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REFERENCES

SPECIES: Tsuga canadensis | Eastern Hemlock
REFERENCES : 1. Abbott, Herschel G. 1962. Tree seed preferences of mice and voles in the Northeast. Journal of Forestry. 60: 97-99. [20402] 2. Allen, Arthur W.; Jordan, Peter A.; Terrell, James W. 1987. Habitat suitability index models: moose, Lake Superior region. Biol. Rep. 82 (10.155). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 47 p. [11710] 3. Anderson, Roger C.; Loucks, Orie L. 1979. White-tail deer (Odocoileus virginianus) influence on structure and composition of Tsuga canadensis forests. Journal of Applied Ecology. 16: 855-861. [20403] 4. Arthur, Stephen M.; Krohn, William B.; Gilbert, James R. 1989. Habitat use and diet of fishers. Journal of Wildlife Management. 53(3): 680-688. [8671] 5. Baker, Frederick S. 1949. A revised tolerance table. Journal of Forestry. 47: 179-181. [20404] 6. Brown, James H., Jr.; Castaneda, Cesar A.; Hindle, Robinson J. 1982. Floristic relationships anddynamics of hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) communities in Rhode Island. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 109(3): 385-391. [20407] 7. Brush, Grace S.; Lenk, Cecilia; Smith, Joanne. 1980. The natural forests of Maryland: an explanation of the vegetation map of Maryland. Ecological Monographs. 50(1): 77-92. [19035] 8. Busing, Richard T. 1989. A half century of change in a Great Smoky Mountains cove forest. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 116(3): 283-288. [10901] 9. Callaway, Ragan M.; Clebsch, Edward E. C.; White, Peter S. 1987. A multivariate analysis of forest communities in the western Great Smoky Mountains National Park. American Midland Naturalist. 118(1): 107-120. [15604] 10. Curtis, John T. 1959. The vegetation of Wisconsin. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Press. 657 p. [7116] 11. Dansereau, Pierre. 1959. The principal plant associations of the Saint Lawrence Valley. No. 75. Montreal, Canada: Contrib. Inst. Bot. Univ. Montreal. 147 p. [8925] 12. DeGraaf, Richard M; Shigo, Alex L. 1985. Managing cavity trees for wildlife in the Northeast. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-101. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. 21 p. [13481] 13. Duncan, Wilbur H.; Duncan, Marion B. 1988. Trees of the southeastern United States. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press. 322 p. [12764] 14. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905] 15. Fernald, Merritt Lyndon. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. [Corrections supplied by R. C. Rollins]. Portland, OR: Dioscorides Press. 1632 p. (Dudley, Theodore R., gen. ed.; Biosystematics, Floristic & Phylogeny Series; vol. 2). [14935] 16. Foster, David R. 1988. Disturbance history, community organization and vegetation dynamics of the old-growth Pisgah Forest, south-western New Hampshire, U.S.A. Journal of Ecology. 76: 105-134. [8719] 17. Frelich, Lee E.; Lorimer, Craig G. 1985. Current and predicted long-term effects of deer browsing in hemlock forests in Michigan, USA. Biological Conservation. 34: 99-120. [14264] 18. Frelich, Lee E.; Lorimer, Craig G. 1991. Natural disturbance regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the upper Great Lakes region. Ecological Monographs. 61(2): 145-164. [15036] 19. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998] 20. Godman, R. M.; Lancaster, Kenneth. 1990. Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. eastern hemlock. In: Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H., technical coordinators. Silvics of North America. Volume 1. Conifers. Agric. Handb. 654. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 604-612. [13421] 21. Hacker, David; Renfro, James. 1992. Great Smoky Mountain plants studied for ozone sensitivity. Park Science. 12(1): 6-7. [17788] 22. Hemond, Harold F.; Niering, William A.; Goodwin, Richard H. 1983. Two decades of vegetation change in the Connecticut Arboretum Natural Area. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 110(2): 184-194. [9045] 23. Henry, J. D.; Swan, J. M. A. 1974. Reconstructing forest history from live and dead plant material- an approach to the study of forest succession in southwest New Hampshire. Ecology. 55: 772-783. [8725] 24. Hibbs, D. E. 1983. Forty years of forest succession in central New England. Ecology. 64(6): 1394-1401. [9613] 25. Hooper, Robert G. 1978. Cove forests: bird communities and management options. In: DeGraaf, Richard M, technical coordinator. Proceedings of the Workshop Management of Southern Forests for Nongame Birds; 1978 January 24 - January 26; Atlanta, GA. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-14. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station: 90-97. [17951] 26. Hosie, R. C. 1969. Native trees of Canada. 7th ed. Ottawa, ON: Canadian Forestry Service, Department of Fisheries and Forestry. 380 p. [3375] 27. Hough, A. F.; Forbes, R. D. 1943. The ecology and silvics of forests in the high plateaus of Pennsylvania. Ecological Monographs. 13(3): 299-320. [8723] 28. Kelty, Matthew J. 1987. Shelterwood cutting as an even-aged reproduction method. In: Nyland, Ralph D., editor. Managing northern hardwoods: Proceedings of a silvicultural symposium; 1986 June 23-25; Syracuse, NY. Faculty of Forestry Miscellaneous Publication No. 13 (ESF 87-002); Society of American Foresters Publication No. 87-03. Syracuse, NY: State University of New York, College of Environmental Science and Forestry: 128-142. [10653] 29. Kelty, Matthew J. 1988. Sources of hardwood regeneration and factors that influence these sources. In: Smith, H. Clay; Perkey, Arlyn W.; Kidd, William E., Jr., eds. Guidelines for regenerating Appalachian hardwood stands: Workshop proceedings; 1988 May 24-26; Morgantown, WV. SAF Publ. 88-03. Morgantown, WV: West Virginia University Books: 17-30. [13931] 30. Kessell, S. R. 1978. Adaptations and dimorphism in eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.)Carr. American Naturalist. 113(3): 333-350. [20410] 31. Kittredge, David B.; Ashton, P. Mark S. 1990. Natural regeneration patterns in even-aged mixed stands in southern New England. Northern Journal of Applied Forestry. 7: 163-168. [13323] 32. Kotar, John; Kovach, Joseph A.; Locey, Craig T. 1988. Field guide to forest habitat types of northern Wisconsin. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin, Department of Forestry; Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 217 p. [11510] 33. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384] 34. Kudish, Michael. 1992. Adirondack upland flora: an ecological perspective. Saranac, NY: The Chauncy Press. 320 p. [19376] 35. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). Agric. Handb. 541. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 375 p. [2952] 36. Martin, S. Clark. 1980. Mesquite. In: Eyre, F. H., ed. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters: 118. [9858] 37. Lorimer, Craig G. 1977. The presettlement forest and natural disturbance cycle of northeastern Maine. Ecology. 58: 139-148. [9711] 38. Marquis, David A. 1975. Seed storage and germination under northern hardwood forests. Canadian Journal of Forestry Resources. 5: 478-484. [6684] 39. Martin, N. D. 1959. An anaylsis of forest succession in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Ecological Monographs. 29(3): 187-218. [19930] 40. Martin, William H. 1992. Characteristics of old-growth mesophytic forests. Natural Areas Journal. 12(3): 127-135. [19371] 41. McIntosh, Robert P. 1972. Forests of the Catskill Mountains, New York. Ecological Monographs. 42: 143-161. [8857] 42. Monk, Carl D.; Imm, Donald W.; Potter, Robert L.; Parker, Geoffrey G. 1989. A classification of the deciduous forest of eastern North America. Vegetatio. 80: 167-181. [9297] 43. Jones, Steven M. 1989. Application of landscape ecosystem classification in identifying productive potential of pine-hardwood stands. In: Waldrop, Thomas A., ed. Proceedings of pine-hardwood mixtures: a symposium on management and ecology of the type; 1989 April 18-19; Atlanta, GA. Gen. Tech. Rep. SE-58. Asheville, SC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station: 64-69. [10259] 44. Moore, William H.; Johnson, Frank M. 1967. Nature of deer browsing on hardwood seedlings and sprouts. Journal of Wildlife Management. 31(2): 351-353. [16394] 45. Nelson, John B. 1986. The natural communities of South Carolina. Columbia, SC: South Carolina Wildlife & Marine Resources Department. 54 p. [15578] 46. Palik, Brian J.; Pregitzer, Kurt S. 1992. A comparison of presettlement and present-day forests on two bigtooth aspen-dominated landscapes in northern lower Michigan. American Midland Naturalist. 127(2): 327-338. [18188] 47. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843] 48. Raynal, D. J.; Roman, J. R.; Eichenlaub, W. M. 1982. Response of tree seedlings to acid precipitation. I. Effect of substrate acidity on seed germination. Environmental and Experimental Botany. 22(3): 377-383. [12531] 49. Rogers, Lynn L.; Allen, Arthur W. 1987. Habitat suitability index models: Black bear, upper Great Lakes region. Biol. Rep. 82 (10.144). Washingtion D. C.: U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 54 p. [11711] 50. Rogers, Lynn L.; Wilker, Gregory A.; Scott, Sally S. 1990. Managing natural populations of black bears in wilderness. In: Lime, David W., ed. Managing America's enduring wilderness resource: Proceedings of the conference; 1989 September 11-17; Minneapolis, MN. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota, Minnesota Extension Service; Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station: 363-366. [15409] 51. Rogers, R. S. 1978. Forests dominated by hemlock (Tsuga canadensis): distribution as related to site and postsettlement history. Canadian Journal of Botany. 56: 843-854. [20408] 52. Rudnicky, James L.; McDonnell, Mark J. 1989. Forty-eight years of canopy change in a hardwood-hemlock forest in New York City. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 116(1): 52-64. [12567] 53. Runkle, James R. 1990. Eight years change in an old Tsuga canadensis woods affected by beech bark disease. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 117(4): 409-419. [13759] 54. Ruth, Robert H. 1974. Tsuga (Endl.) Carr. hemlock. In: Schopmeyer, C. S., ed. Seeds of woody plants in the United States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 819-827. [7770] 55. Spurr, Stephen H. 1956. Forest associations in the Harvard Forest. Ecological Monographs. 26(3): 245-262. [7451] 56. Stearns, Forest. 1951. The composition of the sugar maple-hemlock-yellow birch association in northern Wisconsin. Ecology. 32(2): 245-265. [10588] 57. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090] 58. Swan, Frederick R., Jr. 1970. Post-fire response of four plant communities in south-central New York state. Ecology. 51(6): 1074-1082. [3446] 59. Telfer, Edmund S. 1972. Browse selection by deer and hares. Journal of Wildlife Management. 36(4): 1344-1349. [12455] 60. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1982. National list of scientific plant names. Vol. 1. List of plant names. SCS-TP-159. Washington, DC. 416 p. [11573] 61. Vogl, Richard J. 1977. Fire: a destructive menace or a natural process?. In: Cairns, J., Jr.; Dickson, K. L.; Herricks, E. E., eds. Recovery and restoration of damaged ecosystems: Proceedings of the international symposium; 1975 March 23-25; Blacksburg, VA. Charlottesvile, VA: University Press of Virginia: 261-289. [10055] 62. Wendel, G. W.; Della, Bianca, Lino; Russell, James; Lancaster, Kenneth F. 1983. Eastern white pine including eastern hemlock. In: Burns, Russell M., tech. comp. Silvicultural systems for the major forest types of the United States. Agric. Handb. 445. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: 131-134. [20409] 63. Whitney, Gordon G. 1986. Relation of Michigan's presettlement pine forests to substrate and disturbance history. Ecology. 67(6): 1548-1559. [8713] 64. Whitney, G. G. 1990. The history and status of the hemlock-hardwood forests of the Allegheny Plateau. Journal of Ecology. 78: 443-458. [13277] 65. Eriksson, Gosta; Jonsson, Alena; Dormling, Ingegerd; [and others]. 1993. Retrospective early tests of Pinus sylvestris L. seedlings grown under five nutrient regimes. Forest Science. 39(1): 95-117. [7066]

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