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REFERENCES

SPECIES: Picea abies | Norway Spruce
REFERENCES : 1. Alexander, Martin E.; Dube, Dennis E. 1983. Fire management in wilderness areas, parks, and other nature reserves. In: Wein, Ross W.; MacLean, David A., eds. The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems. Scope 18. New York: John Wiley & Sons: 273-297. [18711] 2. Barrett, John W.; Ketchledge, Edwin H.; Satterlund, Donald R., eds. 1961. Forestry in the Adirondacks. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University, State University College of Forestry. 139 p. [21405] 3. Bergeron, Jean-Marie; Tardif, Josee. 1988. Winter browsing preferences of snowshoe hares for coniferous seedlings and its implication in large-scale reforestation programs. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 18: 280-282. [8659] 4. Binkley, Dan; Valentine, David. 1991. Fifty-year biogeochemical effects of green ash, white pine, and Norway spruce in a replicated experiment. Forest Ecology and Management. 40: 13-25. [15696] 5. Borowski, Stanislaw; Dzieciolowski, Ryszard. 1980. Browse supply in lowland forests of eastern Poland. Holarctic Ecology. 3: 202-213. [19884] 6. Braathe, Peder. 1974. Prescribed burning in Norway--effects on soil and regeneration. In: Proceedings, annual Tall Timbers fire ecology conference; 1973 March 22-23; Tallahassee, FL. No. 13. Tallahassee, FL: 211-222. [18976] 7. Bradshaw, Richard; Hannon, Gina. 1992. Climatic change, human influence and disturbance regime in the control of vegetation dynamics within Fiby Forest, Sweden. Journal of Ecology. 80: 625-632. [21222] 8. Bradshaw, Richard H. W.: Zackrisson, Olle. 1990. A two thousand year history of a northern Swedish boreal forest stand. Journal of Vegetation Science. 1(4): 519-528. [12762] 9. Brothers, Timothy S. 1988. Indiana surface-mine forests: historical development and composition of a human-created vegetation complex. Southeastern Geographer. 28(1): 19-33. [8787] 10. Brown, H. H. F. 1992. Functioning of mixed-species stands at Gisburn, N.W. England. In: The ecology of mixed species stands of trees. Special Publications. British Ecological Society. 11: 125-150. [22302] 11. Cajander, A. K. 1949. Forest types and their significance. Acta Forestalia Fennica. 56: 1-105. [22657] 12. Cape, J. Neil; Freer-Smith, Peter H.; Paterson, Ian S.; [and others]. 1990. The nutritional status of Picea abies (L.) Karst. across Europe, and implications for "forest decline". Trees. 4(4): 211-224. [14885] 13. Carlson, Clinton E.; Fellin, David G.; Schmidt, Wyman C. 1983. The western spruce budworm in northern Rocky Mountain forests: a review of ecology, past insecticidal treatments and silvicultural practices. In: O'Loughlin, Jennifer; Pfister, Robert D., eds. Management of second-growth forests: The state of knowledge and research needs: Proceedings of a symposium; 1982 May 14; Missoula, MT. Missoula, MT: University of Montana, School of Forestry, Montana Forest and Conservation Experiment Station: 76-103. [7097] 14. Cederlund, Goran N.; Okarma, Henryk. 1988. Home range and habitat use of adult female moose. Journal of Wildlife Management. 52(2): 336-343. [13905] 15. Chandler, Craig; Cheney, Phillip; Thomas, Philip; [and others}. 1983. Fire in forestry: Vol. I. Forest fire behavior and effects. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 450 p. [12241] 16. Chase, Andrew J.; Young, Harold E. 1976. The potential of softwood thinnings and standing dead softwoods as a source of wood pulp. Tech. Bull. 82. Orono, ME: University of Maine, Life Sciences and Agriculture Experiment Station. 25 p. [20748] 17. Collingwood, G. H.; Brush, Warren D.; [revised and edited by Butcher, Devereux]. 1964. Knowing your trees. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: The American Forestry Association. 349 p. [22497] 18. Conover, M. R.; Kania, G. S. 1988. Browsing preference of white-tailed deer for different ornamental species. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 16: 175-179. [8933] 19. Day, R. J.; Bell, F. W. 1988. Development of crop plans for hardwood and conifer stands on boreal mixedwood sites. In: Samoil, J. K., ed. Management and utilization of northern mixedwoods: Proceedings of a symposium; 1988 April 11-14; Edmonton, AB. Inf. Rep. NOR-X-296. Edmonton, AB: Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forestrty Centre: 87-98. [13050] 20. Duchaufour, Ph.; Rousseau, L.-Z. 1959. Phenomena of poisoning of conifer seedlings by manganese in forest humus. Revue Forestiere Franciose. 11(4): 835-847. [French]. [23674] 21. Engelmark, Ola. 1987. Fire history correlations to forest type and topography in northern Sweden. Annales Botanici Fennici. 24(4): 317-324. [6688] 22. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905] 23. Fischer, Anton. 1992. Long term vegetation development in Bavarian Mountain forest ecosystems following natural destruction. Vegetatui. 103: 93-104. [21272] 24. Fischer, F. 1960. Switzerland and its forests. Corvallis, OR: The College Press, Oregon State College. 56 p. [22370] 25. Froment, A. 1981. Conservation of Calluno-Vaccinietum heathland in the Belgian Ardennes, an experimental approach. Vegetatio. 47: 193-200. [18858] 26. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998] 27. Gleason, Henry A.; Cronquist, Arthur. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2nd ed. New York: New York Botanical Garden. 910 p. [20329] 28. Graham, Russell T.; Harvey, Alan E.; Jurgensen, Martin F. 1989. Site preparation strategies for artificial regeneration: can prescribed burning fill the bill?. In: Baumgartner, David M.; Breuer, David W.; Zamora, Benjamin A.; [and others], compilers. Prescribed fire in the Intermountain region: Symposium proceedings; 1986 March 3-5; Spokane, WA. Pullman, WA: Washington State University, Cooperative Extension: 83-89. [11251] 29. Grime, J. P. 1979. Plant strategies & vegetation proceses. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons. 222 p. [2896] 30. Haggman, Hely. 1992. Application of biotechnology to forest tree breeding. Siva Fennica. 25(4): 270-279. [19619] 31. Hanninen, H.; Hakkinen, R.; Hari, P.; Koski, V. 1990. Timing of growth cessation in relation to climatic adaptation of northern woody plants. Tree Physiology. 6(1): 29-39. [19247] 32. Heinrichs, Jay. 1983. The lodgepole killer. Journal of Forestry. May: 289-292. [16459] 33. Helgerson, Ole T. 1990. Heat damage in tree seedlings and its prevention. New Forests. 3: 333-358. [14771] 34. Johnson, E. A.; Fryer, G. I. 1992. Physical characterization of seed microsites--movement on the ground. Journal of Ecology. 80: 823-836. [21223] 35. Jonsson, Bengt Gunnar; Esseen, Per-Anders. 1990. Treefall disturbance maintains high bryophyte diversity in a boreal spruce forest. Journal of Ecology. 78: 924-936. [14217] 36. Junttila, Olavi; Skaret, Gisle. 1990. Growth and survival of seedlings of various Picea species under northern climatic conditions. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research. 5: 69-81. [14211] 37. Kardell, Lars; Laestadius, Lars. 1987. Granens produktion efter 1943 ars hygges--branning pa Ovrahygget i Angermanland. Longterm yield of Norway spruce (Picea abies L.) after prescribed burning-- an example from mid-Sweden. Sveriges Skogsvardsforbunds Tidskrift. 3: 19-31. [English summary]. [19382] 38. Karpov, V. G. 1960. On the species composition of the viable seed supply in the soil of spruce-VACMYR vegetation. Trudy mosk. Obsch. ispyt. Prir. 3: 131-140. [23652] 39. Kayll, A. J. 1968. Heat tolerance of tree seedlings. In: Proceedings, annual Tall Timbers fire ecology conference; 1968 March 14-15; Tallahassee, FL. No. 8. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 89-105. [17849] 40. Kelty, Matthew J.; Kyker-Snowman, Thomas. 1988. Forest decline symptoms in a Norway spruce plantation in Massachusetts. In: Proceedings of the US/FRG research symposium: Effects of atmospheric pollutants on the spruce-fir forests of the eastern United States and the Federal Republic of Germany; 1987 October 19-23; Burlington, VT. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-120. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 237-244. [10597] 41. Korstian, C. F.; Fetherolf, N. J. 1921. Control of stem girdle of spruce transplants caused by excessive heat. Phytopathology. 11: 485-490. [22494] 42. Kostler, Josef. 1956. Silviculture. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. 416 p. [22369] 43. Kubin, Eero. 1977. The effect of clear cutting upon the nutrient status of a spruce forest in northern Finland. Acta Forestalia Fennica. 155: 1-40. [20961] 44. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384] 45. Leaf, Albert L. 1956. Growth of forest plantations on different soils of Finland. Forest Science. 2(2): 121-126. [20125] 46. Liedeker, Heiko. 1988. Fichtensterben and spruce decline--a diagnostic comparison in Europe and North America. In: Proceedings of the US/FRG research symposium: Effects of atmospheric pollutants on the spruce-fir forests of the eastern United States and the Federal Republic of Germany; 1987 October 19-23; Burlington, VT. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-120. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 245-255. [10599] 47. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 375 p. [2952] 48. Lundqvist, Lars. 1991. Some notes on the regeneration of Norway spruce on six permanent plots managed with single-tree selection. Forest Ecology and Management. 46(1-2): 49-57. [17694] 49. Matthews, J. D. 1989. Silvicultural systems. Oxford: Clavendon Press. 284 p. [22372] 50. Mitchell, Alan F. 1972. Conifers in the British Isles: A descriptive handbook. Forestry Commission Booklet No. 33. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 322 p. [20571] 51. Mitchell, Russel G.; Wright, Kenneth H.; Johnson, Norman E. 1990. Damage by the Sitka spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) and growth patterns for 10 spruce species & hybrids over 26 years in the Pacific Northwest. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-434. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 12 p. [15127] 52. Nienstaedt, Hans; Teich, Abraham. 1972. Genetics of white spruce. Res. Pap. WO-15. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 24 p. [8753] 53. Nykvist, N.; Rosen, K. 1985. Effect of clear-felling and slash removal on the acidity of northern coniferous soils. Forest Ecology and Management. 11(3): 157-169. [19883] 54. Nyyssonen, A. 1956. Summary: Estimation of the cut from stumps. Commun. Inst. For. Fenn. 45(5): 1-68. [23647] 55. Prinz, Bernhard. 1988. Forest decline in the Federal Republic of Germany. In: Proceedings of the US/FRG research symposium: effects of atmospheric pollutants on the spruce-fir forests of the eastern United States and the Federal Republic of Germany; 1987 October 19-23; Burlington, VT. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 89-95. [10467] 56. Qinghong, Liu; Hytteborn, Hakan. 1991. Gap structure, disturbance and regeneration in a primeval Picea abies forest. Journal of Vegetation Science. 2: 391-402. [22301] 57. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843] 58. Raynal, D. J.; Joslin, J. D.; Thornton, F. C.; [and others]. 1990. Sensitivity of tree seedling to aluminum: III. Red spruce and loblolly pine. Journal of Environmental Quality. 19(2): 180-187. [11732] 59. Repo, T. 1992. Seasonal changes of frost hardiness in Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris in Finland. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 22: 1949-1957. [20445] 60. Roeder, A. 1971. Surprising experimental results of the effects of red deer peeling damage to spruce. Allg. Forstzeitschr. 26: 907-909. [23648] 61. Saari, Eino. 1923. Forest fires in Finland: with special reference to the state forests. Acta For. Fenn. 26: 143-155. [22495] 62. Schroeder, W. R. 1988. Planting and establishment of shelterbelts in humid severe-winter regions. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 22/23: 441-463. [8774] 63. Sernander, R. 1936. The primitive forest of Granskar and Fiby. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 8: [Pages unknown]. [23654] 64. Siitonen, P. 1976. Kulojen esiintiminen ja vaikutukset ulvinsalon luonnonpuistossa. Kelsingin yliopisto, Ympariston-suujelun laitos. [Volume unknon]:1-69. [23649] 65. Simpfendorfer, K. J. 1989. Trees, farms and fires. Land and Forests Bulletin No. 30. Victoria, Australia: Department of Conservation, Forests and Lands, Lands and Forests Division. 55 p. [10649] 66. Skelly, John M.; Ke, Jing; Karasevicz, Diane. 1988. A preliminary report on observations of the health of Norway spruce in three northeastern states. In: Proceedings of the US/FRG research symposium: Effects of atmospheric pollutants on the spruce-fir forests of the eastern United States and the Federal Republic of Germany; 1987 October 19-23; Burlington, VT. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-120. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station: 257-261. [10600] 67. Smith, David M. 1986. The practice of silviculture. 8th ed. New York: John Wylie and Sons. 527 p. [22374] 68. Soikkeli, S.; Karenlampi, L. 1984. The effects of nitrogen fertilization on the ultrastructure of mesophyll cells of conifer needles in northern Finland. European Journal of Forest Pathology. [Volume unknown]: [Pages unknown]. [23653] 69. Starker, T. J. 1932. Fire resistance of trees of northeast United States. Forest Worker. 8(3): 8-9. [81] 70. Steijlen, Ingeborg; Zackrisson, Olle. 1987. Long-term regeneration dynamics and successional trends in a northern Swedish coniferous forest. Canadian Journal of Botany. 65: 839-848. [16463] 71. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090] 72. Tolonen, Kimmo. 1983. The post-glacial fire record. In: Wein, Ross W.; MacLean, David A., eds. The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems. Scope 18. New York: John Wiley & Sons: 21-44. [18503] 73. Tolonen, Mirjami. 1985. Paleoecological record of local fire history from a peat deposit in southwest Finland. Ann. Bot. Fennici. 22: 15-29. [20254] 74. Uggla, Evald. 1959. Ecological effects of fire on north Swedish forests. [Place of publication unknown]: Almqvist and Wiksells. 18 p. [9911] 75. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982. National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names. SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573] 76. Vakurov, A. D. 1975. Forest fires in the North. Izdatjel stvo Navka Laboratorija Lesovedenija. 98 p. [23650] 77. Van Haverbeke, David F. 1984. Survival and height growth of Norway spruce in a southcentral Nebraska provenance trial. Res. Note RM-439. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 3 p. [22492] 78. Vasander, Harri; Lindholm, Tapio. 1985. Fire intensities and surface temperatures during prescribed burning. Silva Fennica. 19(1): 1-15. [19227] 79. Viro, P. J. 1974. Effects of forest fire on soil. In: Kozlowski, T. T.; Ahlgren, C. E., eds. Fire and ecosystems. New York: Academic Press: 7-45. [18305] 80. Vogel, Willis G. 1981. A guide for revegetating coal minesoils in the eastern United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-68. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 190 p. [15575] 81. Wendel, G. W.; Kochenderfer, J. N. 1982. Glyphosate controls hardwoods in West Virginia. Res. Pap. NE-497. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 7 p. [9869] 82. Wretlind, J. E. 1934. Naturbetingel serna for de nordsvenska jarnpodsolerade moranmarkernas tall hedar och mossrika skogssamhallen. Svenska Skogs For. Tedskr. 32: 329-396. [23651] 83. Wright, Henry A.; Bailey, Arthur W. 1982. Fire ecology: United States and southern Canada. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 501 p. [2620] 84. Zackrisson, O. 1977. Influence of forest fires on the north Swedish boreal forest. Oikos. 29(1): 22-32. [17839] 85. Zackrisson, Olle. 1980. Forest fire history: ecological significance and dating problems in the north Swedish boreal forest. In: Stokes, Marvin A.; Dieterich, John H., technical coordinators. Proceedings of the fire history workshop; 1980 October 20-24; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 120-125. [16052] 86. Martin, Alexander C.; Zim, Herbert S.; Nelson, Arnold L. 1951. American wildlife and plants. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 500 p. [4021] 87. Safford, L. O. 1974. Picea A. Dietr. spruce. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., ed. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 587-597. [7728]

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