Introductory
SPECIES: Ceratodon purpureus | Fire Moss 



ABBREVIATION : 
CERPUR

SYNONYMS : 
   Ceratodon dimorphus 
   Mielichhoferia recurvifolia 


SCS PLANT CODE : 
NO-ENTRY


COMMON NAMES : 
   fire moss
   purple horn-toothed moss


TAXONOMY : 
The currently accepted scientific name for fire moss is Ceratodon
purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. [16].  According to Zander [33], 3 subspecies
and 36 varieties have been described worldwide, but names were not
mentioned in this source.


LIFE FORM : 
Bryophyte

FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : 
No special status

OTHER STATUS : 
NO-ENTRY 


COMPILED BY AND DATE : 
Julie L. Tesky, September 1992.


LAST REVISED BY AND DATE : 
NO-ENTRY


AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : 
Tesky, Julie L. 1992. Ceratodon purpureus.  In: Remainder of Citation

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Ceratodon purpureus | Fire Moss 



GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : 
Fire moss is widespread throughout Canada, where it is known from every
province and territory.  In the United States it occurs in every state.
It likely occurs in every country throughout the world but is possibly
replaced by closely related taxa in tropical latitudes [16].


ECOSYSTEMS : 
   FRES10  White - red - jack pine
   FRES11  Spruce - fir
   FRES12  Longleaf - slash pine
   FRES13  Loblolly - shortleaf pine
   FRES14  Oak - pine
   FRES15  Oak - hickory
   FRES16  Oak - gum - cypress
   FRES17  Elm - ash - cottonwood
   FRES18  Maple - beech - birch
   FRES19  Aspen - birch
   FRES20  Douglas-fir
   FRES21  Ponderosa pine
   FRES22  Western white pine
   FRES23  Fir - spruce
   FRES24  Hemlock - Sitka spruce
   FRES25  Larch
   FRES26  Lodgepole pine
   FRES27  Redwood
   FRES28  Western hardwoods
   FRES29  Sagebrush
   FRES30  Desert shrub
   FRES31  Shinnery
   FRES32  Texas savanna
   FRES33  Southwestern shrubsteppe
   FRES34  Chaparral - mountain shrub
   FRES35  Pinyon - juniper
   FRES36  Mountain grasslands
   FRES37  Mountain meadows
   FRES38  Plains grasslands
   FRES39  Prairie
   FRES40  Desert grasslands
   FRES41  Wet grasslands
   FRES42  Annual grasslands
   FRES44  Alpine


STATES : 
     AL  AK  AZ  AR  CA  CO  CT  DE  FL  GA
     HI  ID  IL  IN  IA  KS  KY  LA  ME  MD
     MA  MI  MN  MS  MO  MT  NE  NV  NH  NJ
     NM  NY  NC  ND  OH  OK  OR  PA  RI  SC
     SD  TN  TX  UT  VT  VA  WA  WI  WY  AB
     BC  MB  NB  NF  NT  NS  ON  PE  PQ  SK
     YT  MEXICO


ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS : 
NO-ENTRY


BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 
    1  Northern Pacific Border
    2  Cascade Mountains
    3  Southern Pacific Border
    4  Sierra Mountains
    5  Columbia Plateau
    6  Upper Basin and Range
    7  Lower Basin and Range
    8  Northern Rocky Mountains
    9  Middle Rocky Mountains
   10  Wyoming Basin
   11  Southern Rocky Mountains
   12  Colorado Plateau
   13  Rocky Mountain Piedmont
   14  Great Plains
   15  Black Hills Uplift
   16  Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands


KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : 
   K001  Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
   K002  Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
   K003  Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K004  Fir - hemlock forest
   K005  Mixed conifer forest
   K006  Redwood forest
   K007  Red fir forest
   K008  Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
   K009  Pine - cypress forest
   K010  Ponderosa shrub forest
   K011  Western ponderosa forest
   K012  Douglas-fir forest
   K013  Cedar - hemlock - pine forest
   K014  Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K015  Western spruce - fir forest
   K016  Eastern ponderosa forest
   K017  Black Hills pine forest
   K018  Pine - Douglas-fir forest
   K019  Arizona pine forest 
   K020  Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
   K021  Southwestern spruce - fir forest
   K022  Great Basin pine forest
   K023  Juniper - pinyon woodland
   K024  Juniper steppe woodland
   K025  Alder - ash forest
   K026  Oregon oakwoods
   K027  Mesquite bosque
   K028  Mosaic of K002 and K026
   K029  California mixed evergreen forest
   K030  California oakwoods
   K031  Oak - juniper woodlands
   K032  Transition between K031 and K037
   K033  Chaparral
   K034  Montane chaparral
   K036  Mosaic of K030 and K035
   K037  Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
   K038  Great Basin sagebrush
   K039  Blackbrush
   K040  Saltbush - greasewood
   K041  Creosotebush
   K042  Creosotebush - bursage
   K043  Paloverde - cactus shrub
   K044  Creosotebush - tarbush
   K045  Ceniza shrub
   K046  Desert: vegetation largely lacking
   K047  Fescue - oatgrass
   K048  California steppe
   K049  Tule marshes
   K050  Fescue - wheatgrass
   K051  Wheatgrass - bluegrass
   K052  Alpine meadows and barren
   K053  Grama - galleta steppe
   K054  Grama - tobosa prairie
   K055  Sagebrush steppe
   K056  Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
   K057  Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe
   K058  Grama - tobosa shrubsteppe
   K059  Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
   K060  Mesquite savanna
   K061  Mesquite - acacia savanna
   K062  Mesquite - live oak savanna
   K063  Foothills prairie
   K064  Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
   K065  Grama - buffalograss
   K066  Wheatgrass - needlegrass
   K067  Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
   K068  Wheatgrass - grama - buffalograss
   K069  Bluestem - grama prairie
   K070  Sandsage - bluestem prairie
   K071  Shinnery
   K072  Sea oats prairie
   K073  Northern cordgrass prairie
   K074  Bluestem prairie
   K075  Nebraska Sandhills prairie
   K076  Blackland prairie
   K077  Bluestem - sacahuista prairie
   K078  Southern cordgrass prairie
   K079  Palmetto prairie
   K080  Marl - everglades
   K081  Oak savanna
   K082  Mosaic of K074 and K100
   K083  Cedar glades
   K084  Cross Timbers
   K085  Mesquite - buffalograss
   K086  Juniper - oak savanna
   K087  Mesquite - oak savanna
   K088  Fayette prairie
   K089  Black Belt
   K090  Live oak - sea oats
   K091  Cypress savanna
   K092  Everglades
   K093  Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
   K094  Conifer bog
   K095  Great Lakes pine forest
   K096  Northeastern spruce - fir forest
   K097  Southeastern spruce - fir forest
   K098  Northern floodplain forest
   K099  Maple - basswood forest
   K100  Oak - hickory forest
   K101  Elm - ash forest
   K102  Beech - maple forest
   K103  Mixed mesophytic forest
   K104  Appalachian oak forest
   K105  Mangrove
   K106  Northern hardwoods
   K107  Northern hardwoods - fir forest
   K108  Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
   K109  Transition between K104 and K106
   K110  Northeastern oak - pine forest
   K111  Oak - hickory - pine forest
   K112  Southern mixed forest
   K113  Southern floodplain forest
   K114  Pocosin
   K115  Sand pine scrub
   K116  Subtropical pine forest


SAF COVER TYPES : 
     1  Jack pine
     5  Balsam fir
    12  Black spruce
    13  Black spruce - tamarack
    14  Northern pin oak
    15  Red pine
    16  Aspen
    18  Paper birch
    19  Gray birch - red maple
    20  White pine - northern red oak - red maple
    21  Eastern white pine
    22  White pine - hemlock
    23  Eastern hemlock
    24  Hemlock - yellow birch
    25  Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
    26  Sugar maple - basswood
    27  Sugar maple
    28  Black cherry - maple
    30  Red spruce - yellow birch
    31  Red spruce - sugar maple - beech
    32  Red spruce
    33  Red spruce - balsam fir
    34  Red spruce - Fraser fir
    35  Paper birch - red spruce - balsam fir
    37  Northern white-cedar
    38  Tamarack
    39  Black ash - American elm - red maple
    40  Post oak - blackjack oak
    42  Bur oak
    43  Bear oak
    44  Chestnut oak
    45  Pitch pine
    46  Eastern redcedar
    50  Black locust
    51  White pine - chestnut oak
    52  White oak - black oak - northern red oak
    53  White oak
    55  Northern red oak
    57  Yellow-poplar
    58  Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock
    59  Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
    60  Beech - sugar maple
    61  River birch - sycamore
    62  Silver maple - American elm
    63  Cottonwood
    64  Sassafras - persimmon
    65  Pin oak - sweetgum
    67  Mohrs ("shin") oak
    68  Mesquite
    69  Sand pine
    70  Longleaf pine
    71  Longleaf pine - scrub oak
    72  Southern scrub oak
    73  Southern redcedar
    75  Shortleaf pine
    76  Shortleaf pine - oak
    78  Virginia pine - oak
    79  Virginia pine
    80  Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
    81  Loblolly pine
    83  Longleaf pine - slash pine
    84  Slash pine
    85  Slash pine - hardwood
    88  Willow oak - water oak - diamondleaf oak
    89  Live oak
    91  Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak
    92  Sweetgum - willow oak
    93  Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
    94  Sycamore - sweetgum - American elm
    95  Black willow
    96  Overcup oak - water hickory
    98  Pond pine
   101  Baldcypress
   107  White spruce
   108  Red maple
   109  Hawthorn
   110  Black oak
   201  White spruce
   202  White spruce - paper birch
   203  Balsam poplar
   204  Black spruce
   205  Mountain hemlock
   206  Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
   207  Red fir
   208  Whitebark pine
   209  Bristlecone pine
   210  Interior Douglas-fir
   211  White fir
   212  Western larch
   213  Grand fir
   215  Western white pine
   216  Blue spruce
   217  Aspen
   218  Lodgepole pine
   219  Limber pine
   220  Rocky Mountain juniper
   221  Red alder
   222  Black cottonwood - willow
   223  Sitka spruce
   224  Western hemlock
   225  Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
   226  Coastal true fir - hemlock
   227  Western redcedar - western hemlock
   228  Western redcedar


SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : 
NO-ENTRY


HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : 
NO-ENTRY

VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Ceratodon purpureus | Fire Moss 



WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : 
NO-ENTRY


IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : 
NO-ENTRY


PALATABILITY : 
NO-ENTRY


NUTRITIONAL VALUE : 
NO-ENTRY


COVER VALUE : 
NO-ENTRY


VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : 
The rapid colonization of fire moss after disturbance can help prevent
soil erosion [29].  In revegetation trials on disturbed riverbank sites
in Quebec, Canada, fire moss was codominant with Canada bluegrass (Poa
compressa) [21].


OTHER USES AND VALUES : 
NO-ENTRY


MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
Fire moss is able to tolerate much higher pollution levels than other
mosses [26].  It is common in urban and industrial environments
subjected to a variety of pollutants, along highways, and on the
tailings and refuse associated with both coal and heavy-metal mining
activities.  Fire moss is common in the vicinity of a zinc smelter in
Palmerton, Pennsylvania.  However, populations growing on mine tailings
or in other habitats contaminated by heavy metals often lack sporophytes
in spite of vigorous gametophytic growth [30].

Fire moss contains photoprotective pigments, which are a useful
adaptation for the bright antarctic environment.  Leaf pigment varies
from green to ginger [24].

The abundance of fire moss after disturbance promotes a large
accumulation of organic matter, which favors the development of
invertebrate fauna [4].

Fire moss is eaten by some grasshopper species in the genus Tetrix [26].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Ceratodon purpureus | Fire Moss 



GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : 
Fire moss is a native, short moss that forms dense tufts or sometimes
cushions [3,28].  The stems are erect, usually about 0.5 inch (1.3 cm)
long.  The upper 0.19 inch (0.5 cm) is current year;s growth [28]; often
slightly branched by forking at the tip of the old growth [8].  The
stems sometimes become 2.4 to 3.1 inches (7-8 cm) long in shaded places
[14].  Leaves are short and hairlike, spreading when moist; somewhat
folded or twisted when dry [8,28].


RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : 
NO-ENTRY


REGENERATION PROCESSES : 
Fire moss is dioecious [30].  The capsules are held horizontally on the
end of a long seta (fruit stalk) [28].  Fire moss generally fruits
abundantly [8].  Wind is the main method of spore dispersal [23].

Spore germination in fire moss is a two-phase process.  Spores first
swell then distend [22].  Usually the setae are present in great numbers
in the colony; with changes in humidity they twist and untwist.  This
movement helps to jerk the capsules, helping in spore discharge.
Possibly the contraction of the grooves in the capsule at maturity also
helps to squeeze out the spores [28].  Spores of fire moss have remained
viable even after drying for 16 years [26].

Vegetative reproduction:  Fire moss reproduces vegetatively via
protonemata (threadlike or platelike growths) [2].


SITE CHARACTERISTICS : 
Fire moss is often found on disturbed sites.  It occurs on a wide range
of substrates including soil, rock, wood, humus, old roofs, sand, and
cracks of sidewalks [8,16,28].  It is most abundant on exposed, compact,
mineral, dry, gravelly or sandy soils but tolerates a wide range of soil
textures [28].  Sand dunes close to water in Scotland are colonized by
fire moss, which grows between the shoots of grasses [26].  Fire moss is
typically found associated with other species characteristic of
disturbed sites such as fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) and pearly
everlasting (Anaphalis margaritacea) [6].


SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : 
Obligate Initial Community Species

Fire moss prefers low competition and high light; however, it is
somewhat shade tolerant [15,18].  It is a colonizer of disturbed sites
and readily invades mineral soil by spores [23].  Fire moss is often
replaced by flowering plants in later stages of succession [26].  In the
black spruce (Picea mariana)-lichen woodlands of Alaska and Canada, the
first stage of revegetation, which lasts from 1 to 20 years, is
dominated by pioneer mosses such as fire moss.  Fire moss continues to
increase in the early part of the shrub stage but begins to decrease
toward the end of this stage [32].


SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : 
Fire moss sporophytes appear early in the spring, as soon as the snow
melts [3].  In March, the setae reach their full height and begin to
turn from green to red.  Capsules mature by late spring [8].  By
midsummer the capsules often decay, and the setae break from the moss
[14].

FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Ceratodon purpureus | Fire Moss 



FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : 
Fire moss's light wind-carried spores readily colonize burned areas
[23].


POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : 
NO-ENTRY

FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Ceratodon purpureus | Fire Moss 



IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : 
Fire moss is typically killed by fire [7].


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : 
NO-ENTRY


PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : 
Fire moss will colonize burned areas through lightweight, off-site,
wind-dispersed spores [2,7].  High-severity fire, which exposes mineral
soil, provides ideal conditions for the germination of fire moss spores.
Fire moss is often the dominant vegetation for several years following
high-severity fire [26].  It produces few spores late in the first
postfire year and many in the second [7].  If fire takes place in early
spring; gametospores can develop in 4 to 5 months.  If the fire takes
place in the fall, colonization is slower [26].


DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : 
Following a 1976 high-severity summer fire on heathlands of Brittany,
France, fire moss was the most prevalent species in the majority of
sites until fall of 1979 when heavy rain and frost caused high mortality
[4].  Fire moss populations culminated about 15 years after a
high-severity fire in northern Sweden.  After 24 years, populations had
declined considerably [31].  At one site in Michigan, fire moss was
first observed in 1930, 4 years after a high-severity fire.  By 1940,
this moss covered 50 percent of the ground, and by 1950 it had colonized
95 percent.  Other mosses and Cladonia lichens appeared in 1942 and by
1971 had almost replaced fire moss [26].  On a severely burned heathland
in Brittany, France, a moss layer dominated by fire moss developed to a
maximum in the first year then decreased rapidly and disappeared by the
third year.  Forty-three percent of the original fire moss patches were
replaced by patches of the moss Polytrichum piliferum [12].


FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : 
NO-ENTRY

FIRE CASE STUDIES
SPECIES: Ceratodon purpureus | Fire Moss 



CASE NAME : 
The effects of fires on black spruce forests 


REFERENCE : 
Dyrness, C. T.; Norum, R. A. 1983 [9]


SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION : 
Seven units of black spruce (Picea mariana)-feather moss forest were
experimentally burned under various fuel moisture conditions during the
summer of 1978.  Surface woody fuels were sparse and the principal
carrier fuel was the forest floor (largely mosses and their
decomposition products).  Forest floors after burning comprised a
small-scale mosaic of unburned, scorched, lightly burned, moderately
burned, and heavily burned conditions.


STUDY LOCATION : 
The area lies within the W 1/2 sec. 12, NE 1/4 sec. 13, T.4 N, R.2 W, of
the Fairbanks Meridian.


PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY : 
The prefire vegetation was a typical open black spruce/feather moss
forest community.  The mature, open black spruce tree layer comprised a
mosaic of two dominant age-classes of about 85 and 140 years.  Some of
the seven units burned had small groups of aspen (Populus tremuloides)
and scattered paper birch (Betula papyrifera).  The tall shrub layer was
represented by scattered clumps of American green alder (Alnus crispa),
willows (Salix spp.) and prickly rose (Rosa acicularis).  The most
common low-growing shrubs were mountain cranberry (Vaccinium
vitis-idaea), bog blueberry (V. uliginosum), crowberry (Empetrum nigrum)
and Labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum).  The herbaceous layer was very
sparse.  Virtually the entire forest floor was covered with a thick
layer of feather mosses.


TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE : 
NO-ENTRY


SITE DESCRIPTION : 
The total burned area covers about 32 acres (13 ha).  The elevation is
1,575 to 1,706 feet (480-520 m).  The slope is 10 to 15 percent and the
aspect is generally southeast to south from a main ridge running
southwest to northeast.  The position of the fires was on the upper
third of the slope.  The soil is silty loam, somewhat poorly drained in
shallow loess over schist bedrock.  Before the fire, a forest-floor
layer 8 to 12 inches (20-30 cm) thick was present.  The mineral soil is
made up of a very dark-brown silty loam surface horizon underlain by a
yellowish-brown, stony (30-50 percent by volume), silty loam subsoil.
Bedrock was generally within 29 inches (75 cm) of the surface.


FIRE DESCRIPTION : 
Seven units of approximately 5 acres (2 ha) each were burned
individually between July 19 and August 8, 1978.  The down, dead, woody
fuels contributed little to fire behavior or subsequent fire effects.
Fire behavior on the seven units varied from slowly moving surface fires
to rapidly advancing crown fires.  All fires became crown fires on parts
or all of each unit.  The crown fires were passive, making the
transition after hot surface fires had passed beneath the trees.  The
surface fires determined the rate of spread, and the crown fires
followed, with flames commonly reaching 50 feet (15 m) or more.  Most of
the units were completely covered by fire and had burned down to glowing
combustion within an hour after ignition.  Weather conditions during the
fire at the seven units were as follows:

                                     Unit
                        1     2     3     4     5     6     7

Temperature (deg C)     23    21    24    21    22    21    26
Relative humidity       42    33    30    54    42    33    36
Wind (mph)              1-4   5-8   4-6   1-2   3-6   3-5   3-5
Wind direction          SSW   SW    SW    SW    SSW   SW    SSW
Rate of spread (ft/min) 1.5   3.7   3.8   1.0   4.0   -     5.9
Flame length (ft)       1.9   2.5   3.5   0.5   2.2   3.0   2.2



FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES : 
Fire moss was apparently not present in the prefire community.  For the
first 2 years after fire, heavily burned sites were invaded by fire
moss, which dominated along with fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) and
Marchantia polymorpha.  Fire moss greatly increased in biomass for the
first 3 postfire years from about 8 g/m sq in 1979 to 38 g/m sq in 1980
and almost 60 g/m sq in 1981.


FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS : 
Species such as fire moss tend to invade heavily burned areas by light,
wind-borne spores.  However, competition from sprouting plants on
lightly burned areas tends to limit fire moss invasion.  Areas must be
burned severely if a postfire community dominated by fire moss is the
goal.

References for species: Ceratodon purpureus

1. Andersson, Lars I.; Hytteborn, Hakan. 1991. Bryophytes and decaying wood--a comparison between managed and natural forest. Holarctic Ecology. 14(2): 121-130. [14472]

2. Auclair, A. N. D. 1983. The role of fire in lichen-dominated tundra and forest-tundra. In: Wein, Ross W.; MacLean, David A., eds. The role of fire in northern circumpolar ecosystems. Scope 18. New York: John Wiley & Sons: 235-256. [18510]

3. Bland, John H. 1971. Forests of Lilliput. The realm of mosses and lichens. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 210 p. [18663]

4. Clement, B.; Touffet, J. 1981. Vegetation dynamics in Brittany heathlands after fire. Vegetatio. 46: 157-166. [18454]

5. Conard, Henry S. 1956. How to know the mosses and liverworts. Dubuque, IA: Wm.C. Brown Company Publishers. 226 p. [9927]

6. Cormack, R. G. H. 1953. A survey of coniferous forest succession in the eastern Rockies. Forestry Chronicle. 29: 218-232. [16458]

7. Crane, M. F.; Habeck, James R.; Fischer, William C. 1983. Early postfire revegetation in a western Montana Douglas-fir forest. Res. Pap. INT-319. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 29 p. plus chart. [710]

8. Dunham, Elizabeth Marie. 1951. How to know the mosses: a popular guide to the mosses of the United States. Boston, MA: The Mosher Press. 289 p. [30992]

9. Dyrness, C. T.; Norum, Rodney A. 1983. The effects of experimental fires on black spruce forest floors in interior Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 13: 879-893. [7299]

10. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]

11. Foote, M. Joan. 1983. Classification, description, and dynamics of plant communities after fire in the taiga of interior Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-307. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 108 p. [7080]

12. Forgeard, F. 1990. Development, growth and species richness on Brittany heathlands after fire. Oecologica. 11(2): 191-213. [15641]

13. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]

14. Grout, A. J. 1932. Moss flora of North America, north of Mexico. Vol. 3. Part 3. New York: The author. 277 p. [18657]

15. Hall, Christine N.; Kuss, Fred R. 1989. Vegetation alteration along trails in Shenandoah National Park, Virginia. Biological Conservation. 48: 211-227. [9306]

16. Ireland, R. R. 1982. Moss flora of the Maritime Provinces. Publications in Botany No. 13. [Ottawa, ON]: National Museum of Natural Sciences. 738 p. [18662]

17. Kelsall, John P. 1957. Continued barren-ground caribou studies. Wildlife Management Bulletin Series 1: No. 12. Ottawa, Canada: Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, National Parks Branch, Canadian Wildlife Service. 148 p. [16597]

18. Klinka, K.; Krajina, V. J.; Ceska, A.; Scagel, A. M. 1989. Indicator plants of coastal British Columbia. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press. 288 p. [10703]

19. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York: American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]

20. Lutz, H. J. 1953. The effects of forest fires on the vegetation of interior Alaska. Juneau, AK: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 36 p. [7076]

21. Morin, Edith; Bouchard, Andre; Jutras, Pierre. 1989. Ecological analysis of disturbed riverbanks in the Montreal area of Quebec. Environmental Management. 13(2): 215-225. [13233]

22. Olesen, Peter; Mogensen, Gert Steen. 1978. Ultrastructure, histochemistry and notes on germination stages of spores in selected mosses. The Bryologist. 81(4): 493-516. [31110]

23. Perez, Francisco L. 1991. Ecology and morphology of globular mosses of Grimmia longirostris in the Paramo de Piedras Blancas, Venezuelan Andes. Arctic and Alpine Research. 23(2): 133-148. [14958]

24. Post, A. 1990. Photoprotective pigment as an adaptive strategy in the Antarctic moss Ceratodon purpureus. Polar Biology. 10(4): 241-246. [18948]

25. Racine, Charles H. 1981. Tundra fire effects on soils and three plant communities along a hill-slope gradient in the Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Arctic. 34(1): 71-84. [7233]

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Related categories for Species: Ceratodon purpureus | Fire Moss