VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Pinus jeffreyi | Jeffrey Pine 



WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : 
For commercial use, no distinction is made between the wood of Jeffrey pine
and ponderosa pine.  Low-grade trees are processed into dimensional lumber 
and other products for the construction market.  High-grade lumber is an
important raw material for molding, mill work, cabinets, doors, and windows 
[5].



IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : 
Food:  Birds and mammals use Jeffrey pine as a food source.  Seeds are
eaten by the Clark's nutcracker and other birds.  Many small mammals
such as mice, chipmunks, squirrels, and voles eat the stems and roots of
young Jeffrey pine.  During harsh winters or drought, large mammals such
as elk and deer will browse on the needles and bark [12].

Shelter:  Young Jeffrey pine seedlings provide ground shelter for small
birds and mammals.  Older stands serve as windbreaks for larger mammals.
Insect-killed trees provide snags and fallen logs which become habitat
for nesting birds and cavity dwellers [10,21,34].


PALATABILITY : 
Jeffrey pine is considered low in palatability to livestock and
wildlife.


NUTRITIONAL VALUE : 
NO-ENTRY


COVER VALUE : 
Jeffrey pine is an important tree for providing wildlife cover.  Birds
that use this tree include various species of flycatcher, chickadee,
warbler, and junco [7].  Primary and secondary cavity-nesting birds such
as woodpecker and sapsucker use both the live and dead pine trees.
Jeffrey pine provides thermal and escape cover for elk and deer.  Fallen
logs and stumps are used as cover by cottontail, small rodents, and
reptiles [34].


VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : 
Jeffrey pine exhibited positive revegetative potential on acid mine
waste sites in northeastern California.  It was found to be well adapted
to a sulfur mine spoil site that was high in acidity and low in nitrogen
availability [8].


OTHER USES AND VALUES : 
Jeffrey pine pitch was distilled for turpentine early in the century, however,
the terpens were found to contain high amounts of the explosive chemical
heptane [27].



MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
Jeffrey pine management must consider both biotic and abiotic factors.
Environmental conditions that cannot be managed, such as cold
temperatures, may kill needles, buds, or even inner bark.  Severe
drought or flooding can also damage root systems.  Human activities such
as road salting, sewage disposal, and air pollution all affect Jeffrey
pine [21].  Jeffrey pine is highly susceptible to ozone and acidic mists
created by pollutants from urban areas of California [39].

The usual cause of seed failure is poor seedbeds, sparse seed crops,
poor seed dissemination, seed predators, cutworms, and pathogens.  Once
established, however, Jeffrey pine responds well to silvicultural
treatments [31].  A study in northeastern California found Jeffrey
pine's average d.b.h. and height growth to increase 167 and 62 percent
respectively during the first 5 years after thinning [28].

Insects:  Many insects attack Jeffrey pine.  In general, these include
various defoliators, borers, tip moths, bark beetles, and a host of cone
and seed feeders.  The worst enemy of Jeffrey pine is the Jeffrey pine
beetle (Dendroctonus jeffreyi).  This beetle is prevalent throughout its
range and causes large amounts of timber mortality.  Two other damaging
insects include the California flatheaded borer (Melanophila
californica) and red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens) [9].

Disease:  Fungus such as elytroderma (Elytroderma deformans), Medusa
needle blight (Davisomycella medusa), and cenangium limb canker
(Cenangium ferruginosum) all reduce growth or kill Jeffrey pine.  Rust
inhibitors to growth include stalactiform rust (Peridermium
stalactiforme), filamentosum rust (Peridermium filamentosum), sweetfern
rust (Cronartium comptoniae), tarweed rust (Coleosporium madiae), and
western gall rust (Peridermium harknessii) [21].  The most damaging
disease of Jeffrey pine is caused by western dwarf mistletoe
(Arceuthobium campylopodum).  Heavy infections cause witches brooms,
reduced growth, and eventually death.  Dwarf mistletoe has predisposed
many stands to insect attack and has induced 60 to 80 percent of all
Jeffrey pine mortality in years of severe drought [9].

Root fungal diseases include annosus (Heterobasidion annosum),
armillaria (Armillaria mellea), and black stain (Verticicladiella
wagnerii).  Fungi causing heart rots include species of lentinus, fomes,
and polyporus.  Fumigation of nursery stock is necessary to control
nematodes, and root rots such as rhizoctoria, phytophthora, pythium,
macrophomina, Fusarium spp., and foliar diseases such as phoma and
sirococcus [21].

Related categories for Species: Pinus jeffreyi | Jeffrey Pine