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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Pinus edulis | Colorado Pinyon
ABBREVIATION :
PINEDU
SYNONYMS :
Pinus cembroides var. edulis (Engelm.) Voss
SCS PLANT CODE :
PIED
COMMON NAMES :
Colorado pinyon
true pinyon
TAXONOMY :
The accepted scientific name of Colorado pinyon is Pinus edulis Engelm.
Pinyons belong to the "soft" pine subgenus Strobus, section Parrya,
subsection Cembroides. The four species of pinyon endemic to the United
States were previously included as subspecies of P. cembroides, the
first named Mexican pinyon. Pinyon species, however, can be
distinguished by differences in cone and seed charactistics, and number
of needles per fasicle. Colorado pinyon has two needles per fasicle.
A series of single-needled populations lying along the southwest flank
of the P. edulis range have been recognized as P. edulis var. fallax
Little [41]. Lanner [34] retains these trees under the species P.
monophylla. Lanner [36] also contends that two outlying populations in
southern California have been misidentified as P. edulis. These consist
of a population near the New York Mountains comprising two-needled
individuals of P. monophylla and a stand in Baja California that is
actually a two-needled segregate of a hybrid swarm originating from a
cross between P. monophylla and P. juarezensis [35]. This write-up
follows the taxonomy of Lanner [36].
Widespread hybridization between P. edulis and P. monophylla has
occurred over much of the Great Basin. Such widespread hybridization
accounts for much of the taxonomic confusion involving the resulting
range of individuals with mixtures of one- and two-needled fasicles
[34,38].
LIFE FORM :
Tree
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
N. McMurray/ November 1986
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
McMurray, Nancy E. 1986. Pinus edulis. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Pinus edulis | Colorado Pinyon
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Colorado pinyon is primarily a species of the Colorado Plateau and the
headwaters of the Rio Grande, but its range extends to the eastern edge
of the Great Basin. Colorado pinyon is distributed from southwestern
Wyoming south through western Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico and into
the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua. Eastern outliers occur in
the extreme western tip of Oklahoma and Trans-Pecos Texas. Its range is
sympatric with singleleaf pinyon in three areas: the eastern Great
Basin, the canyon country of the Colorado Plateau, and the mountains
south of the Colorado Plateau [36,37,42,50].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES40 Desert grasslands
STATES :
AZ CO HI NV NM OK TX UT WY MEXICO
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
ARCH BAND BLCA BRCA CACH CANY
CARE CACA CEBR CHIR COLM DINO
FLFO FOBO GRCA GRSA GUMO LAME
MEVE MOCA NABR PEFO SUCR WACA
WUPA ZION
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
7 Lower Basin and Range
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K040 Saltbush - greasewood
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K057 Galleta - threeawn shrubsteppe
SAF COVER TYPES :
206 Engelman spruce - subalpine fir
210 Interior Douglas-fir
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon - juniper
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Self-perpetuating stands of Colorado pinyon are indicative of climax
conditions. Numerous classification systems have used Colorado pinyon as an
indicator species within Colorado pinyon, Colorado pinyon-oneseed juniper, and
ponderosa pine-Colorado pinyon series. Some dominant understory shrubs used
as indicator species species include black sagebrush (Artemisia nova),
big sagebrush (A. tridentata), true mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus
montanus), and Gambel oak (Quercus gambellii). Grass indicator species
include blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and bluebunch wheatgrass
(Pseudoroegneria spicata). Publications naming Colorado pinyon as a series
indicator are listed below.
Forest vegetation of the White River National Forest in western
Colorado: a habitat type classification. [24]
Grassland, shrubland, and forestland habitat types of the White
River-Arapaho National Forest. [23]
A habitat type classification of the pinyon-juniper woodlands of the
Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico. [29]
A habitat type classification system for ponderosa pine forests of
northern Arizona. [22]
Key to the forested plant associations of northern Colorado and southern
Wyoming. [27]
Plant associations of Region Two: potential plant communities of
Wyoming, South Dakota, Nebraska, Colorado, and Kansas. [28]
Preliminary classification of the coniferous forest and woodland series
of Arizona and New Mexico. [39]
Preliminary habitat types of a semiarid grassland [19]
Presettlement vegetation of part of northwest Moffat County, Colorado,
described from remnants. [3]
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Pinus edulis | Colorado Pinyon
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
The pinyon-juniper woodlands occupied by Colorado pinyon contain high
volumes of wood fiber. The wood-producing potential of these areas,
however, has been largely overlooked until recently [9,49]. Wood
products dervived from Colorado pinyon include fuelwood, mine timbers, cross
ties, and charcoal.
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
The seeds, foliage, and phloem of Colorado pinyon are utilized by numerous
wildlife species. Pinyon nuts are highly nutritious; mammals and birds
that utilize them include pinyon mice, Abert's squirrels, Uinta
chipmunks, woodrats, black bears, bighorn sheep, pinyon jays, Stellar's
jays, Clark's nutcrackers, Stellar's jays, and scrub jays. Many birds
and small mammals cache pinyon nuts as a winter food supply. Mule deer
heavily utilize pinyon foliage in winter yarding areas; localized
feeding can result in trees becoming highlined. Porcupines and other
rodents feed on pinyon phloem [20,37].
Pinyon-juniper woodlands have been used historically as spring and fall
ranges for cattle and livestock. Although not preferred, cattle will
use pinyon needles. Consumption of pine needles has been known to cause
abortion in cows; pinyon needles are thought to have the same effect
[37].
PALATABILITY :
The palatability of Colorado pinyon to livestock and wildlife species in
several western states has been rated as follows [11,37]:
AZ CO UT NM
Cattle Poor Poor Poor Poor
Sheep Poor Poor Poor Poor
Horses Poor Poor Poor Poor
Pronghorn ---- ---- Fair ----
Elk ---- ---- Fair ----
Mule deer ---- Good Good ----
Small mammals Good Good Good Good
Small nongame birds Good Good Good Good
Upland game birds ---- Good Good ----
Waterfowl ---- ---- Poor ----
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Pine nuts are extremely nutritious and compare favorably with pecans,
peanuts, and walnuts. Of the pinyons, Colorado pinyon nuts tend to be the
richest in fats. One pound provides 2,880 calories. Pine nuts supply
all 20 amino acids and provide significant amounts of vitamin A,
thiamine, riboflavin, and niacin [31]. Comparative nutritional values
are presented below [37].
% protein % fat % carbohydrate
Colorado pinyons 14 62 - 72 18
Singleleaf pinyons 10 23 54
Pecans 10 73 11
Peanuts 26 39 24
English walnuts 15 68 12
Dittberner and Olson [11] rate Colorado pinyon fair in energy value and poor
in protein value.
COVER VALUE :
Colorado pinyon provides cover and shelter for numerous birds and animals.
Big game utilize areas where pinyon-juniper woodlands form mosaics with
assoiciated browse species [20]. The degree to which Colorado pinyon
provides environmental protection during one or more seasons for
wildlife species is as follows [11]:
CO UT
Pronghorn ---- Good
Elk Fair Good
Mule deer Good Good
White-tailed deer Good ----
Small mammals Good Good
Small nongame birds Good Good
Upland game birds Poor Good
Waterfowl ---- Poor
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Native Americans used Colorado pinyon for fuel, building materials, and
medicine; the highly nutritious nuts were the mainstay of their winter
diet [37]. White settlers cut pinyons for fence posts, mining timbers,
and railroad ties. Pinyon charcoal fed the smelters of mining empires.
Today incense is made from crushed cones. Indians still use the pitch
as a caulking compound for watertight baskets and as a glue for
tourquoise jewelry [21]. The annual harvest of pinyon nuts exceeds 1
million pounds. This crop is second in commercial value only to pecans
among the uncultivated nuts of the United States [18]. Colorado pinyon
seeds, which are oilier, thinner shelled, and reportedly sweeter than
the seeds of singleleaf pinyon, make up the bulk of the crop. For the
most part, the food-producing potential of the pinyon woodlands remains
unrecognized.
Carbon dating of fossilized pinyon needles and seeds found in woodrat
middens has been useful in charting the history of plant communities and
the paleoenvironment of the Colorado Plateau and adjacent areas [52].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
On sites where the management objective is to increase forage for
wildlife or livestock, some form of tree removal is necessary. Grazing
management alone will not reduce the decreases in available forage
brought on by successional trends [1]. Partial control of tree
densities results in little response of the understory vegetation [46]..
Many options to improve productivity on pinyon-juniper woodlands are
rapidly becoming infeasible due to economic constraints. The
effectiveness of options that rely upon on-site seed sources for the
establishment of desireable species is lessened as succession continues
and understories are largely eliminated. Tree reduction programs have
been drastically reduced in recent years [54].
Currently, prescribed fire and tree harvesting have been advocated as
economically and ecologically sound options for tree elimination. Both
methods, if applied at the proper successional stage, increase forage
production [14]. Since understory response following disturbance in
pinyon-juniper woodlands is closely linked to the type and number of
residual plants on the site, desired species should be present on the
site prior to treatment.
Reseeding of treated areas is necessary in dense stands where tree
dominance has seriously depleted remanant plants and soil seed reserves.
Floristically impoverished sites with low site potential can remain
stagnant for years. Type conversions through mechanical treatments are
no longer economically feasible on most sites due to the short life
expectancy of desired results. Chaining or cabling with debris left on
site will provide increased forage for approximately 20 years; the same
treatment followed in 5 years by prescribed burning to kill missed or
newly germinated seedlings provides increased forage for 50 years
[56,57].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Pinus edulis | Colorado Pinyon
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Colorado pinyon is a long-lived, slow-growing, monoecious, cone-bearing,
evergreen tree. The needles are 1.2 to 2 inches (3-5 cm) long and
typically two per fasicle. The trunk is short and branching; lower
branches often reach to the ground. Crowns in young trees are compact
and conical; in mature trees crowns are rounded or irregular, becoming
flat-topped and open with age. In relatively open stands, crown width
often equals crown height. Closed stands produce trees with short,
narrow crowns. Although trees may live to be approximately 1,000 years
old [56], life spans of 350 to 450 years are more common. Age at
maturity can range from 75 to 100 years. Trees at this stage are
typically 10 to 30 feet (3-9 m) tall and about 12 inches (30 cm) in
trunk diameter. Height growth is 2 to 4 inches (5-10 cm) per year;
diameter growth is roughly 1 inch (2.5 cm) per decade [10,18].
Growth is dependent upon soil moisture stored from winter snows.
Pinyons have both verticle taproots and lateral roots; both are capable
of active absorption. In shallow soils root systems extend well beyond
the crown. The alleopathic effects of needle litter reduce plant
establishment under tree crowns [25]. Losses from extreme, prolonged
drought and frost have been recorded.
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Colorado pinyon regenerates entirely by seed. Trees begin bearing cones at
age 25 when they are 3 to 4 feet (1 m) tall, but do not produce
significant quantities of cones until they are 75 to 100 years old [18].
Cones are then produced in increasing numbers in the upper half of the
crown. Cone crops are produced sporadically. Large crops occur every 4
to 7 years; small localized crops or crop failure may occur in the
interim. Although larger trees can produce a few cones every year, most
seeds are not filled.
Colorado pinyon has an average of 12 to 20 seeds per cone. Conelets emerge
in June from buds that have overwintered; cones are not mature until the
September of the second year [32]. Seed dispersal takes place from
September through October. Many seeds are not viable due to embryo
abortion and disease.
Small mammals and birds are the primary dispersal agents of the heavy,
wingless pinyon seeds. Seeds need to be buried 0.8 to 1.2 inches (2-3
cm) deep in the soil or litter in order to germinate, and the neglected
food caches of rodents and birds provide suitable sites. Clark's
nutcrackers, pinyon jays, Stellar's jays, and scrub jays play a major
role in pinyon seed disperal. Interdependence between pinyons and these
members of the "food caching" guild is so strong that numerous
coadaptive traits have evolved [4,53].
Most seeds germinate the spring following dispersal, although some may
remain viable for 2 to 3 years. Optimal germination temperature is 70
degrees Fahrenheit (21 deg C). Germinative capacity of filled seeds is
83 percent. Seedlings require a nurse plant for successful
establishment [17]. Survival is dependent upon ample summer
precipitation. Growth is extremely slow, with 2-year-old seedlings
averaging only 2 inches (5 cm).
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
The woodland mosaic formed by Colorado pinyon occurs primarily on the high
plains, plateaus, mesas, canyons, foothills, and lower mountain slopes
of the Colorado Plateau. Sites are intermediate between ponderosa pine
and submontane scrub above, and semiarid grassland below. Colorado pinyon
occurs most commonly at elevations between 4,500 and 7,500 feet (1,370
and 2,286 m) where annual precipitation ranges from 12 to 18 inches
(30-46 cm) [18]. Where summer (July-September) rainfall is less than 3
inches (80 mm), Colorado pinyon is gradually replaced by singleleaf pinyon
along the eastern edge of the Great Basin [51].
The distribution of Colorado pinyon is primarily a function of climate. Its
lower limits are determined by lack of moisture; upper limits by biotic
competion, low temperatures, and excessive soil moisture [43].
Therefore, the elevational zones it occupies vary considerablly
depending on local topography and geographical location. Colorado pinyon
usually grows on the higher elevation sites in the pinyon-juniper
woodlands it occupies [1,49].
Colorado pinyon has a wide ecological amplitude and is able to occupy a
broad range of soil types. Soils are mostly in the orders Aridisols and
Mollisols, with Argixerolls and Haploxerolls being well represented.
Pinyon grows in soils that are ususally alkaline, mostly calcareous, and
rocky; overall productivity is low. The best Colorado pinyon stands occur
on coarse gravel, gravelly loam, or coarse sand where soil depths exceed
5 feet [50]. Trees on dry sites may be 4 to 6 inches (10-15 cm) in
diameter at 80 to 100 years, while those on deeper soils may be 10 to 12
inches (26-31 cm) at 150 to 160 years.
Within the pinyon-juniper woodland, pinyon composition increases with
increasing elevation. Stand composition can range from essentially pure
pinyon to stands where pinyon is codominant with one, and sometimes two,
juniper species. These codominates include alligator juniper (Juniperus
deppeana), one-seed juniper (J. monosperma), Utah juniper (J.
osteosperma), and Rocky Mountain juniper (J. scopulorum). Blue grama
(Bouteloua gracilis) is a common understory associate throughout much of
the Southwest.
Elevational ranges for some western states are as follows [11,49]:
From 4,500 to 6,500 feet (1,372-1,982 m) in AZ
4,000 to 9,000 feet (1,220-2,744 m) in CO
5,000 to 7,000 feet (1,524-2,134 m) in NM
6,000 to 10,000 feet (1,830-3,049 m) in UT
6,100 to 7,100 feet (1,860-2,134 m) in WY
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Colorado pinyon is the climax species in most pinyon-juniper woodlands
[48,51]. It competitively confines juniper to the more marginal,
low-elevation sites. Pinyon is responsible for most of the increases in
tree dominance and density within the pinyon-juniper woodland over the
past 150 years [56]. Pinyon effectively outcompetes juniper on
sagebrush grasslands; it grows faster and lives approximately as long
and can therefore more successfully invade such sites.
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Detailed phenolgical observations are not available for pinyons due to
the lack of easily observed, periodic phenophases [50]. Seed production
in Colorado pinyon follows a 2-year generalized cycle. Leader growth begins
in early spring. Male and female conelets emerge from winter buds in
June, and pollination occurs soon afterwards. Cone growth ceases in
mid-August when cones are brown and approximately a 0.5 inch (1.3 cm) in
diameter. The following May growth resumes, at which time pollen grains
are reactived and fertilization takes place. Cones are brilliant green
and 3 inches (7.6 cm) in diameter by August; cones are ripe and turn
brown by September. Seeds are dispersed in September and October. Most
cones fall from the tree during the winter [32,37].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Pinus edulis | Colorado Pinyon
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Colorado pinyon is generally very susceptible to fire damage [40]. The
effect of fire, however, depends largely upon stand structure and
understory composition [57]. Following fire, pinyons are absent from
early successional stages. Seedlings establish primarily via the
postburn food caches of birds and rodents; successful establishment
requires a nurse plant. The rate of pinyon reinvasion of burned areas
is determined by relay floristics [15].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Pinus edulis | Colorado Pinyon
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Pinyons are generally very susceptible to fire mortality [12,40. Tree
mortality, however, is largely determined by the extent to which trees
dominate a site. Where pinyon trees have recently invaded grassland
communities, young trees less than 4 feet (1.2 m) tall are easily
killed. As tree dominance increases and the understory is gradually
suppressed, the ability of the understory to carry fires intense enough
to kill larger trees also decreases [57].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Colorado pinyons reestablish from seed cached by rodents and birds after
fire. Reentry into the plant community depends upon perennial nurse
plants associated with mid-successional and late-successional stages.
Although trees become established 20 to 30 years after burning,
coverages and densites are relatively low until approximately 60 years
after fire, at which time tree dominance begins to exceed that of the
understory. Pinyons dominate a site within 100 to 150 years of burning
[30,56].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
Since pinyons usually require protected sites near the base of 1- to
2-foot-tall (0.3-0.6 m) shrubs for successful establishment, pinyons can
be expected to reestablish sooner on sites where mid to late seral
stages existed prior to burning. Pinyons begin to dominate sites very
early in the sere, usually when trees are only 3 to 6.5 feet (1-2 m)
tall. As tree roots grow into moisture supplies, understory species
decline at an increasingly rapid rate. Areas converted to grasslands
should be burned every 20 to 40 years depending on the rate of pinyon
reinvasion [57].
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Prescribed fire is no longer an effective managment tool on many
pinyon-juniper sites where prolonged tree dominance has not only reduced
the ability of the understory to carry fires but has also seriously
lowered the ability of the understory to respond to fire. When fires do
occur in closed stands, intensities are often so severe and the soil
seed reserves so depleted, that without successful seeding, highly
flammable annual grass communities are often established [13,54]. On
many overgrazed woodlands, seeding burns is the only way to restore a
desirable perennial grass stage.
Prescribed fire can be used on some sites, depending on stand structure
and understory composition. In open stands with 700 to 1,000 pounds per
acre (786-1,123 kg/ha) of fine fuels, low-intensity spring fires are
very effective in eliminating pinyon less than 4 feet (1.2 m) tall.
Mortality of taller trees in open stands is relatively low unless fuels
have accumulated around tree bases (12,57]. Optimal burning conditions
in open stands are: air temperatures of 70 to 74 degrees Fahrenheit
(21-23 deg C); relative humidiy of 20 to 40 percent; and wind speed of
10 to 20 mph (16-32 km/h).
Closed stands with little understory are extremely difficult to burn and
carry fires only on hot summer days when burning conditions are often
hazardous: air temperatures of 95 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit (35-38 deg
C); low relative humidity; and wind speed of 8 to 20 miles per hour
(13-32 kmh). Burning under these conditions usually results in
extremely intense crown fires. Fires carry better as tree density
increases and as the proportion of pinyon to juniper within a stand
increases. This increased ease of burning has been attributed to both
the greater flammability of pinyon and the increased site potential
associated with pinyon-dominated stands [7].
In the Great Basin woodlands, the best candidates for effective
prescribed burning are ecotonal areas where trees have invaded
sagebrush-grassland communities; sites usually have a shrub and tree
cover ranging from 45 to 60 percent [8]. These sites can be burned
effectively with low-intensity spring burns which eliminate the tree
overstory; in most cases, reseeding is not required for adequate
postfire understory response [13].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Pinus edulis | Colorado Pinyon
REFERENCES :
1. Arnold, Joseph F.; Jameson, Donald A.; Reid, Elbert H. 1964. The
pinyon-juniper type of Arizona: effects of grazing, fire and tree
control. Production Research Report No. 84. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station. 28 p. [353]
2. Aro, Richard S. 1971. Evaluation of pinyon-juniper conversion to
grassland. Journal of Range Management. 24(2): 188-197. [355]
3. Baker, William L.; Kennedy, Susan C. 1985. Presettlement vegetation of
part of northwestern Moffat County, Colorado, described from remnants.
Great Basin Naturalist. 45(4): 747-783. [384]
4. Balda, Russell P.; Bateman, Gary C. 1971. Flocking and annual cycle of
the pinyon jay, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus. Condor. 73: 278-302. [385]
5. Barth, R. C. 1980. Influence of pinyon pine trees on soil chemical and
physical properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 44:
112-114. [399]
6. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
7. Blackburn, Wilbert H.; Bruner, Allen D. 1975. Use of fire in
manipulation of the pinyon-juniper ecosystem. In: The pinyon-juniper
ecosystem: a symposium; 1975 May; Logan, UT. Logan, UT: Utah State
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8. Bruner, Allen D.; Klebenow, Donald A. 1979. Predicting success of
prescribed fires in pinyon-juniper woodland in Nevada. Res. Pap.
INT-219. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 11 p. [3254]
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species to tree harvesting and fire in pinyon-juniper woodlands. In:
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symposia; 1981 September 15-17; Twin Falls, ID; 1982 June 22-24, Elko,
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16. Ditsworth, T. M.; Butt, S. M.; Beley, J. R.; [and others]. 1982.
Arthropods, plants, and tranmission lines in Arizona: community dynamics
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18. Fowells, H. A., compiler. 1965. Silvics of forest trees of the United
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19. Francis, Richard E.; Aldon, Earl F. 1983. Preliminary habitat types of a
semiarid grassland. In: Moir, W. H.; Hendzel, Leonard, tech. coords.
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20. Frischknecht, Neil C. 1975. Native faunal relationships within the
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College of Natural Resources, Utah Agricultural Experiment Station:
55-56. [974]
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Index
Related categories for Species: Pinus edulis
| Colorado Pinyon
|
 |
