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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Pinus longaeva | Great Basin Bristlecone Pine
ABBREVIATION :
PINLON
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
PILO
COMMON NAMES :
Great Basin bristlecone pine
bristlecone pine
Great Basin foxtail pine
Intermountain bristlecone pine
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of Great Basin bristlecone pine
is Pinus longaeva D. K. Bailey [3,8]. Bailey [3] gave the western
populations of bristlecone pine the name Pinus longaeva and left the
older name of P. aristata Engelm. (Rocky Mountain bristlecone) for the
eastern populations. Great Basin and Rocky Mountain bristlecones differ
in several important characteristics: chemistry, needle structure, and
cone morphology. The Colorado-Green River drainage has separated them
for millions of years and crosses between the two species are relatively
unsuccessful [8]. Today they are separated by 160 miles (260 km).
Great Basin bristlecone and foxtail pine (P. balfouriana) are more
similar to each other than the Great Basin and Rocky Mountain
bristlecones. In addition, they are separated by only 20 miles (32 km)
[3]. Essential oils of wood and foliage support the morphological and
chemical separation of the two bristlecone pines and the foxtail pine
[27].
In the White Mountains of California, there may be a natural hybrid
between Great Basin bristlecone and foxtail pine, as cones from trees
there resemble those of the foxtail pine. If this has occurred, then
westerly winds may have carried pollen from the southern Sierra Nevada
foxtail population across the Owens Valley to the bristlecones in the
White Mountains. When this same cross was conducted in a laboratory,
fairly high numbers of hybrid seed were produced [27].
LIFE FORM :
Tree
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Kathy Ahlenslager, November 1986
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
Kathy Ahlenslager, December 1987
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Ahlenslager, Kathleen E. 1987. Pinus longaeva. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Pinus longaeva | Great Basin Bristlecone Pine
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Great Basin bristlecone is widely distributed on higher peaks from
eastern California through the southeastern half of Nevada to central
Utah [8,11,13,16].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES29 Sagebrush
STATES :
CA NV UT
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
BRCA CEBR DEVA
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
6 Upper Basin and Range
12 Colorado Plateau
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K022 Great Basin pine forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
209 Bristlecone pine
219 Limber pine
237 Interior ponderosa pine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Great Basin bristlecone pine usually occurs in almost pure stands and
reaches its greatest density on north-facing dolomitic slopes. On
sandstone substrates limber pine (Pinus flexilis) is a codominant, but
on granitic substrates, Breat Basin bristlecone pine dominates [13].
Other species associated with the Great Basin bristlecone include white
fir (Abies concolor), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), and
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), and pinyon pine (P. edulis). In
the mountains of central and southern Utah, bristlecones are associated
with quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) and Rocky Mountain juniper
(Juniperus scopulorum) [1].
Published classifications listing Great Basin bristlecone pine as an
indicator or dominant species in habitat types, community types, or plant
associations are presented below.
Major habitat types, community types and plant communities in the Rocky
Mountains [1]
A vegetation classification system applied to southern California [31]
Coniferous forest habitat types of central and southern Utah [41]
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Pinus longaeva | Great Basin Bristlecone Pine
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
The wood of Great Basin bristlecone is moderately soft, dense, and
highly resinous. It has been used for fuel and mine props [29,39].
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Great Basin bristlecone seeds provide are critical food supply for
Clark's nutcrackers, which cache them. Small mammals and birds may
benefit from these seed caches. In central and southern Utah, the
limber pine and Great Basin bristlecone series provides important winter
range for large mammals, which browse on mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus
spp.), wild rose (Rosa woodsii), and gooseberry (Ribes cereum). These
sites receive intense pressure for forage, even in years of low snowpack
[9].
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
Great Basin bristlecone pine provides some cover for bird and small animal
species.
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Great Basin bristlecone growth on gentle to steep slopes is rated as
good. Its potential for erosion control and its establishment
requirements in Utah are medium. In Utah, its potential for short-term
revegetation is low and for long-term revegetation is medium [10].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Believed to be the world's oldest living organisms, Great Basin
bristlecone pines are of considerable value. Bailey [3] generated
interest in them with the estimation of a 5,100- to 5,200-year-old tree
on the Snake Range of east-central Nevada. This tree was cut by Currey
in 1964 and had an actual ring count of 4,900 [9].
Chronologies from Great Basin bristlecone pines provide the most
accessible long-term data of any species regarding biogeographic and
environmental histories of sites [10]. Studies of bristlecone pines have
contributed to several fields of science: dendrochronology,
climatology, geology, and archaelogy.
In the dry, subalpine environment of the Great Basin, the dense,
resinous, decay-resistant wood of bristlecones contributes to the
ability of dead trees to stand for hundreds of years and fallen wood to
persist for thousands [4]. This wood provides a cross-reference for
radiocarbon dating. Living trees, standing snags, and fallen trees
provide overlapping tree-ring chronologies that date back 9,000 years.
These ring-width chronologies are used as paleoclimatic indicators to
determine past limits of tree growth [19].
Variation in tree-ring widths at upper treeline is an important
indicator of past climatic variations, especially temperature
fluctuations. Data from these chronologies show that there has been a
net retreat of bristlecone treeline in the western United States over
the last several thousand years [2,17,19,20,21,22,23,25]. In addition,
the dates of major volcanic eruptions correlate with frost rings of
bristlecone pines [23].
Foliage from bristlecone pines has been identified from ancient woodrat
middens on Clark Mountain in the Mohave Desert of California. The dated
middens are below the present elevational range of bristlecones and are
evidence of climatic change [32].
The Great Basin bristlecone is also of value for its natural aesthetics,
as well as for soil building and stabilization in a harsh environment.
The value of bristlecone pines to science and recreation is evidenced by
the establishment of Great Basin National Park in Nevada, which includes
the former Wheeler Peak Scenic Area. Other areas recognized for
bristlecone groves include the Ancient Bristlecone Pine Forest Botanical
Area of Inyo National Forest in California and several Research Natural
Areas [23].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Pinus longaeva | Great Basin Bristlecone Pine
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Great Basin bristlecone pine is a long-lived, native species,
characteristic of treeline in the high desert ranges of eastern
California, Nevada, and Utah. It is ectomycorrhizal and may be nitrogen
fixing. Trees usually have a contorted and multistemmed appearance.
The first leader on a tree often does not persist. Branches are
pendulous or twisted [3]. In the White Mountains of California, trees
remain erect even at the extreme upper limit of tree growth at 12,000
feet (3,659 m); however, at treeline in the Snake Range of eastern
Nevada trees are stunted and form krummholz [2].
The sparse crowns of twisted trees are supported by a narrow strip of
cambium, the living tissue of a tree. The effects of sand- and
ice-blasting by wind are seen in older trees with a double "pick-a-back"
growth form. Here the windward trunk is dead, but a narrow strip of
cambium supports branches on the leeward side of the tree, the "piggy
back" [13,40].
Trees retain needles for 30 to 40 years. They usually reach 30 to 40
feet (9-12 m) in height and are 1 to 2 feet (0.3-0.6 m) in diameter,
although some do attain considerable breadth [4,12,27,28]. The Patriarch
tree, in the Schulman Grove in the White Mountains has a d.b.h of 12
feet (3.8 m), is 37 feet (11 m) in circumference, and 47 feet (14 m) in
height [2].
In the Schulman Grove trees growing at 9,300 feet (2,835 m) on
south-facing slopes were found to take 200 to 250 years to expand 1 inch
(2.54 cm) in radial growth. One specimen from this area was 3 feet (1
m) high, 3 inches (8 cm) in diameter, and 700 years old [2].
Highly sensitive to its environment, Great Basin bristlecone pines
exhibit slow, but highly variable, growth rates within and among stands
[16]. Bristlecone pines are known for their longevity. One individual
on Wheeler Peak in eastern Nevada lived at least 4,900 years by count of
annual growth rings and was estimated to be 5,200 years old. It is
difficult to determine the exact age of these trees because of
asymmetric growth and heartwood decay. Growth rates and ages
can be estimated with increment bores [28].
In the Schulman Grove there are several trees growing above 10,000 feet
(3,050 m) in elevation that are estimated to be in excess of 4,000 years
of age. The Methuselah tree is estimated to be over of 4,600 years old.
Pine Alpha was the first tree to be estimated to have a longevity
exceeding 4,000 years [2,4].
Great Basin bristlecone, Rocky Mountain bristlecone (Pinus aristata),
and foxtail pine (P. balfouriana) share many characteristics [7,12,27]:
(1) occurrence at the upper limits of tree growth and a reduced rate of
growth
(2) a capacity for long life
(3) continued growth after loss of large areas of tissue from drought,
stress, wind injury, and soil erosion
(4) heavy, dense, resin-impregnated wood with small, closely arranged,
water-conducting cells (tracheids) which provide resistance to
moisture and decay
(5) survival in an environment of drought, low temperatures, short
growing seasons, daily temperature extremes, and poor soils
(6) retention of needles for several years, which reduces the need for
moisture and nutrients, in addition to carrying a tree over several
years of stress
(7) relative safety from ground fire due to sparse ground cover and
litter scarcity
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
The environmental and physiological factors contributing to the
longevity of the Great Basin bristlecone pine also work to lower its
regeneration potential. Trees are intolerant of shade, grow slowly, and
are locally scattered in distribution. Reproduction is sparse.
Bristlecones characteristically occur in old to moderately old open
stands and form the vegetative climax. This species may also act like a
pioneer species in recently disturbed areas where, under favorable
conditions, its growth is vigorous and fast. However, for the most
part, seedlings are slow growing [8,32].
The longevity of the species evidently enables it to bridge relatively
long unfavorable periods. The sampling of a stand at 10,600 feet (3,232
m) on the headwaters of Poison Creek east of Campito Mountain in the
White Mountains of California revealed very few trees 12 inches (31 cm)
in diameter and none under 3.7 inches (9.4 cm) in diameter [7].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
The distribution of Great Basin bristlecone pine is related to the
diversity of associated species. Where conifer diversity is high, it is
restricted to poor sites. However, where conifer diversity is
relatively low, Great Basin bristlecone pine increases in area,
altitudinal range, and types of habitats it dominates. It forms stands
on sites with low moisture and nutrients available because there is less
competition from other conifers [4].
Great Basin bristlecone pine ranges in elevation from 7,500 to 11,200
feet (2,300-3,400 m) and is characteristic of treeline for high desert
ranges [8,13,21]. The habitat is characterized by a short growing
season and little available moisture. Precipitation ranges from 10 to
30 inches (25-75 cm). Great Basin bristlecone pine is outcompeted by
other conifers below its natural lower elevational limits, where more
moisture and nutrients are available. Although the lower limit for it
appears to be precipitation sensitive, the upper limit is temperature
sensitive [3,13].
Stands of Great Basin bristlecone pine usually are pure, even-aged, and
open. They occur on rocky outcrops of southern or southwestern slopes
with limited soil, intense sunlight, and rapid runoff. Trees reach
their greatest density on north-facing dolomitic slopes and at times mix
with limber pine [4,7,40].
The nature of geological substrates greatly affects the development of
this species. It competes best on limestone and dolomite substrates.
These light-colored soils reflect sunlight better then darker granitic
and sandstone ones. In addition, they have lower soil temperatures
during the growing season, which reduces moisture stress [3].
Bristlecone pines are not successful in competing with other conifers on
granite, quartzite, or sandstone substrates [4,21,28]. On dolomitic
soils in the White Mountains of California, Great Basin bristlecone
dominates with an occasional limber pine; however, just to the north on
granitic soil, the situation is reversed [3,13].
Bristlecones are intolerant of shading and occur in areas of sparse
ground cover. In the White Mountains they provide 29.1 percent of the
cover in an area with 35.5 percent total cover. Sheet erosion of fine
particles is severe, due to steep slopes, summer convection storms, and
minimal ground cover. Winter snowpack accumulations are reduced by high
insolation and wind [4,5,34,41].
Since big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) is an important competitor of
the bristlecone pine in California and Nevada, the distributions of
these two are complementary. The Great Basin bristlecone pine favors
dolomitic soils and north slopes, but big sagebrush is best developed on
sandstone and granitic soils, especially on south-facing slopes [40].
Plants of big sagebrush are more drought tolerant and occur on more
xeric substrates than bristlecone pine. However, big sagebrush is
intolerant of the low nutrient availability of dolomitic soil. Thus,
bristlecone pines are best developed on dolomitic soils due to a
combination of greater moisture availability and a lack of competition
[2,3,13,40].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Great Basin bristlecone pine is a climax species and persists at
treeline for hundreds to thousands of years in the absence of
disturbance and competition. It is highly adapted to its habitat of
very shallow soils, slow primary succession, short growing season, and
avalanches [27]. There is no evidence for the expansion or recession of
the range of Great Basin bristlecone pine, so it is considered a
senescent species [30]. However, stands in Utah and Nevada were found
to be maintaining or increasing in numbers.
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Bristlecone pines flower from July to August and cones start ripening
about mid-September. The period of flowering and cone opening is
uniform for Great Basin and Rocky Mountain bristlecone pines, as well as
for foxtail pine [8,13].
Bristlecones store half of their carbohydrates from the growing season
for use during the winter. In an experiment in the White Mountains of
California at 10,150 feet (3,090 m), winter rates of photosynthesis and
respiration were measured. With the coming of severely cold
temperatures, net photosynthesis decreased sharply and remained at zero
until early spring. Respiration rates were high until late winter, but
decreased significantly in early spring. By the end of winter, there
was a negative carbon dioxide balance resulting from high respiration
and negative photosynthetic rates [34].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Pinus longaeva | Great Basin Bristlecone Pine
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Great Basin bristlecone pine generally occurs in habitats where fuels to
carry fire are essentially nonexistant. In the subalpine zone where
bristlecone pines are found, low temperatures and a short growing season
keep the production of organic matter low. Fires with enough intensity
to result in crown fires rarely occur in the grass-dominated understory
of bristlecone pine forests. Surface fires in these areas are
infrequent, slow burning, and of low intensity [26].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Pinus longaeva | Great Basin Bristlecone Pine
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Fire plays a minor role where bristlecones are found due to sparse
ground cover. Although scattered dead and living trees show evidence of
fires, on dolomitic substrates, undergrowth is scarce with essentially
no sign of fires. In these areas undergrowth consists of small shrubs,
cushion plants, and xerophytic bunchgrasses [5,7].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
NO-ENTRY
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Pinus longaeva | Great Basin Bristlecone Pine
REFERENCES :
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Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky
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arctic forest frontiers. Seattle, WA: The Mountaineers. 304 p. [339]
3. Bailey, D. K. 1970. Phytogeography and taxonomy of Pinus subsection
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4. Barbour, Michael G.; Major, Jack, eds. 1977. Terrestrial vegetation of
California. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1002 p. [388]
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bristlecone pine. American Midland Naturalist. 104(2): 242-252. [407]
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reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
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Index
Related categories for Species: Pinus longaeva
| Great Basin Bristlecone Pine
|
 |
