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REFERENCES

SPECIES: Picea rubens | Red Spruce
REFERENCES : 1. A. D. Revill Associates. 1978. Ecological eff. of fire and its mgmt. in Canada's national parks: a synthesis of the literature. Vols 1&2. Lit. Rev. & Annot. Bibliography. Ottawa, ON: Parks Canada, National Parks Branch, Natural Resources Division. 345 p. [3416] 2. Abbott, Herschel G. 1962. Tree seed preferences of mice and voles in the Northeast. Journal of Forestry. 60: 97-99. [20402] 3. Adams, Harold S.; Stephenson, Steven L. 1989. Old-growth red spruce communities in the mid-Appalachians. Vegetatio. 85: 45-56. [11409] 4. Alexander, Martin E. 1984. Prescribed fire behavior and impact in an eastern spruce-fir slash fuel complex. Canadian Forestry Service Research Notes. 4(1): 3-10. [8661] 5. Fay, Stephen C.; Alvis, Richard. 1993. White Mountain landscapes. Laconia, NH: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Region 9, White Mountain National Forest. 76 p. Working draft. [21663] 6. Benzie, John W.; Blum, Barton M. 1989. Silviculture of northeastern conifers. In: Burns, Russell M., compiler. The scientific basis for silvicultural and management decisions in the National Forest System. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-55. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 18-30. [10243] 7. Blum, Barton M. 1977. Animal damage to young spruce and fir in Maine. Res. Note NE-321. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 4 p. [13653] 8. Blum, Barton M. 1988. Variation in the phenology of bud flushing in white and red spruce. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 18: 315-319. [8662] 9. Blum, Barton M. 1990. Picea rubens Sarg. red spruce. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical coordinators. Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 250-259. [13388] 10. Bones, James T. 1978. The forest resources of West Virginia. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. [Pages unknown]. [21944] 11. Bormann, F. H.; Siccama, T. G.; Likens, G. E.; Whittaker, R. H. 1970. The Hubbard Brook ecosystem study: composition and dynamics of the tree stratum. Ecological Monographs. 40(4): 373-388. [21173] 12. Chandler, Robert F.; Jr. 1943. Amount and mineral nutrient content of freshly fallen needle litter of some northeastern conifers. Proceedings, Soil Science of America Society. 8: 409-411. [21599] 13. Core, Earl L. 1929. Plant ecology of Spruce Mountain, West Virginia. Ecology. 10(1): 1-13. [9218] 14. Crandall, Dorothy L. 1958. Ground vegetation patterns of the spruce-fir area of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Ecological Monographs. 28(4): 337-360. [11226] 15. Crawford, Hewlette S.; Titterington, Richard W. 1979. Effects of silvicultural practices on bird communities in upland spruce- fir stands. In: DeGraaf, Richard M.; Evans, Keith E., compilers. Management of north central and northeastern forests for nongame birds: Proceeding of the workshop; 1979 January 23-25; Minneapolis, MN. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-51. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station: 110-119. [18083] 16. Davis, Ronald B. 1966. Spruce-fir forests of the coast of Maine. Ecological Monographs. 36(2): 79-94. [8228] 17. Davis, William C. 1991. The role of advace growth in regeneration of red spruce and balsam fir in east central Maine. In: Simpson, C. M, ed. Proceedings of the conference on natural regeneration management; 1990 March 27-28; Fredericton, NB. Fredericton, NB: Forestry Canada, Maritimes Region: 157-168. [17197] 18. Day, Gordon M. 1953. The Indian as an ecological factor in the northeastern forest. Ecology. 34(2): 329-346. [15744] 19. DeHayes, D. H.; Waite, C. E.; Ingle, M. A.; Williams, M. W. 1990. Winter injury susceptibility and cold tolerance of current and year-old needles of red spruce trees from several provenances. Forest Science. 36(4): 982-994. [13608] 20. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905] 21. Flieger, B. W. 1971. Forest fire and insects: the relations of fire to insect outbreak. In: Proceedings, annual Tall Timbers fire ecology conference; 1970 August 20-21; Fredericton, NB. No. 10. Fredericton, NB: Tall Timbers Research Station: 107-114. [18936] 22. Frank, Robert M.; Bjorkbom, John C. 1973. A silvicultural guide for spruce-fir in the northeast. NE-6. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 29 p. [8686] 23. Frank, Robert M.; Blum, Barton M. 1978. The selection system of silviculture in spruce-fir stands--procedures, early results, and comparisons with unmanaged stands. Res. Pap. NE-425. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 15 p. [8772] 24. Freeman, Duane R.; Loomis, Robert M.; Roussopoulos, Peter J. 1982. Handbook for predicting slash weight in the Northeast. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-75. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station. 23 p. [18582] 25. Furyaev, V. V.; Wein, Ross W.; MacLean, David A. 1983. Fire influences in Abies-dominated forests. In: Wein, Ross W.; MacLean, David A., eds. The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems. Scope 18. Chichester; New York: John Wiley & Sons: 221-234. [14610] 26. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998] 27. Govindaraju, Diddahally R. 1988. Life histories, neighbourhood sizes, and variance structure in some North American conifers. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 35: 69-78. [9760] 28. Halliday, W. E. D. 1937. A forest classification for Canada. Forest Service Bulletin No. 89. Ottawa: Canadian Department of Forestry, Resource Development. 50 p. [21270] 29. Hart, Arthur C. 1959. Silvical characteristics of red spruce. Paper No. 124. Durham, NH: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 18 p. [21152] 30. Hawksworth, F. G.; Shigo, A. L. 1980. Dwarf mistletoe on red spruce in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. Plant Disease. 64(9): 880-882. [21149] 31. Heimburger, Carl C. 1934. Forest-type studies in the Adirondack Region. Memoir 165. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station. 122 p. [21495] 32. Heinselman, Miron L. 1981. Fire intensity and frequency as factors in the distribution and structure of northern ecosystems. In: Mooney, H. A.; Bonnicksen, T. M.; Christensen, N. L.; [and others], technical coordinators. Fire regimes and ecosystem properties: Proceedings of the conference; 1978 December 11-15; Honolulu, HI. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-26. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 7-57. [4390] 33. Hills, G. A. 1952. The classification and evaluation of site for forestry. Res. Rep. No. 24. Toronto, ON: Ontario Department of Lands and Forests, Division of Research. 41 p. [21494] 34. Hills, G. A. 1954. Field methods for investigating site: A. The detailed site description form. (Part IV of Bulletin "The forest sites of Ontario). Site Research Manual No. 4. Toronto, ON: Department of Lands and Forests, Research Division. 104 p. [21889] 35. Hornbeck, J. W.; Smith, C. T.; Martin, Q. W.; [and others]. 1990. Effects of intensive harvesting on nutrient capitals of three forest types in New England. Forest Ecology and Management. 30: 55-64. [11378] 36. Johnson, Arthur H.; McLaughlin, Samuel B. 1986. The nature and timing of the deterioration of red spruce in the northern Appalachian Mountains. In: Acid deposition: long term trends. [Place of publication unknown]: National Academy Press: 200-230. [20000] 37. Kartesz, John T.; Kartesz, Rosemarie. 1980. A synonymized checklist of the vascular flora of the United States, Canada, and Greenland. Volume II: The biota of North America. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press; in confederation with Anne H. Lindsey and C. Richie Bell, North Carolina Botanical Garden. 500 p. [6954] 38. Klein, Richard M.; Perkins, Timothy D.; Tricou, Jeffery; [and others]. 1991. Factors affecting red spruce regeneration in declining areas of Camels Hump Mountain, Vermont. American Journal of Botany. 78(9): 1191-1198. [16031] 39. Korstian, Clarence F. 1937. Perpetuation of spruce on cut-over and burned lands in the higher Southern Appalachian Mountains. Ecological Monographs. 7(1): 125-167. [11233] 40. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384] 41. LeBlanc, David C.; Raynal, Dudley J.; White, Edwin H.; Ketchledge, Edwin H. 1987. Characterization of historical growth patterns in declining red spruce trees. In: Jacoby, G. C., Jr.; Hornbeck, J. W., eds. International symposium on ecological aspects of tree-ring analysis; [Date of conference unknown]; Marymount College, NY. [Place of publication unknown]. [Publisher unknown]. 360-371. [21155] 42. LeBlanc, David C.; Raynal, Dudley J. 1990. Red spruce decline on Whiteface Mountain, New York. II. Relationships between apical and radial growth decline. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 20(9): 1415-1421. [13609] 43. Leak, W. B. 1975. Age distribution in virgin red spruce and northern hardwoods. Ecology. 56: 1451-1454. [8690] 44. Leak, William B. 1991. Secondary forest succession in New Hampshire, USA. Forest Ecology and Management. 43: 69-86. [16683] 45. Leak, William B.; Graber, Raymond E. 1974. Forest vegetation related to elevation in the White Mountains of New Hampshire. NE-299. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 7 p. [8758] 46. Leak, William B.; Solomon, Dale S.; Filip, Stanley M. 1969. A silvicultural guide for northern hardwoods in the northeast. Res. Pap. NE-143. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 34 p. [10976] 47. Leopold, Donald J.; Reschke, Carol; Smith, Daniel S. 1988. Old-growth forests of Adirondack Park, New York. Natural Areas Journal. 8(3): 166-189. [13998] 48. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 375 p. [2952] 49. Little, Silas. 1974. Effects of fire on temperate forests: northeastern United States. In: Kozlowski, T. T.; Ahlgren, C. E., eds. Fire and ecosystems. New York: Academic Press: 225-250. [9859] 50. Long, H. D. 1952. Forest types and sites of the Acadia Forest Experiment Station. Unpublished paper on file at: Canada Department of Resources and Development, Forestry Branch, [Place of publication unknown]: [Pages unknown]. [21271] 51. Lorimer, Craig G. 1977. The presettlement forest and natural disturbance cycle of northeastern Maine. Ecology. 58: 139-148. [9711] 52. Lorimer, Craig G. 1980. The use of land survey records in estimating presettlement fire frequency. In: Stokes, Marvin A.; Dieterich, John H., technical coordinators. Proceedings of the fire history workshop; 1980 October 20-24; Tucson, AZ. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-81. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 57-62. [16043] 53. Loucks, O. L. 1959. A forest classification for the Maritime Provinces. Proceedings, Nova Scotian Institute on Science. 25: 86-167. [15408] 54. Martin, J. Lynton. 1956. An ecological survey of burned-over forest land in southwestern Nova Scotia. Forestry Chronicle. 32: 313-336. [8932] 55. McIntosh, R. P.; Hurley, R. T. 1964. The spruce-fir forest of the Catskill Mountains. Ecology. 45(2): 314-326. [14886] 56. Meyer, Walter H. 1929. Yields of second-growth spruce and fir in the Northeast. Tech. Bull. No. 142. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. 52 p. [21142] 57. Moore, Barrington. 1917. Some factors influencing the reproduction of red spruce, balsam fir, and white pine. Journal of Forestry. 15(7): 827-853. [14402] 58. Moore, Barrington. 1922. Humus and root systems in certain northeastern forests in relation to reproduction and competition. Journal of Forestry. 20: 233-254. [21731] 59. Oosting, H. J.; Billings, W. D. 1951. A comparison of virgin spruce-fir forest in the northern and southern Appalachian system. Ecology. 32(1): 84-103. [11236] 60. Patterson, William A., III; Saunders, Karen E.; Horton, L. J. 1983. Fire regimes of the coastal Maine forests of Acadia National Park. OSS 83-3. Boston, MA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, North Atlantic Region, Office of Scientific Studies. 259 p. In cooperation with: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Broomall, PA. [21108] 61. Patterson, William A., III; Saunders, Karen E.; Horton, L. J.; Foley, Mary K. 1985. Fire management options for coastal New England forest: Acadia National Park and Cape Cod National Seashore. In: Lotan, James E.; Kilgore, Bruce M.; Fischer, William C.; Mutch, Robert W., technical coordinators. Proceedings--symposium and workshop on wilderness fire;1983 November 15-18; Missoula, MT. Gen. Tech. Rep. INT-182. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station: 360-365. [10236] 62. Pielou, E. C. 1988. The world of northern evergreens. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 174 p. [9362] 63. Place, I. C. M. 1955. The influence of seed-bed conditions on the regeneration of spruce and balsam fir. Bulletin 117. Ottawa, Canada: Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Forestry Branch, Forest Research Division. 87 p. [14274] 64. Radford, Albert E.; Ahles, Harry E.; Bell, C. Ritchie. 1968. Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press. 1183 p. [7606] 65. Randall, Arthur G. 1976. Natural regeneration in two spruce-fir clearcuts in eastern Maine. Research Life Sciences. [University of Maine]; 23(13): 1-10. [21392] 66. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843] 67. Reiners, William A,; Lang, Gerald E. 1979. Vegetational patterns and processes in the balsam fir zone, White Mountains, New Hampshire. Ecology. 60(2): 403-417. [14869] 68. Roman, John Ross. 1980. Vegetation-environment relationships in virgin, middle elevation forests in the Adirondack Mountains, New York. Syracuse, NY: State University of New York. PhD. Dissertation. Dissertation Abstracts International. 41(3): 807-B. [21154] 70. Rowe, J. S. 1972. Forest regions of Canada. Publication No. 1300. Ottawa: Department of the Environment, Canadian Forestry Service. 172 p. [21377] 71. Reschke, Carol. 1990. Ecological communities of New York State. Latham, NY: New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, New York Natural Heritage Program. 96 p. [21441] 72. Safford, L. O. 1974. Picea A. Dietr. spruce. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., ed. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 587-597. [7728] 73. Saunders, Paul Richard. 1979. The vegetational impact of human distubance on the spurce-fir forests of the southern Appalachian Mountains. Durham, NC: Duke University. 188 p. Dissertation. [21409] 74. Saunders, Paul R.; Smathers, Garrett A.; Ramseur, George S. 1983. Secondary succession of a spruce-fir burn in the Plott Balsam Mountains, North Carolina. Castanea. 48(1): 41-47. [8658] 75. Shirley, Hardy L. 1943. Is tolerance the capacity to endure shade?. Journal of Forestry. 41: 339-345. [21147] 76. Starker, T. J. 1934. Fire resistance in the forest. Journal of Forestry. 32: 462-467. [82] 77. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090] 78. Telfer, Edmund S. 1972. Browse selection by deer and hares. Journal of Wildlife Management. 36(4): 1344-1349. [12455] 79. Trimble, George R., Jr.; Patric, James H.; Gill, John D.; [and others]. 1974. Some options for managing forest land in the central Appalachians. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-12. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 42 p. [13545] 80. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982. National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names. SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573] 81. Vezina, P. E.; Pech, Gy. 1964. Solar radiation beneath conifer canopies in relation to crown closure. Forest Science. 10(4): 443-451. [21148] 82. Vogel, Willis G. 1981. A guide for revegetating coal minesoils in the eastern United States. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-68. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 190 p. [15575] 83. Wahlenberg, W. G. 1951. Planting in the Appalachian spruce-fir type. Journal of Forestry. 49(8): 569-571. [9223] 84. 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Related categories for Species: Picea rubens | Red Spruce

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