|
|
The Columbia Encyclopedia
|
|
The Columbia Encyclopedia - Key to Pronunciation
|
|
| |
 |
sofa (s ´f), item ( ´tm), easily
( ´zl), cannon (k n´n), circus
(sûr´ks) |
|
act (kt), bat (bt) |
 |
ape (p), fail (fl), day (d) |
| â |
air (âr), care (kâr) |
| ä |
art (ärt), father (fä´thr) |
| b |
back (bk), labor
(l´br), cab (kb) |
| ch |
chin (ch n), hatchet
(hch´t), rich (rch) |
| d |
dock (d k), lady (l´d), sad (sd) |
 |
end (nd), steady
(std´), met (mt) |
|
eve (v), clear (klr), see (s) |
| f |
fat (ft), phase
(fz), cough (kôf) |
| g |
get (gt), bigger
(bg´r), tag (tg) |
| h |
hand (hnd), ahead
(hd´) |
| hw |
wheel (hwl), which (hwch) |
|
it (t), pill (pl), mirror
(mr´r) |
|
iron (´rn), eye (), buyer (b´r) |
| j |
jam (jm), ginger
(jn´jr), edge (j) |
| k |
kit (kt), tackle
(tk´l), cook
(k k) |
| l |
little (lt´l), holly (hl´), pull (pl) |
| m |
man (mn), hammer
(hm´r), climb (klm) |
| n |
new (n), known
(nn), winner
(wn´r) |
| ng |
singing (sng´ng), finger
(fng´gr), sang (sng), sank
(sngk) |
|
hot (ht), body (bd´) |
|
over (´vr), hope (hp), grow (gr) |
| ô |
orbit (ôr´bt), fall (fôl),
saw (sô) |
|
foot (ft), wolf
(wlf), put
(pt), pure
(pyr) |
 |
boot (bt), lose (lz), drew (dr), true (tr) |
| oi |
oil (oil), royal (roi´l), boy (boi) |
| ou |
out (out), crowd (kroud), how (hou) |
| p |
pipe (pp), happy (hp´) |
| r |
road (rd), appeared
(prd´), carpenter
(kär´pntr) |
| s |
so (s), cite (st), baste (bst) |
| sh |
shall (shl), sure (shr), nation
(n´shn) |
| t |
tight (tt), better
(bt´r), talked
(tôkt) |
| th |
thin (thn), bath (bth) |
| th |
then (thn), father
(fä´thr), bathe (bth) |
 |
but (bt), flood
(fld), some (sm) |
| û |
curl (kûrl), girl (gûrl), fern (fûrn),
worm (wûrm) |
| v |
vest (vst), trivial
(trv´l), eve (v) |
| w |
wax (wks), twins
(twnz) |
| y |
you (y), onion (n´yn) |
| z |
zipper (zp´r), ease (z), treads
(trdz) |
| zh |
pleasure (plzh´r), rouge (rzh) |
| |
| FOREIGN SOUNDS |
| ö |
as in French peu (pö), German Goethe (gö´t) |
| ü |
as in French Cluny (klün´) |
| kh |
as in German ach (äkh), ich (kh); Scottish loch
(lkh) |
| N |
this symbol indicates that the preceding vowel is nasal as
in French cinq (sNk), un (öN),
sans (säN), tombe (tôNb), en (äN); Portuguese
São João (souN zhwouN) |
| |
| ACCENTS AND HYPHENS |
| ´ |
primary accent, written after accented vowel or syllable:
Nebraska (nbrs´k), James Buchanan
(byk´nn) |
| ´´ |
secondary accent: Mississippi (ms´´sp´) |
| – |
dash, replacing obvious portion of pronunciation: hegemony
(hjm´n, h–, hj´m´´n, hg´–) |
| - |
hyphen, to prevent ambiguity in syllabification: Erlanger
(ûr´lng-r), dishearten (ds-här´tn)
|
| |
|
|
The
Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright © 2004, Columbia
University Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press.
All rights reserved.
|
|
|
|
|
