
--
    
--


    
11
    
trace
    
trace


    
22
    
0.5
    
0.6


    
36
    
1.2
    
1.9


    
46
    
1.3
    
1.6


    
71
    
16.0
    
21.5


    
86
    
17.2
    
33.4


    
100+
    
31.8
    
142.6



 


Trees that established on burned sites immediately after the fire were adjacent to or underneath burned trees, suggesting they had grown from residual seed on the site. Utah junipers dominated these sites 46 to 71 years following the burn [10].



Rate of re-establishment of juniper depends on the age of the burned stand.  More mature trees produce more seed, thereby increasing the rate at which a new stand is established [10,35].  Large rodent populations and unburned seeds or unburned patches within a burned stand will speed up re-establishment of Utah junipers [125].



 



DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:







No entry








FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:





Juniper habitats are often burned to increase herbaceous cover for grazing or wildlife.  Junipers are often difficult to ignite, and burning has been most successful when the trees themselves were lit and managers did not depend on understory fire to carry into the crowns.  Often the conditions necessary to get a fire to burn in a dense juniper stand--hot, dry, windy weather--are too dangerous to allow burning [26,114].


One technique for determining whether a prescribed fire in a juniper stand is likely to succeed, at temperatures below 75° Fahrenheit (24°C) and windspeeds above 5 miles/h, was published in 1979.  Add together the maximum windspeed (miles/h), air temperature (°F), and percent vegetation cover.  When the total of those three numbers exceeds 110, a burn is likely to succeed, with some retorching and some mosaic burning; when the number exceeds 130, conditions are too hazardous for burning.  Ideal conditions for a carrying (self-sustaining) fire exist at a score of 126-130 [26].




Vegetative recovery following a fire in a mature juniper site may be slow, since the prefire herbaceous cover is often sparse [45,46,48].  During this intervening period, soil erosion may be a problem [29,57]. However, Roundy and others [101]studied erosion and infiltration rates following prescribed burns in Nevada and concluded that erosion rates would increase on interspaces, but that on coppice dunes (areas around vegetation with higher infiltration rates) erosion is not a problem.



Prediction of postfire succession is affected by prefire vegetation and its fire survivability, soil seedbank, immigrating propagules, and postfire precipitation [46,48,49,51].  Succession following fire in a climax pinyon-juniper woodland often proceeds as follows:  skeleton forest and bare soil; annual stage (2-3 years); annual-perennial forb stage (3-4 years); perennial forb-grass-half-shrub phase (4-6 years); shrub stage or perennial grass stage; eventual pinyon-juniper climax [4,10,41].  However, Everett and Ward [51] studied 6 burned sites to determine successional pathways, and they concluded that succession starts from multiple points along a hypothetical pathway, and that early postfire communities vary considerably.



In the years following a fire, burned pinyon-juniper and juniper sites are preferred by wildlife species such as pronghorn, elk, bighorn sheep, and mule deer, due to increased understory forage [106]. McCulloch [85] evaluated the effects of wildfire and prescribed burns on mule deer use of pinyon-juniper woodlands.  During a mild winter, there was no significant difference between use of the burned and unburned plots, but during the following winter, a harsh one, mule deer use was significantly higher (p<0.10) on the burned than unburned sites.



Severe fires that result in soil temperatures above 122° Fahrenheit (50oC) reduce the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae propagules in the soil and may restrict the ability of juniper to recolonize the site [77,76].

 


Utah junipers, like many other arid and semi-arid shrubs and trees, concentrate soil nutrients underneath their canopies by withdrawing them from a large area around the tree through extensive roots.  Burning may result in a volatilization loss of nitrogen from a nutrient poor site.  Natural nitrogen replenishment rates on these sites are low [119].	










FIRE CASE STUDIES

SPECIES:  Juniperus osteosperma
  | Utah Juniper 





CASE NAME
SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION
STUDY LOCATION
PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY
TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE
SITE DESCRIPTION
FIRE DESCRIPTION
FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES
FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS





CASE NAME:






Burning for sagebrush and juniper control on the Benmore Experimental Forest, Utah



REFERENCE:



Astroth, K. A.; Frischknecht, N. C. 1984 [7]








SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION:







Name of burn
Date
Begin time (p.m.)
Temperature
% Relative humidity
Windspeed


West Dutch
9/17/70
3:00
70°F
27
0-6 miles/h 


Middle Dutch
8/24/71
4:30
82°F
23
0-5 miles/h 


East Dutch
8/22/72
2:00
84°F
14 (fine fuel moisture 6%)
12-15 miles/h


 








STUDY LOCATION:






Benmore Experimental Forest, north-central Utah. 








PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY:






This area supports a variety of grass species, including bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), Sandberg bluegrass (Poa secunda), thickspike wheatgrass (Elymus lanceolatus), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), basin wildrye (Leymus cinereus), and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum).  Forbs include lupine (Lupinus spp.), Utah sweetvetch (Hedysarum boreale ssp. utahensis), longleaf phlox (Phlox longifolia), low fleabane (Erigeron pumilis), desert globemallow (Sphaeralcea ambigua), groundsel (Senecio spp.), hawksbeard (Crepis spp.), and locoweed (Astragalus spp.).  Woody species included big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma), and some Colorado pinyon (Pinus edulis). 








TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE:






No entry








SITE DESCRIPTION:






Elevation is approximately 5,800 feet (1,768 m) and annual precipitation is around 13 inches (33o mm).  Summers are usually dry, hot, and windy,  with a frost-free season from May 30 to September 25.  Soils are fairly high in clay and low in organic matter.  Topography is generally level. 








FIRE DESCRIPTION:






The 1970 and 1971 fires were incomplete due to light winds and insufficient fuels.  The 1972 burn was much more successful, with much higher windspeeds. 








FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES:






In 1970, 32% of Utah junipers under 8 feet (2.4 m) were killed, while only 19% of trees over 8 feet burned.



In the complete burn of 1972, all Utah junipers on permanent plots were killed.








FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS:






One burn didn't carry very well because of the lack of grass as fine fuels.  This may be a common problem if junipers have dominated a site and reduced herbaceous ground cover.



Following this experience, the authors established the following guidelines for burning to control junipers:  less than 20% humidity, 80 to 95
°Fahrenheit (27-35 °C) and windspeed 10 to 15 miles/h (16.1-24 km/h).








Juniperus osteosperma: References

1. Alexander, Robert R.  1987.  Classification of the forest vegetation of Colorado by habitat type and community type.  Res. Note RM-478. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 14 p.  [9092]


2. Allen, Robert B.; Peet, Robert K.; Baker, William L.  1991.  Gradient analysis of latitudinal variation in Southern Rocky Mountain forests.  Journal of Biogeography.  18(2):  123-138.  [14875]


3. Anderson, Jay E.; Jeppson, R. J.; Wildosz, R. J.; [and others].  1978.  Trends in vegetation development on the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Site.  In: Markham, O. D., ed. Ecological studies on the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Site: 1978 Progress Report. IDO-112087. Idaho Falls, ID: U.S. Department of Energy, Environmental Sciences Branch, Radiological and Environmental Sciences Lab: 144-166.  [320]


4. Arnold, Joseph F.; Jameson, Donald A.; Reid, Elbert H.  1964.  The pinyon-juniper type of Arizona: effects of grazing, fire and tree control.  Production Research Report No. 84. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 28 p.  [353]


5. Arnold, Joseph F.; Schroeder, W. L.  1955.  Juniper control increases forage production on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation.  Station Paper No. 18. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 35 p.  [16589]


6. Aro, Richard S.  1971.  Evaluation of pinyon-juniper conversion to grassland.  Journal of Range Management.  24(2):  188-197.  [355]


7. Astroth, Kirk A.; Frischknecht, Neil C.  1984.  Managing Intermountain rangelands--research on the Benmore Experimental Range, 1940-84.  Gen. Tech, Rep. INT-175. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 44 p.  [361]


8. Austin, Dennis D.  1987.  Plant community changes within a mature pinyon-juniper woodland.  The Great Basin Naturalist.  47(1):  96-99.  [362]


9. Balda, Russell P.; Masters, Nancy.  1980.  Avian communities in the pinyon-juniper woodland: a descriptive analysis.  In: DeGraaf, Richard M., technical coordinator. Management of western forests and grasslands for nongame birds: Workshop proceedings; 1980 February 11-14; Salt Lake City, UT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-86. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 146-169.  [17903]


10. Barney, Milo A.; Frischknecht, Neil C.  1974.  Vegetation changes following fire in the pinyon-juniper type of west-central Utah.  Journal of Range Management.  27(2):  91-96.  [397]


11. Bassett, R.; Larson, M.; Moir, W.  1987.  Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of Arizona south of the Mogollon Rim and southwestern New Mexico. 2nd Edition.  Albuquerque, NM: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region. [Pages unknown].  [20308]


12. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F.  1977.  Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states.  Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.  [434]


13. Betancourt, Julio L.  1987.  Paleoecology of pinyon-juniper woodlands: summary.  In: Everett, Richard L., compiler.  Proceedings--pinyon-juniper conference;  1986 January 13-16; Reno, NV.  Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-215.  Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station:  129-139.  [29488]


14. Bird, Douglas M.  1964.  A history of timber resource use in the development of Cache Valley, Utah.  Logan, UT: Utah State University. 72 p. M.S. thesis.  [9482]


15. Blackburn, Wilbert H.; Eckert, Richard E., Jr.; Tueller, Paul T.  1969.  Vegetation and soils of the Coils Creek Watershed.  R-48. Reno, NV: University of Nevada, Agricultural Experiment Station. 80 p. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.  [455]


16. Blackburn, Wilbert H.; Eckert, Richard E., Jr.; Tueller, Paul T.  1969.  Vegetation and soils of the Cow Creek Watershed.  R-49. Reno, NV: University of Nevada, Agricultural Experiment Station. 77 p. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.  [458]


17. Blackburn, Wilbert H.; Eckert, Richard E., Jr.; Tueller, Paul T.  1969.  Vegetation and soils of the Crane Springs Watershed.  R-55. Reno, NV: University of Nevada, Agricultural Experiment Station. 65 p. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of the Interior, Burearu of Land Management.  [456]


18. Blackburn, Wilbert H.; Eckert, Richard E., Jr.; Tueller, Paul T.  1971.  Vegetation and soils of the Rock Springs Watershed.  R-83. Reno, NV: University of Nevada, Agricultural Experiment Station. 116 p. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.  [457]


19. Blackburn, Wilbert H.; Tueller, Paul T.  1970.  Pinyon and juniper invasion in black sagebrush communities in east-central Nevada.  Ecology.  51(5):  841-848.  [459]


20. Blackburn, Wilbert H.; Tueller, Paul T.; Eckert, Richard E., Jr.  1968.  Vegetation and soils of the Duckwater Watershed.  Reno, NV: University of Nevada, College of Agriculture. 81 p. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.  [7439]


21. Blackburn, Wilbert H.; Tueller, Paul T.; Eckert, Richard E., Jr.  1968.  Vegetation and soils of the Mill Creek Watershed.  Reno, NV: University of Nevada, College of Agriculture. 71 p. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.  [12500]


22. Blackburn, Wilbert H.; Tueller, Paul T.; Eckert, Richard E., Jr.  1969.  Vegetation and soils of the Churchill Canyon Watershed.  R-45. Reno, NV: University of Nevada, Agricultural Experiment Station. 155 p. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.  [460]


23. Blackburn, Wilbert H.; Tueller, Paul T.; Eckert, Richard E., Jr.  1969.  Vegetation and soils of the Pine and Mathews Canyon watersheds.  Reno, NV: University of Nevada, Agricultural Experiment Station. 109 p. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.  [7437]


24. Bradley, Anne F.; Noste, Nonan V.; Fischer, William C.  1991.  Fire ecology of forests and woodlands in Utah.  Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-287. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 128 p.  [18211]


25. Brotherson, Jack D.; Osayande, Solomon T.  1980.  Mineral concentrations in true mountain mahogany and Utah juniper, and in associated soils.  Journal of Range Management.  33(3):  182-185.  [531]


26. Bruner, Allen D.; Klebenow, Donald A.  1979.  Predicting success of prescribed fires in pinyon-juniper woodland in Nevada.  Res. Pap. INT-219. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 11 p.  [3254]


27. Bunderson, E. D.; Weber, D. J.; Davis, J. N.  1985.  Soil mineral composition and nutrient uptake in Juniperus osteosperma in 17 Utah sites.  Soil Science.  139(2):  139-148.  [3555]


28. Bunderson, E. D.; Welch, Bruce L.; Weber, D. J.  1986.  In vitro digestibility of Juniperus osteoperma (Torr.) Little from 17 Utah sites.  Forest Science.  32(3):  834-840.  [555]


29. Bunting, Stephen C.  1990.  Prescribed fire effects in sagebrush-grasslands and pinyon-juniper woodlands.  In: Alexander, M. E.; Bisgrove, G. F., technical coordinator. The art and science of fire management: Proceedings of the 1st Interior West Fire Council annual meeting and workshop; 1988 October 24-27; Kananaskis Village, AB. Information Rep. NOR-X-309. Edmonton, AB: Forestry Canada, Northwest Region, Northern Forestry Centre: 176-181.  [15519]


30. Bunting, Stephen C.  1994.  Effects of fire on juniper woodland ecosystems in the Great Basin.  In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Kitchen, Stanley G., compilers. Proceedings--ecology and management of annual rangelands; 1992 May 18-22; Boise, ID. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-313. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 53-55.  [24252]


31. Clary, Warren P.; Baker, Malchus B.; O'Connell, Paul F.; [and others].  1974.  Effects of pinyon-juniper removal on natural resource products and uses in Arizona.  Res. Pap. RM-128. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 28 p.  [640]


32. Coates, Kevin P.; Schemnitz, Sanford D.  1994.  Habitat use and behavior of male mountain sheep in foraging associations with wild horses.  The Great Basin Naturalist.  54(1):  86-90.  [23693]


33. Cottam, W. P.; Stewart, George.  1940.  Plant succession as a result of grazing and of meadow desiccation by erosion since settlement in 1862.  Journal of Forestry.  38(8):  613-626.  [696]


34. Covington, W. Wallace; DeBano, Leonard F.  1990.  Effects of fire on pinyon-juniper soils.  In: Krammes, J. S., technical coordinator. Effects of fire management of Southwestern natural resources: Proceedings of the symposium; 1988 November 15-17; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-191. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 78-86.  [11275]


35. Crane, Marilyn F.  1982.  Fire ecology of Rocky Mountain Region forest habitat types.  Final Report Contract No. 43-83X9-1-884. Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 1. 272 p. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT.  [5292]


36. Daniel, T. W.; Rivers, R. J.; Isaacson, H. E.; [and others].  1966.  Management alternatives for pinyon-juniper woodlands: A. Ecological phase: "The ecology of the pinyon-juniper type.  Logan, UT: Utah State University, Agricultural Experiment Station. 242 p. In cooperation with: Utah Bureau of Land Management.  [730]


37. Davis, James N.; Harper, Kimball T.  1990.  Weedy annuals and establishment of seeded species on a chained juniper-pinyon woodland in central Utah.  In: McArthur, E. Durant; Romney, Evan M.; Smith, Stanley D.; Tueller, Paul T., compilers. Proceedings--symposium on cheatgrass invasion, shrub die-off, and other aspects of shrub biology and management; 1989 April 5-7; Las Vegas, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-276. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 72-79.  [12872]


38. Despain, Don G.  1973.  Vegetation of the Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming, in relation to substrate and climate.  Ecological Monographs.  43(3):  329-355.  [789]


39. Dietz, Donald R.; Nagy, Julius G.  1976.  Mule deer nutrition and plant utilization.  In: Workman; Low, eds. Mule deer decline in the West: A symposium; [Date of conference unknown]; [Location of conference unknown]. [Logan], UT: College of Natural Resources, Utah Agriculture Experiment Station: 71-78.  [6909]


40. Donovan, L. A.; Ehleringer, J. R.  1994.  Water stress and use of summer precipitation in a Great Basin shrub community.  Functional Ecology.  8:  289-297.  [24138]


41. Erdman, James A.  1970.  Pinyon-juniper succession after natural fires on residual soils of Mesa Verde, Colorado.  Brigham Young University Science Bulletin. Biological Series.  11(2):  1-26.  [11987]


42. Ernst, Reg; Pieper, Rex D.  1996.  Changes in pinon-juniper vegetation: a brief history.  Rangelands.  18(1):  14-16.  [26706]


43. Evans, Raymond A.  1988.  Management of pinyon-juniper woodlands.  Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-249. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. 34 p.  [4541]


44. Everett, Richard L.  1987.  Allelopathic effects of pinyon and juniper litter on emergence and growth of herbaceous species.  In: Frasier, Gary W.; Evans, Raymond A., eds. Proceedings of symposium: "Seed and seedbed ecology of rangeland plants"; 1987 April 21-23; Tucson, AZ. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service: 62-67.  [3353]


45. Everett, Richard L.  1987.  Plant response to fire in the pinyon-juniper zone.  In: Everett, Richard L., compiler. Proceedings--pinyon-juniper conference; 1986 January 13-16; Reno, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-215. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 152-157.  [4755]


46. Everett, Richard L.; Clary, Warren.  1985.  Fire effects and revegetation on juniper-pinyon woodlands.  In: Sanders, Ken; Durham, Jack, eds. Rangeland fire effects: a symposium; 1984 November 27-29; Boise, ID. Boise, ID: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Idaho State Office: 33-37.  [888]


47. Everett, Richard L.; Meeuwig, Richard O.; Stevens, Richard.  1978.  Deer mouse preference for seed of commonly planted species, indigenous weed seed, and sacrifice foods.  Journal of Range Management.  31(1):  70-73.  [896]


48. Everett, Richard L.; Sharrow, Steven H.  1983.  Response of understory species to tree harvesting and fire in pinyon-juniper woodlands.  In: Monsen, Stephen B.; Shaw, Nancy, compilers. Managing Intermountain rangelands--improvement of range and wildlife habitats: Proceedings of symposia; 1981 September 15-17; Twin Falls, ID; 1982 June 22-24, Elko, NV. General Technical Report INT-157. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 62-66.  [897]


49. Everett, Richard L.; Sharrow, Steven H.  1985.  Understory response to tree harvesting of singleleaf pinyon and Utah juniper.  The Great Basin Naturalist.  45(1):  105-112.  [898]


50. Everett, Richard L.; Sharrow, Steven H.; Meeuwig, Richard O.  1983.  Pinyon-juniper woodland understory distribution patterns and species associations.  Torrey Botanical Club.  110(4):  454-463.  [899]


51. Everett, Richard L.; Ward, Kenneth.  1984.  Early plant succession on pinyon-juniper controlled burns.  Northwest Science.  58(1):  57-68.  [901]


52. Eyre, F. H., ed.  1980.  Forest cover types of the United States and Canada.  Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p.  [905]


53. Floyd-Hanna, Lisa; Heil, Ken; Romme, William H.  1991.  Succession models and shrub-dating stand originating fires at Mesa Verde National Park.  Research Center Report. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, National Park Service Research Center. Fall: 1-3.  [16994]


54. Freeman, D. C.; McArthur, E. D.; Harper, K. T.  1984.  The adaptive significance of sexual lability in plants using Atriplex canescens as a principal example.  Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden.  71:  265-277.  [6238]


55. Frischknecht, Neil C.  1975.  Native faunal relationships within the pinyon-juniper ecosystem.  In: The pinyon-juniper ecosystem: a symposium: Proceedings; 1975 May; Logan, UT. Logan, UT: Utah State University, College of Natural Resources, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station: 55-56.  [974]


56. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].  1977.  Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems.  Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p.  [998]


57. Gifford, Gerald F.; Buckhouse, John C.; Busby, Frank E.  1976.  Hydrologic impact of burning and grazing on a chained pinyon-juniper site in southeastern Utah.  Completion Report Project A-022-Utah. Logan, UT: Utah State University, Utah Water Research Laboratory. 22 p.  [16587]


58. Gottfried, Gerald J.  1992.  Ecology and management of the southwestern pinyon-juniper woodlands.  In: Ffolliott, Peter F.; Gottfried, Gerald J.; Bennett, Duane A.; [and others], technical coordinators. Ecology and management of oaks and associated woodlands: perspectives in the sw United States & n Mexico: Proceedings; 1992 April 27-30; Sierra Vista, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-218. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 78-86.  [19745]


59. Gottfried, Gerald J.; Severson, Kieth E.  1993.  Distribution and multiresource management of pinon-juniper woodlands in the southwestern United States.  In: Aldon, Earl F.; Shaw, Douglas W., technical coordinators. Managing pinon-juniper ecosystems for sustainability and social needs: Proceedings; 1993 April 26-30; Santa Fe, NM. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-236. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 108-116.  [22860]


60. Green, Lisle R.; Sharp, Lee A.; Cook, C. Wayne; Harris, Lorin E.  1951.  Utilization of winter range forage by sheep.  Journal of Range Management.  4:  233-241.  [7891]


61. Hall, James B.; Hansen, Paul L.  1997.  A preliminary riparian habitat type classification system for the Bureau of Land Management Districts in southern and eastern Idaho.  Tech. Bull. No. 97-11.  Boise, ID: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management; Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Riparian and Wetland Research Program.  381 p.  [28173]


62. Hall, Marion T.  1961.  Notes on cultivated junipers.  Butler University Botanical Studies.  14:  73-90.  [19796]


63. Harrington, H. D.  1964.  Manual of the plants of Colorado. 2d ed.  Chicago: The Swallow Press Inc. 666 p.  [6851]


64. Herman, F. R.  1956.  Growth and phenological observations of Arizona junipers.  Ecology.  37:  193-195.  [4117]


65. Hess, Karl; Wasser, Clinton H.  1982.  Grassland, shrubland, and forestland habitat types of the White River-Arapaho National Forest.  Final Report. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 335 p.  [1142]


66. Hickman, James C., ed.  1993.  The Jepson manual: Higher plants of California.  Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1400 p.  [21992]


67. Hitchcock, C. Leo; Cronquist, Arthur.  1973.  Flora of the Pacific Northwest.  Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press. 730 p.  [1168]


68. Holechek, Jerry L.  1981.  Brush control impacts on rangeland wildlife.  Journal of Soil and Water Conservation.  36(5):  265-269.  [1182]


69. Jameson, Donald A.  1966.  Juniper control by individual tree burning.  Research Note RM-71. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 4 p.  [1249]


70. Jameson, Donald A.  1970.  Degradation and accumulation of inhibitory substances from Juniperus osteopserma (Torr.) Little.  Plant and Soil.  33:  213-224.  [1254]


71. Johnsen, Thomas N., Jr.  1959.  Longevity of stored juniper seeds.  Ecology.  40(3):  487-488.  [1266]


72. Johnsen, Thomas N., Jr.  1987.  Using herbicides for pinyon-juniper control in the Southwest.  In: Everett, Richard L., compiler. Proceedings--pinyon-juniper conference; 1986 January 13-16; Reno, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-215. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 330-334.  [4926]


73. Johnson, Kendall L.  1987.  Rangeland through time: A photographic study of vegetation change in Wyoming 1870-1896.  Miscellaneous Publication 50. Laramie, WY: University of Wyoming, Agricultural Experiment Station. 188 p.  [2751]


74. Julander, Odell.  1937.  Utilization of browse by wildlife.  Transactions, 2nd North American Wildlife Conference. ?: 276-287.  [25031]


75. Kearney, Thomas H.; Peebles, Robert H.; Howell, John Thomas; McClintock, Elizabeth.  1960.  Arizona flora. 2d ed.  Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1085 p.  [6563]


76. Klopatek, Carole Coe, Friese, Carl; Allen, Michael F.; [and others].  1991.  The effect of a high intensity fire on the patch dynamics of VA mycorrhizae in pinyon-juniper woodlands.  In: Nodvin, Stephen C.; Waldrop, Thomas A., eds. Fire and the environment: ecological and cultural perspectives: Proceedings of an international symposium; 1990 March 20-24; Knoxville, TN. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-69. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station: 123-128.  [16642]


77. Klopatek, Carole Coe; DeBano, Leonard F.; Klopatek, Jeffery M.  1990.  Impact of fire on the microbial processes in pinyon-juniper woodlands: management implications.  In: Krammes, J. S., technical coordinator. Effects of fire management of Southwestern natural resources: Proceedings of the symposium; 1988 November 15-17; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech, Rep. RM-191. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 197-205.  [11290]


78. Klopatek, Jeffrey M.  1987.  Nutrient patterns and succession in pinyon-juniper ecosystems of northern Arizona.  In: Everett, Richard L., compiler.  Proceedings--pinyon-juniper conference;  1986 January 13-16; Reno, NV.  Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-215.  Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station:  391-396.  [29493]


79. Kuchler, A. W.  1964.  United States [Potential natural vegetation of the conterminous United States].  Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 1:3,168,000; colored.  [3455]


80. Lanner, Ronald M.  1983.  Trees of the Great Basin: A natural history.  Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. 215 p.  [1401]


81. Larson, Milo; Moir, W. H.  1987.  Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of northern New Mexico and northern Arizona. 2d ed.  Albuquerque, NM: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southwestern Region. 90 p.  [8947]


82. Leckenby, Donavin A.; Toweill, Dale E.  1983.  Response of forage species seeded for mule deer in western juniper types of southcentral Oregon.  Journal of Range Management.  36(1):  98-103.  [8098]


83. Loehle, Craig.  1988.  Tree life history strategies: the role of defenses.  Canadian Journal of Forest Research.  18(2):  209-222.  [4421]


84. Logan, Kenneth A.; Irwin, Larry L.  1985.  Mountain lion habitats in the Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming.  Wildlife Society Bulletin.  13:  257-262.  [4526]


85. McCulloch, Clay Y.  1969.  Some effects of wildfire on deer habitat in pinyon-juniper woodland.  Journal of Wildlife Management.  33(4):  778-784.  [1594]


86. McKell, Cyrus M.; Goodin, J. R.  1975.  United States arid shrublands in perspective.  In: Hyder, Donald N., ed.  Arid shrublands--proceedings, 3rd workshop of the United States/Australia rangelands panel; 1973 March 26 - April 15; Tucson, AZ. Denver, CO: Society for Range Management: 12-18.  [1614]


87. McNeil, Robert C.; Zobel, Donald B.  1980.  Vegetation and fire history of a ponderosa pine-white fir forest in Crater Lake National Park.  Northwest Science.  54(1):  30-46.  [166]


88. Meeuwig, Richard O.; Bassett, Richard L.  1983.  Pinyon-juniper.  In: Burns, Russell M., compiler. Silvicultural systems for the major forest types of the United States. Agriculture Handbook No. 445. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 84-86.  [3899]


89. Merkle, John.  1952.  An analysis of a pinyon-juniper community at Grand Canyon, Arizona.  Ecology.  33:  375-384.  [1640]


90. National Academy of Sciences.  1971.  Atlas of nutritional data on United States and Canadian feeds.  Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences. 772 p.  [1731]


91. Neff, D. J.  1972.  Responses of deer and elk to Beaver Creek watershed treatments.  In: Proceedings, Arizona Watershed Symposium. 16: 18-24.  [16593]


92. Neff, Don J.  1974.  Forage preferences of trained deer on the Beaver Creek watersheds.  Special Report No. 4. Phoenix, AZ: Arizona Game and Fish Department. 61 p.  [162]


93. Neilson, Ronald P.  1987.  On the interface between current ecological studies and the paleobotany of pinyon-juniper woodlands.  In: Everett, Richard L., compiler. Proceedings--pinyon-juniper conference; 1986 January 13-16; Reno, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-215. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 93-98.  [4816]


94. O'Meara, Timothy E.; Haufler, Jonathan B.; Stelter, Lavern H.; Nagy, Julius G.  1981.  Nongame wildlife responses to chaining of pinyon-juniper woodlands.  Journal of Wildlife Management.  45(2):  381-389.  [4502]


95. Parker, K. W.  1945.  Juniper comes to the grasslands:  why it invades southwestern grassland; suggestions on control.  American Cattle Producer.  27(Nov):  12-14, 30-32.  [5755]


96. Peet, Robert K.  1988.  Forests of the Rocky Mountains.  In: Barbour, Michael G.; Billings, William Dwight, eds. North American terrestrial vegetation. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press: 63-101.  [6714]


97. Pieper, Rex D.  1977.  The southwestern pinyon-juniper ecosystem.  In: Aldon, Earl F.; Loring, Thomas J., technical coordinators. Ecology, uses, and management of pinyon-juniper woodlands: Proceedings of the workshop; 1977 March 24-25; Albuquerque, NM. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-39. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 1-6.  [17251]


98. Pieper, Rex D.  1983.  Overstory-understory relationships: pinyon-juniper and juniper woodlands.  In: Bartlett, E. T.; Betters, David R., eds. Overstory-understory relationships in western forests. Western Regional Research Publication No. 1. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University Experiment Station: 35-37.  [1890]


99. Raunkiaer, C.  1934.  The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography.  Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p.  [2843]


100. Ronco, Frank, Jr.  1987.  Stand structure and function of pinyon-juniper woodlands.  In: Everett, Richard L., compiler. Proceedings--pinyon-juniper conference; 1986 January 13-16; Reno, NV. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-215. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 14-22.  [5772]


101. Roundy, Bruce A.; Blackburn, W. H.; Eckert, R. E., Jr.  1978.  Influence of prescribed burning on infiltration and sediment production in the pinyon-juniper woodland, Nevada.  Journal of Range Management.  31(4):  250-253.  [2034]


102. Scholl, David G.  1971.  Soil wettability in Utah juniper stands.  Soil Science Society of America Proceedings.  35(2):  344-345.  [2084]


103. Schupp, Eugene W.; Heaton, Hoyt J.; Gomez, Jose M.  1997.  Lagomorphs and the dispersal of seeds into communities dominated by exotic annual weeds.  The Great Basin Naturalist.  57(3):  253-258.  [28635]


104. Schwartz, Charles C.; Nagy, Julilus G.; Regelin, Wayne L.  1980.  Juniper oil yield, terpenoid concentration, and antimicrobial effects on deer.  Journal of Wildlife Management.  44(1):  107-113.  [5792]


105. Sedgwick, James A.; Ryder, Ronald A.  1987.  Effects of chaining pinyon-juniper on nongame wildlife.  In: Everett, Richard L., compiler.  Proceedings--pinyon-juniper conference;  1986 January 13-16; Reno, NV.  Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-215.  Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station:  541-551.  [29498]


106. Severson, Kieth E.; Rinne, John N.  1990.  Increasing habitat diversity in Southwestern forests and woodlands via prescribed fire.  In: Krammes, J. S., technical coordinator. Effects of fire management of Southwestern natural resources: Proceedings of the symposium; 1988 November 15-17; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-191. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 94-104.  [11277]


107. Shantz, H. L.; Piemeisel, R. L.  1940.  Types of vegetation in Escalante Valley, Utah, as indicators of soil conditions.  Tech. Bull. 713. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 46 p.  [2117]


108. Shiflet, Thomas N., ed.  1994.  Rangeland cover types of the United States.  Denver, CO: Society for Range Management. 152 p.  [23362]


109. Short, Henry L.; Evans, Wain; Boeker, Erwin L.  1977.  The use of natural and modified pinyon pine-juniper woodlands by deer and elk.  Journal of Wildlife Management.  41(3):  543-559.  [12036]


110. Shultz, L. M.; Neely, E. E.; Tuhy, J. S.  1987.  Flora of the Orange Cliffs of Utah.  The Great Basin Naturalist.  47(2):  287-298.  [4056]


111. Skau, Clarence McClelland.  1960.  Some hydrologic characteristics in the Utah juniper type of northern Arizona.  East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University. 156 p. Dissertation.  [5846]


112. Smith, Arthur D.  1952.  Digestibility of some native forages for mule deer.  Journal of Wildlife Management.  16(3):  309-312.  [2160]


113. Smith, Arthur D.; Beale, Donald M.  1980.  Pronghorn antelope in Utah: some research and observations.  Publication No. 80-13. Salt Lake City, UT: Utah Division of Wildlife Resources. 88 p.  [5305]


114. Springfield, H. W.  1976.  Characteristics and management of Southwestern pinyon-juniper ranges: the status of our knowledge.  Res. Pap. RM-160. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 32 p.  [2216]


115. Stickney, Peter F.  1989.  Seral origin of species originating in northern Rocky Mountain forests.  Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 10 p.  [20090]


116. Tausch, Robin J.; Nabi, Ageli; West, Neil E.  [n.d.].  Successional changes in Great Basin pinyon-juniper woodlands.  [Place of publication unknown]: [Publisher unknown]. 48 p. On file with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT.  [16795]


117. Tausch, Robin J.; West, Neil E.  1988.  Differential establishment of pinyon and juniper following fire.  The American Midland Naturalist.  119(1):  174-184.  [3671]


118. Thorne, Robert F.  1982.  The desert and other transmontane plant communities of southern California.  Aliso.  10(2):  219-257.  [3768]


119. Tiedemann, Arthur R.  1987.  Nutrient accumulations in pinyon-juniper ecosystems--managing for future site productivity.  In: Everett, Richard L., compiler.  Proceedings--pinyon-juniper conference;  1986 January 13-16; Reno, NV.  Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-215.  Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station:  352-359.  [29491]


120. Tueller, Paul T.; Clark, James E.  1975.  Autecology of pinyon-juniper species of the Great Basin and Colorado Plateau.  In: The pinyon-juniper ecosystem: a symposium; 1975 May; Logan, UT. Logan, UT: Utah State University, College of Natural Resources, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station: 27-40.  [2368]


121. Turkowski, Frank J.; Watkins, Ross K.  1976.  White-throated woodrat (Neotoma albigula) habitat relations in modified pinyon-juniper woodland of southwestern New Mexico.  Journal of Mammalogy.  57(3):  586-591.  [2370]


122. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.  1994.  Plants of the U.S.--alphabetical listing.  Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 954 p.  [23104]


123. Vasek, Frank C.  1966.  The distribution and taxonomy of three western junipers.  Brittonia.  18:  350-372.  [2426]


124. Walker, Scott C.; Mann, David K.; McArthur, E. Durant.  1996.  Plant community changes over 54 years within the Great Basin Experimental Range, Manti-La Sal National Forest.  In: Barrow, Jerry R.; McArthur, E. Durant; Sosebee, Ronald E.; Tausch, Robin J., compilers. Proceedings: shrubland ecosystem dynamics in a changing environment; 1995 May 23-25; Las Cruces, NM. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-GTR-338. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station: 66-68.  [27032]


125. Ward, Kenneth V.  1977.  Two-year vegetation response and successional trends for spring burns in the pinyon-juniper woodland.  Reno, NV: University of Nevada. 62 p. Thesis.  [276]


126. Wasser, Clinton H.  1982.  Ecology and culture of selected species useful in revegetating disturbed lands in the West.  FWS/OBS-82/56. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 347 p.  [15400]


127. Weber, William A.  1987.  Colorado flora: western slope.  Boulder, CO: Colorado Associated University Press. 530 p.  [7706]





Juniperus osteosperma Index

	

	



Related categories for 
SPECIES:  Juniperus osteosperma
  | Utah Juniper  


Introductory
Distribution and Occurrence
Value and Use
Botanical and Ecological Characteristics
Fire Ecology
Fire Effects
Fire Case Studies
References
All Frames (for printing)