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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Juniperus scopulorum | Rocky Mountain Juniper
ABBREVIATION :
JUNSCO
SYNONYMS :
J. scopulorum var. columnaris
SCS PLANT CODE :
NO-ENTRY
COMMON NAMES :
Rocky Mountain juniper
TAXONOMY :
The fully documented species scientific name is Juniperus scopulorum
Sarg. [13,19].
Rocky Mountain juniper forms natural hybrids with Juniperus virginiana,
J. deppeana, and J. horizontalis [15].
LIFE FORM :
Tree
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
D. Tirmenstein, November 1986
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Tirmenstein, D. 1986. Juniperus scopulorum. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Juniperus scopulorum | Rocky Mountain Juniper
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Rocky Mountain juniper is widely distributed throughout much of the
Pacific Northwest, Rocky Mountains, Great Basin, and Northern Plains.
It occurs from the drier lower foothills of central British Columbia and
Alberta, southward through Montana, eastern Washington and Oregon to
Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona [6,21]. Rocky Mountain juniper
extends from eastern Nevada to western Texas and the Dakotas [13,33].
It is cultivated in Hawaii [34].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
STATES :
AZ CO HI ID MT NE NV NM ND OK
OR SD TX UT WA WY AB BC SK MEXICO
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
BADL BAND BICA BLCA BRCA CACH
CACA CEBR CODA CRMO DETO DINO
FLFO FOBU GLAC GRCA GRTE GRKO
GRSA GUMO MEVE NABR NOCA OLYM
ROMO SAJH SCBL THRO TICA WACA
WICA YELL ZION
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K11 Western ponderosa forest
K12 Douglas-fir forest
K16 Eastern ponderosa forest
K17 Black Hills pine forest
K18 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K19 Arizona pine forest
K21 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K23 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K37 Mountain mahogany - oak scrub
K38 Great Basin sagebrush
K40 Saltbush - greasewood
K55 Sagebrush steppe
K56 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K63 Foothills prairie
K64 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K65 Grama - buffalograss
K66 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K67 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
K68 Wheatgrass - grama - buffalo grass
K70 Sandsage - bluestem prairie
K74 Bluestem prairie
K81 Oak savanna
K98 Northern floodplain forest
Disturbed areas
SAF COVER TYPES :
210 Interior Douglas-fir
219 Limber pine
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
235 Cottonwood - willow
237 Interior ponderosa pine
239 Pinyon - juniper
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Rocky Mountain juniper occurs most commonly in open woodlands, or with
sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) and grasses. In the northern portion of its
range, Rocky Mountain juniper occurs in pure, open stands with ponderosa
pine (Pinus ponderosa) on southern and western exposures, and with
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga mensiezii) on north and east-facing slopes. At
higher elevations, Rocky Mountain juniper grows with limber pine (P.
flexilis), lodgepole pine (P. contorta), whitebark pine (P. albicaulis),
subalpine larch (Larix lyallii), Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii),
and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa). It occurs with Douglas-fir and
Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) along the Pacific Coast of
Washington [6].
Although the understory is variable, big sagebrush (A. tridentata) is
the most common understory plant in the Pacific Northwest and
Intermountain region. Other important shrubs include antelope
bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata), and rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.).
In the Southwest, Rocky Mountain juniper occurs with Gambel oak (Q.
gambelii), wavyleaf oak (Q. undulata), and broom snakeweed (Gutierrez
sarothrae). It is commonly found with bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus
elymoides), Sandberg bluegrass (Posa sucunda), and Indian ricegrass
(Oryzopsis hymenoides) in the northern part of its range, and with blue
grama (Bouteloua gracilis) in the Southwest [21]. In parts of the
Southwest, Rocky Mountain juniper grows in almost pure uneven-aged
stands, or with black cottonwood (Populus tricocarpa) along
streambottoms [6]. Rocky Mountain juniper reaches to the edges of
pinyon-juniper (Pinus-Juniperus spp.) woodlands where it is found with
pinyon and one-seed juniper (J. monosperma) [6,33]. It occurs with Utah
juniper (J. osteosperma) on the Coconino Plateau [6].
Rocky Mountain juniper is an indicator of climax in a variety of dry
conifer, sagebrush grassland and mountain brushland habitat types. It
occurs as a codominant with ponderosa pine, pinyon, Gambel oak, big
sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, true mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus
montanus), common snowberry (Symphoriocarpos albus), bluebunch
wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum
smithii), blue grama, and little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium).
A list of publications naming Rocky Mountain juniper as a dominant
species in vegetation, habitat, or community type classifications
follows.
Presettlement vegetation of part of northwest Moffat County, Colorado [1]
Sagebrush-steppe habitat types in northern Colorado: a first
approximation [7]
Native woodland ecology and habitat classification of southwestern North
Dakota [9]
The vegetation of Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota: a
habitat type classification [10]
Grassland, shrubland, and forestland habitat types of the White
River-Arapaho National Forest [12]
Forest vegetation of the White River National Forest in western
Colorado: a habitat type classification [14]
Key to the forested plant associtaions of northern Colorado and southern
Wyoming [16]
Forest habitat types of Montana [20]
Plant associations (habitat types) of Region 2., 3rd ed. [28]
Forest habitat types on the Medicine Bow National Forest, southeastern
Wyoming: preliminary report [32]
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Juniperus scopulorum | Rocky Mountain Juniper
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
In some areas, Rocky Mountain juniper has been used for firewood, poles, and
fenceposts. As with other species of juniper, Rocky Mountain juniper is
highly durable, resistant to rot, and clean-burning.
Juniper species in general, have been used to at least a limited extent
for paneling, furniture, pulp, particleboard, and novelty items [15,24].
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Rocky Mountain juniper provides food and cover for a number of wildlife
species. It is used to at least some extent by elk, mule deer,
whitetail deer, bighorn sheep, and antelope. Rocky Mountain juniper
"berries" are readily consumed by migratory birds such as Bohemian
waxwings, as well as turkeys, and other upland game birds [6].
"Berries" are also eaten by many species of small mammals. Rocky
Mountain juniper is sometimes used by sheep and other domestic livestock
but is not a favored foliage plant.
PALATABILITY :
Palatability of Rocky Mountain juniper has been rated as follows [3]:
CO MT ND OR UT WY
Cattle Poor ---- ---- ---- Poor Poor
Sheep Poor ---- ---- ---- Fair Fair
Horses Poor ---- ---- ---- Poor Poor
Antelope ---- ---- ---- ---- Fair Poor
Bighorn ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Elk Poor Poor ---- ---- Fair Fair
Mountain goat ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Mule deer Poor Poor ---- ---- Fair Good
White-tailed deer ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- Fair
Small mammals ---- ---- ---- ---- Good Good
Small non-game birds ---- ---- ---- ---- Good Good
Upland game birds ---- ---- ---- ---- Good Poor
Waterfowl ---- ---- ---- ---- Poor Poor
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Rocky Mountain juniper is rated as good in energy value and fair in protein
value [3].
COVER VALUE :
The degree to which Rocky Mountain juniper provides environmental protection
during one or more seasons for wildlife species is as follows [3]:
CO MT ND OR UT WY
Pronghorn ---- ---- Poor ---- Poor Poor
Bighorn sheep ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Elk Fair Good ---- ---- Fair Good
Mountain goat ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
Mule deer Good Good Good ---- Good Good
White-tailed deer ---- ---- Good ---- ---- Good
Small mammals Good Fair Good ---- Good Good
Small nongame Good Fair Good ---- Good Good
birds
Upland game birds ---- Fair Fair ---- Good Good
Waterfowl ---- ---- ---- ---- Poor Poor
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Rocky Mountain juniper can be used in shelterbelts or reforestation
projects. Seed is collected by hand-stripping or by shaking into a
canvas [15].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Rocky Mountain juniper has been cultivated as an ornamental since 1936
[15]. Juniperus scopulorum var. viridifolia, var. argentea, and var.
horizontalis, are common horticultural varieties [6]. It has also been
used to produce novelty and decorative items. The essential oils of
Rocky Mountain juniper are used as flavorings, and scenting agents in
food products, medicines, and cosmetics.
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Juniperus scopulorum | Rocky Mountain Juniper
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Rocky Mountain juniper is a long-lived erect shrub or small tree which
reaches 20 to 50 ft (6.1-15.3m) in height [15]. Crown shape is conical,
with trunk diameter reaching up to 17.8 in (45cm). Bark is reddish-gray
to brown, furrowed, and shreddy [33]. Blue-green, scalelike leaves are
.04-.16 in (1-4mm) long, and mostly opposite. Twigs are slender.
Rocky Mountain juniper is generally monoecious although rarely
dioecious. Brown, staminate cones are .08-.12 in (2-3mm) in length
[33]. Female flowers form strobili or "berries," which reach .16-.32 in
(4-8mm) in diameter at maturity [15,33]. Prior to ripening, the fruit
is green with a bloom [15]. Ripe fruit is blue with a white waxy bloom
and contains two yellow to light brown seeds [27]. Heavy berry crops
are produced at 2 to 5 year intervals [6].
Rocky Mountain juniper is characterized by a long lifespan and slow
growth rate. It grows fairly uniformly to age 40 when the plant
averages 13-14 ft (4.0-4.3m) in height. After age 40 growth rate
declines, with growth averaging .55 ft (.17m) per decade. Eighty year
old trees average 18 ft (5.5m) and 300 year old plants typically grow to
30 ft (9.2m). Diameter growth averages .79 in (2.0cm) per decade until
170 years when growth slows to .255 in (.65cm) per decade. The diameter
of 300 year old trees averages 17 in (43.2cm) at 1 ft (.31m) above the
ground [6]. The average lifespan of Rocky Mountain juniper is believed
to be from 250 to 300 years [27]. However, some plants can survive much
longer. An individual growing in Logan Canyon in northern Utah is
estimated to be more than 3,000 years old [6].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Regeneration in Rocky Mountain juniper is through seed. Green female
flowers form strobili or "berries" which are generally produced in
abundance [27]. Ripe ovulate cones contain two small seeds, averaging
.16-.32 in (4-8mm) in diameter, and are blue with a white waxy bloom
[15]. Brown, staminate cones are .08-.12 in (2-3mm) in length, and grow
terminally on short branches [27].
Pistillate flowers develop during late summer and open the following
April when pollen is shed from the staminate flowers [6]. Fruit ripens
from September-December of the second year after pollination and remains
on the tree until the following March or April [6,15]. Seed can persist
for two to three years [15].
Rocky Mountain juniper begins seed production at 10-20 years of age
although maximum seed production is not attained until 50 to 200 years
[6,15]. Heavy seed crops occur at two to five year intervals.
Germination occurs during or after the second spring [27]. Seed can
remain viable for some time. Germination after 3 1/2 years was found to
be 30% [15]. An afterripening period of 14-16 months may be important
for good germination [6]. Warm stratification at 68 degrees F (20
degrees C) (night) and 86 degrees F (30 degrees C) (day) for 45-90 days,
followed by cold stratification may induce germination [15].
Seed of Rocky Mountain juniper is dispersed primarily through birds and
large or small mammals. Seed is often cached by rodents or dispersed
more widely by Bohemian waxwings and other small birds [6]. Gravity and
water can also serve as dispersal agents. Rocky Mountain juniper does
not reproduce vegetatively.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Rocky Mountain juniper occurs throughout the drier lower mountains and
foothills of the Rocky Mountains and northern plains from glaciated
valleys of British Columbia to mesas of the southwest [6]. It is a dry,
or more rarely, moist, subhumid plant which grows well on open, exposed
bluffs, rocky points, or ridgetops, on southern exposures and in ravines
or canyons [6,31]. Rocky Mountain juniper occurs at a wide range of
sites which vary significantly in soils, elevation, and climatic
factors. Stand structure and associated plant species are also highly
variable.
Rocky Mountain juniper grows best on calcareous or alkaline soils [31].
Soils are commonly derived from limestone, sandstone, shale, and basalt.
The species is found on limestone cliffs, foothills, lava beds, or on
stony, shallow limy-cemented subsoils which can be subject to rapid
erosion. It also grows in deep soils along drainages in the central and
southern part of the range [6].
Rocky Mountain juniper grows best on sites with average minimum
temperatures of from -10 degrees F (-23 degrees C) to -5 degrees F (-21
degrees C) [6]. It can however, survive temperatures of -35 degrees F
(-37 degrees C) to more than 100 degrees F (38 degrees C) [31]. Typical
average July temperatures range from 60 degrees to 75 degrees F (16
degrees to 24 degrees C), with average January temperatures of from 15
to 40 degrees F (-9.4 to 4.4 degrees C) [6]. Growing season length is
from 140 to 230 days [31]. Average annual precipitation ranges from
12-26 in (305-660mm) and annual average snowfall is from 5 to 150 in
(12.7-381cm). Rocky Mountain juniper is said to be less
drought-resistant than other western species of juniper [6].
Rocky Mountain juniper grows from near sea level in the Pacific
Northwest to 11,000 ft (3,355m) in the Intermountain Region. It is
abundant within a narrow elevational band of 6,300 to 6,500 ft
(1,922-1,983m), along the east slope of the Rocky Mountains [6].
Elevational ranges are as follows [3,6]:
from 5,000 to 9,000 ft (1,525 to 2,745m) in AZ
4,000 to 11,000 ft (1,220 to 3,355m) in CO
2,000 to 5,000 ft (610 to 1,525m) in n. ID
1,900 to 8,500 ft (580 to 2,593m) in MT
5,000 to 9,000 ft (1,525 to 2,745m) in NM
3,500 to 7,400 ft (1,068 to 2,257m) in NV
3,500 to 7,400 ft (1,068 to 2,257m) in UT
4,000 to 10,000 ft (1,220 to 3,050m) in WY
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Rocky Mountain juniper is an indicator of climax in a number of ponderosa
pine, mountain brushland, and sagebrush-grassland habitat types. Because
of its ability to survive where many other species cannot, it is also
considered to be a pioneer species in some earlier seral communities [31].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Pistillate flowers first develop during late summer of the first year
and open during the following April when staminate flowers shed pollen
[6]. Fruit ripens from mid-September to mid-December during the second
year after pollination and remains on the plant until March or April of
the following spring [6,15]. Seed germinates during the second spring
after maturity following an afterripening period of 14-16 months [27].
Rocky Mountain juniper begins to bear seed at 10 years of age but does
not reach optimum seed production until 50 to 200 years [27]. Large
seed crops are produced at two to five year intervals [15].
Flowering dates are as follows [3]:
State Earliest Date of Flowering Latest Date of Flowering
MT May June
ND April May
WY April May
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Juniperus scopulorum | Rocky Mountain Juniper
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Young Rocky Mountain juniper which has a compact crown and thin bark, is
easily killed by fire. It can be killed when the stem or crown is
scorched. Older Rocky Montain junipers have thicker bark and an open
crown, and can survive cool fires. Older trees are generally killed by
hot fires or when low-hanging branches allow the fire to enter the
crown. Rocky Mountain juniper does not resprout after fire [5].
Reestablishment is primarily through water or animal-dispersed seed.
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Tree without adventitious-bud root crown
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Juniperus scopulorum | Rocky Mountain Juniper
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Young Rocky Mountain junipers are short, have thin bark and a compact
crown. These characteristics cause them to be readily killed by fire
[5]. Young trees are often killed when the crown and stem are scorched.
Low, spreading branches can allow the fire to spread to the crown.
Older Rocky Mountain junipers have thicker bark and a more open crown
which enables them to survive low-intensity fires. Even older trees can
be killed by a hot fire however. Large older junipers have been known
to survive 4 to 6 low-intensity fires in areas with little understory.
Where understory vegetation is absent, fire damage is usually slight
[5]. In some open stands with little understory, fires do not carry.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Rocky Mountain juniper does not resprout after fire. Some older, larger
trees can survive low-intensity fires and serve as seed sources [5].
Reoccupation of a site is generally through water or animal-dispersed
seed. Recovery time depends on the distance to seed sources, the size
of the burn and presence of dispersal agents.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Juniperus scopulorum | Rocky Mountain Juniper
REFERENCES :
1. Baker, William L.; Kennedy, Susan C. 1985. Presettlement vegetation of
part of northwestern Moffat County, Colorado, described from remnants.
Great Basin Naturalist. 45(4): 747-783. [384]
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reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
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network (PIN) data base: Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, Utah, and
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Fish and Wildlife Service. 786 p. [806]
4. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
5. Fischer, William C.; Clayton, Bruce D. 1983. Fire ecology of Montana
forest habitat types east of the Continental Divide. Gen. Tech. Rep.
INT-141. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 83 p. [923]
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States. Agric. Handb. 271. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
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7. Francis, Richard E. 1983. Sagebrush-steppe habitat types in northern
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tech. coords. Proceedings of the workshop on Southwestern habitat types;
1983 April 6-8; Albuquerque, NM. Abluquerque, NM: U.S. Department of
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10. Hansen, Paul L.; Hoffman, George R.; Bjugstad, Ardell J. 1984. The
vegetation of Theodore Roosevelt National Park, North Dakota: a habitat
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[1142]
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woodlands. In: The pinyon-juniper ecosystem: a symposium; 1975 May;
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Richard C. 1977. Forest habitat types of Montana. Gen. Tech. Rep.
INT-34. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
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27. Tueller, Paul T.; Clark, James E. 1975. Autecology of pinyon-juniper
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University, College of Natural Resources, Utah Agricultural Experiment
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32. Wirsing, John M.; Alexander, Robert R. 1975. Forest habitat types on the
Medicine Bow National Forest, southeastern Wyoming: preliminary report.
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Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 11
p. [2591]
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Index
Related categories for Species: Juniperus scopulorum
| Rocky Mountain Juniper
|
 |
