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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants |
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DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:Fremont cottonwood occurs in riparian habitats from western Texas west through New Mexico, Arizona, and California, northward into Nevada and Utah [49,82,92,97,104,108,120,128,139,162]. It also occurs in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts of Mexico [88,128]. The Natural Resource Conservation Service's PLANTS database provides a distributional map of Fremont cottonwood and its infrataxa in the United States. Distribution by subspecies is as follows [73,82,108,162]: Populus fremontii ssp. fremontii --- southwestern New Mexico westward through Arizona and California, extending north into southern and western Nevada, and southern and eastern Utah P. f. ssp. mesetae --- southwestern and Trans-Pecos Texas to southwestern New Mexico and Arizona and extending south on the Central Plateau into northern Mexico Fremont cottonwood does not occur in Colorado. Cottonwoods previously misidentified there as Fremont cottonwood have been reassigned as Rio Grande cottonwood (Populus deltoides var. wislizeni) [160,161]. ECOSYSTEMS [64]:FRES29 Sagebrush FRES28 Western hardwoods FRES30 Desert shrub FRES35 Pinyon-juniper FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub FRES40 Desert grasslands STATES:
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [20]:3 Southern Pacific Border 4 Sierra Mountains 6 Upper Basin and Range 7 Lower Basin and Range 12 Colorado Plateau 13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont 14 Great Plains KUCHLER [101] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland K027 Mesquite bosques K030 California oakwoods K031 Oak-juniper woodland K032 Transition between K031 and K037 K037 Mountain-mahogany-oak scrub K038 Great Basin sagebrush K039 Blackbrush K040 Saltbush-greasewood K041 Creosotebush K042 Creosotebush-bursage K051 Wheatgrass-bluegrass K055 Sagebrush steppe K057 Galleta-threeawn shrubsteppe SAF COVER TYPES [55]:68 Mesquite 222 Black cottonwood-willow 235 Cottonwood-willow 239 Pinyon-juniper 240 Arizona cypress 242 Mesquite 255 California coast live oak SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [140]:202 Coast live oak woodland 203 Riparian woodland 211 Creosote bush scrub 212 Blackbush 303 Bluebunch wheatgrass-western wheatgrass 401 Basin big sagebrush 412 Juniper-pinyon woodland 413 Gambel oak 422 Riparian 501 Saltbush-greasewood 503 Arizona chaparral 504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland 509 Transition between K031 and K037 HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:Fremont cottonwood can occur in pure stands but more often grows in association with willows (Salix spp.), other trees, and shrubs [26,49]. Groves of cottonwoods were used as an indicator of water, especially in low desert areas, during the early exploration of the western United States [104]. Historically, Fremont cottonwood dominated many of the riparian woodlands of the Central Valley of California [86]. Published classification systems listing varieties of Fremont cottonwood as indicator species or as dominant components of community types or plant associations are listed below. Community ecology and distribution of California hardwood forests and woodlands [12] Forest and woodland habitat types (plant associations) of Arizona south of Mogollon Rim and southwestern New Mexico [16] Vegetation and soils of the Churchill Canyon Watershed [21] Flora and vegetation of the Rincon Mountains [23] Southwestern wetlands - their classification and characteristics [30] Association types in the North Coast Ranges of California [38] Riparian vegetation and flora of the Sacramento Valley [39] A framework for plant community classification and conservation in Texas [42] New Mexico vegetation: past, present, and future [43] Classification of riparian vegetation [44] Vegetation and community types of the Chihuahuan Desert [81] Preliminary descriptions of the terrestrial natural communities of California [84] Vegetation types of the San Bernardino Mountains [87] Preliminary classification for the coniferous forest and woodland series of Arizona and New Mexico [107] Biotic communities in the sub-Mogollon region of the inland Southwest [109] Wetlands [115] A series vegetation classification for Region 3 [119] Classification of riparian habitat in the Southwest [124] A survey of riparian forest flora and fauna in California [133] Desert grassland (riparian community in desert grassland region) [138] Riparian forest and scrubland community types of Arizona and New Mexico [148] Riparian habitat classification in the southwestern United States [150] Plant communities of Texas (Series level) [151] Vegetation of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona [158] Vegetation of the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona [163] In Nevada, Fremont cottonwood is listed as a community codominant with Goodding willow, with a basin big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata var. tridentata)-cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) understory [21]. In California riparian woodlands, Fremont cottonwood is associated with northern California walnut (Juglans hindsii) [19,80,112], coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) [14], valley oak (Q. lobata) [19,54,80,110], Goodding willow [28,65], sandbar willow (Salix exigua) [28], arroyo willow (S. lasiolepis) [28,121], red willow (S. laevigata) [111,112,121], Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia) [19,110,111,112], green ash (F. pennsylvanica) [65], white alder (Alnus rhombifolia) [14,110,111,112,118], California sycamore (Platanus racemosa) [14,19,67,110,118,125], box elder (Acer negundo) [19,67,110], bigleaf maple (A. macrophyllum) [118], red alder (Alnus rubra) [67], Arizona alder (A. oblongifolia) [80], Tecate cypress (Cupressus forbesii) [7], Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) [28], and saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) [28]. Understory species include Oregon false goldenaster (Heterotheca oregona var. oregona), California wild grape (Vitis californica) [19,80], Douglas' sagewort (Artemisia douglasiana) [19,80], Pacific dewberry (Rubus vitifolius) [19,80], lemonade sumac (Rhus integrifolia), woolly bluecurls (Trichostema lanatum), wedgeleaf ceanothus (Ceanothus cuneatus), toyon (Heteromeles arbutifolia), bush rue (Cneoridium dumosum), hollyleaf cherry (Prunus ilicifolia) [7], rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus), Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii), Torrey's saltbush (Atriplex torreyi) [28], common elderberry (Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis), trailing blackberry (Rubus ursinus) [121], California wildrose (Rosa californica) [19], and stretchberry (Forestiera pubescens) [28]. In New Mexico riparian woodlands, Fremont cottonwood is listed as a codominant with Goodding willow, sandbar willow, box elder, Arizona walnut (Juglans major), Arizona sycamore (Platanus wrightii) [27,52,54,89], Arizona white oak (Quercus arizonica), Emory oak (Q. emoryi) [109], green ash, velvet mesquite (Prosopis velutina), alligator juniper (Juniperus deppeana), catclaw acacia (Acacia greggii), saltcedar, and box elder [27]. Understory species include stretchberry, desert false indigo (Amorpha fruticosa), mule's fat (Baccharis salicifolia), screwbean mesquite (Prosopis pubescens), arrowweed (Pluchea sericea) [52,56,89], and western soapberry (Sapindus saponaria var. drummondii) [27]. Riparian forests in Arizona consist of Fremont cottonwood, black cottonwood [121], Goodding willow [27,75,83,88], velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina) [83,113], Arizona sycamore [27,83,88,92,113], Arizona walnut [27,88,92,113,116], box elder [27,116], green ash [27,88], true pinyon (Pinus edulis) [61], Emory oak, Ajo Mountain scrub oak (Quercus ajoensis), Bonpland's willow (S. bonplandiana) [109], alligator juniper, catclaw acacia, velvet mesquite [27], western honey mesquite, screwbean mesquite, Athel tamarisk (Tamarix aphylla), saltcedar, and arroweed [74,75,88]. Understory species include annual rabbitsfoot grass (Polypogon monspeliensis), tree tobacco (Nicotiana glauca), Cleveland's tobacco (N. clevelandii), pricklyburr (Datura inoxia), giant Spanish needle (Palafoxia arida var. gigantea), cattle saltbush (Atriplex polycarpa), big saltbrush (A. lentiformis), fourwing saltbush (A. canescens), small coastal germander (Teucrium cubense var. densum), coyote gourd (Cucurbita palmata), Thurber's sandpaper plant (Petalonyx thurberi), spiny chloracantha (Chloracantha spinosa) [75], mule's fat [75,88] and western soapberry [27]. In Utah, Fremont cottonwood, saltcedar, sandbar willow, peachleaf willow (Salix amygdaloides), Russian-olive, saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), and whorl-leaf watermilfoil (Myriophyllum verticillatum) make up the lowland woody community around Utah Lake. The understory consists of grasses and annuals or aquatic herbs [29]. Fremont cottonwood also occurs in Utah with Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) [83], water birch (Betula occidentalis), thinleaf alder (Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia), red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea), Gambel oak, (Q. gambelii), box elder, bigtooth maple (A. grandidentatum), narrowleaf cottonwood (Populus angustifolia), and lanceleaf cottonwood (P. × acuminata). Understory species include chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), Wood's rose (Rosa woodsii), thimbleberry (Rubus parviflorus), Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), northern black currant (Ribes hudsonianum), golden currant (R. aureum), blue wildrye (Elymus glaucus), fernleaf biscuitroot (Lomatium dissectum), Oregon-grape (Mahonia repens), sweetcicely (Osmorhiza berteroi), Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa), Kentucky bluegrass (P. pratensis), starry Solomon-seal (Maianthemum stellatum), feathery false lily-of-the-valley (M. racemosum ssp. racemosum), and Canada goldenrod (Solidago canadensis) [51].
Related categories for SPECIES: Populus fremontii | Fremont Cottonwood |
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