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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Marchantia polymorpha | Liverwort
ABBREVIATION :
MARPOL
SYNONYMS :
Marchantia aquatica (Nees) Burgeff
SCS PLANT CODE :
NO-ENTRY
COMMON NAMES :
liverwort
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of this liverwort is Marchantia
polymorpha L.; it is in the class Hepaticae [16,34]. The following
varieties are recognized based on ecological and morphological
characteristics [13,14]:
Marchantia polymorpha L. var. polymorpha
Marchantia polymorpha L. var. aquatica Nees --often submerged with
the thallus erect or suberect
Marchantia polymorpha L. var. alpestris Nees --most often in dense
compact patches in alpine regions with prostrate
thallus
LIFE FORM :
Bryophyte
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Robin F. Matthews, May 1993.
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Matthews, Robin F. 1993. Marchantia polymorpha. pIn: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Marchantia polymorpha | Liverwort
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Marchantia polymorpha is the most widely distributed hepatic in the
world [47]. It is a cosmopolitan species that occurs from tropical to
arctic regions [6,14,42,47].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
FRES25 Larch
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES31 Shinnery
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES37 Mountain meadows
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
FRES44 Alpine
STATES :
AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE FL GA
HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD
MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ
NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC
SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WI WY AB
BC MB NB NF NT NS ON PE PQ SK
YT
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
NO-ENTRY
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
widely distributed, occurs in most types within its range
SAF COVER TYPES :
widely distributed, occurs in most types within its range
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Marchantia polymorpha is found in various habitats ranging from tropical
forests to arctic tundra but is not a dominant or indicator species in
published classification schemes.
Commonly associated species in northern North America include postfire
invaders or sprouters such as willows (Salix spp.), blueberries
(Vaccinium spp.), fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium), bluejoint
reedgrass (Calamagrosits canadensis), sheathed cottonsedge (Eriophorum
vaginatum), fire moss (Ceratodon purpurea), and other mosses (Funaria
hygrometrica, Polytrichum commune, P. juniperum, P. piliferum).
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Marchantia polymorpha | Liverwort
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
NO-ENTRY
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Invasion and formation of M. polymorpha mats after fire helps to prevent
soil erosion [43,44].
In southeastern British Columbia, M. polymorpha colonized mineral soil
exposed by skid trails [38].
Marchantia polymorpha has a high lead tolerance and may be an indicator
of high lead concentrations [10]. It also tolerates other heavy metals
[14,30,32]. Gemmalings grow in lead concentrations to 400 parts per
million (p/m) and zinc concentrations to 100 p/m. Copper suppresses
growth but chelated copper complexed with ethylene-diaminetetraacetic
acid is tolerated at high levels [15].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Historically, M. polymorpha was thought to be an antidote for diseases
of the liver and tuberculosis due to the fact that its form and texture
resemble that of an animal liver [8].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Dichlorophen kills M. polymorpha [11].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Marchantia polymorpha | Liverwort
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Marchantia polymorpha has a flat, branching form. The thallus is
generally 0.8 to 4 inches (2-10 cm) long and 0.3 to 0.8 inch (7-20 mm)
broad. Thalli are dichotomously branched and exhibit apical growth.
Numerous rhizoids attach the gametophyte (thallus) to the soil. Smooth
rhizoids penetrate the soil, while tuberculate rhizoids run horizontally
along the surface of the plant. Marchantia polymorpha is dioecious
[5,8,9,34].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
NO-ENTRY
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Marchantia polymorpha has two alternate forms in its life cycle: a
gametophytic stage and a sporophytic stage. The gametophyte propagates
itself vegetatively and also produces the gametes which give rise to the
sporophyte [8,9,55].
In sexual reproduction, antheridia and archegonia develop on separate
plant bodies and are borne on stalked antheridiophores and
archegoniophores, respectively. Fertilization takes place prior to
elongation of the stalk, and a sporophyte is formed. Spores with
hygroscopic elaters (slender threads that twist and coil as they dry and
propel spores into the air) subsequently develop and are released [8].
As many as 7 million spores may be formed on each plant [55].
Vegetative reproduction may occur as a result of fragmentation or gemma
cup production. In fragmentation, new plants are formed when older
plant parts die at the fork of a branch of a thallus. The two branches
then become separate individuals [8]. Gametophytes produce propagative
structures called gemma cups. Each gemma gives rise to numerous gemmae
that are released when the cup fills with water. Gemmae that are
transported to favorable sites form a pair of young plants [9,27].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Marchantia polymorpha grows on a wide variety of sites within its range
including cliffs, closed forests, alpine heathlands, peat bogs,
minerotropic fens, springs, swamps, grasslands, and tundra [2,5,8,50].
It is most often found on moist or wet mineral soil, especially in
recently burned areas [4,18,21]. Marchantia polymorpha grows best in
subcalcareous soil conditions (pH 6.0) under full sunlight [42,46].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Obligate Initial Community Species
In central Canada, M. polymorpha is a primary invader of marshes and
edges of small ponds that are associated with fluctuating water tables
[12].
Marchantia polymorpha mats can interfere with the establishment of
seedlings of other vegetation [22].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Marchantia polymorpha gametophores appear and archegonia are ready for
fertilization in early to late May [18]. Sporogonia mature and spores
are released in July [18,34]. Gemmae production ceases in late spring
in Michigan [27].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Marchantia polymorpha | Liverwort
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Marchantia polymorpha rapidly invades burned areas by light wind-borne
spores [19,39,45]. Exposed mineral soil and high lime concentrations
present after a severe fire provide favorable conditions for gametophyte
establishment [28,50,51,52].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Marchantia polymorpha | Liverwort
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
NO-ENTRY
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Marchantia polymorpha is widely recognized as an initial or early
invader of burned sites [7,17,24,36]. It exhibits dramatic growth
following fire and in some cases attains 100 percent cover
[25,29,33,37]. Marchantia polymorpha dominates the early moss-herb
stage after a fire but does not persist through subsequent stages of
succession [21,35,46,48]. In Alaska and Canada, M. polymorpha colonies
are not present in preburn communities [40,41,53,54].
In northeastern Minnesota, cover of M. polymorpha on burned jack pine
(Pinus banksiana)-black spruce (Picea mariana) sites increased until
postfire year 3, but it was replaced by lichens (Peltigera spp.) by
postfire year 5 [1].
Marchantia polymorpha produced large spreading mats on thin mineral soil
and charred humus after a severe fire in New Jersey. The mats persisted
for 2 to 3 years, then were replaced by shrubs and forbs [49].
In interior Alaska, M. polymorpha found in burned white spruce (Picea
glauca) and mesic black spruce types had the following frequency and
cover percentages [21]:
Years White spruce Black spruce
Stage since fire frequency cover frequency cover
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. Newly burned 0-1 0 0 0 0
2. Moss-herb 1-5 15 1 6 8
3. Tall shrub- 3(5)-30 0 0 12 2
sapling
4. Dense tree 26-45 (WS) 0 0
30-55 (BS) 0 0
After the 1971 Wickersham Dome Fire near Fairbanks, Alaska, M.
polymorpha was present in severely burned black spruce and trembling
aspen (Populus tremuloides) stands but was not present in adjacent
unburned control plots or in lightly burned stands. Marchantia
polymorpha attained its highest frequency the third year after the fire
when it reached 5 percent and 45 percent on black spruce and trembling
aspen sites, respectively. Biomass production in grams per square meter
was as follows [52]:
Black spruce Aspen
-----------------------------
1973 0.1 0.5
1974 0.8 69.6
In Alaska, M. polymorpha was more predominant on well-drained sites than
poorly drained sites after fire due to the fact that exposed mineral
soil provided a more favorable seedbed [26].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Marchantia polymorpha revegetates areas where mineral soil has been
exposed. Colonies aid in the renewal of the humus and prepare the soil
for the establishment of other vegetation [49].
FIRE CASE STUDIES
SPECIES: Marchantia polymorpha | Liverwort
CASE NAME :
The effects of experimental fires on black spruce forests
REFERENCE :
Dyrness, C. T.; Norum, R. A. 1983 [19]
SEASON/SEVERITY CLASSIFICATION :
Summer/light to severe fires
STUDY LOCATION :
The site lies within the W 1/2 sec. 12, and the NE 1/4 sec. 13, T4N,
R2W, of the Fairbanks Meridian, Alaska.
PREFIRE VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY :
Before burning, the vegetation was an open black spruce (Picea
mariana)/feather moss (Pleurozium schreberi) forest. The mature, open
black spruce tree layer comprised a mosaic of two dominant age-classes
of about 85 and 140 years. Some of the seven units burned included
small groups of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and scattered
paper birch (Betula papyrifera). The tall shrub layer was represented
by scattered American green alder (Alnus viridis ssp. crispa), willows
(Salix spp.), and prickly rose (Rosa acicularis). The most common
low-growing shrubs were mountain cranberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea), bog
blueberry (V. uliginosum), crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), and bog Labrador
tea (Ledum groenlandicum). The herbaceous layer was sparse but the
entire forest floor was covered with feather mosses.
TARGET SPECIES PHENOLOGICAL STATE :
NO-ENTRY
SITE DESCRIPTION :
The total burned area covered approximately 32 acres (13 ha). The
elevation was 1,575 to 1,706 feet (480-520 m). The slope was 10 to 15
percent, and the aspect was generally southeast to south from a main
ridge running southwest to northeast. The position of the fires was on
the upper third of the slope. The soil in the experimental area was
silty loam, somewhat poorly drained in shallow loess over schist
bedrock. Before the fire, a forest floor layer 8 to 12 inches (20-30
cm) thick was present. The mineral soil was made up of a very
dark-brown silty loam surface horizon underlain by a yellowish-brown,
stony (30-50 percent by volume), silty loam subsoil. Bedrock was
generally within 29 inches (75 cm) of the surface.
FIRE DESCRIPTION :
Seven units of approximately 5 acres (2 ha) each were burned between
July 19 and August 8, 1978. The woody fuels on the forest floor were
meager and scattered and therefore contributed little to fire behavior
or subsequent fire effects. Fire behavior within the units ranged from
slowly moving surface fires to rapidly advancing crown fires. The crown
fires were passive, making the transition after hot surface fire had
passed beneath the trees. Consequently, the surface fires determined
the rate of spread, and the crown fires followed, with flames reaching
50 feet (15 m) or more. Most of the units were completely covered by
fire and had burned down to glowing combustion within an hour after
being ignited. Weather conditions during the fires were as follows:
Unit
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
--------------------------------------------
Temperature (deg C) 23 21 24 21 22 21 26
Relative humidity 42 33 30 54 42 33 36
Wind (mph) 1-4 5-8 4-6 1-2 3-6 3-5 3-5
Wind direction SSW SW SW SW SSW SW SSW
Rate of spread (ft/min) 1.5 3.7 3.8 1.0 4.0 -- 5.9
Flame length (ft) 1.9 2.5 3.5 0.5 2.2 3.0 2.2
FIRE EFFECTS ON TARGET SPECIES :
M. polymorpha was not present in the prefire vegetation. In heavily
burned areas, M. polymorpha, fire moss (Ceratodon purpureus), and
fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium) dominated the postfire community for
the first 3 years. M. polymorpha maintained a biomass of about 15 to 20
grams per square meter throughout that period.
FIRE MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS :
M. polymorpha invades heavily burned areas by light, wind-borne spores.
Competition from sprouters on lightly burned sites will prevent or limit
M. polymorpha colonization. Sites must be severely burned if M.
polymorpha establishment is desired in the postfire community.
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Marchantia polymorpha | Liverwort
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Index
Related categories for Species: Marchantia polymorpha
| Liverwort
|
 |
