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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants |
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DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:Native to Europe [6,15,26,48,68,73,81,86] and Asia [48,81,86], garlic mustard occurs in northern Europe from England across Scandinavia to the western areas of the former Soviet Union, and south to Italy [56]. It was 1st reported in the North America in 1868 on Long Island, New York [50], and has since established throughout much of the Northeast and Midwest. Garlic mustard can be found in Canada from southern Ontario east into the St. Lawrence Valley in Quebec [15,27], as well as around Victoria, British Columbia [15]. In the United States it is established and invasive in deciduous woodlands and disturbed areas from northern New England west to eastern North Dakota, and south to eastern Oklahoma and South Carolina [6,14,17,23,27,32,33,48,56,57,60,61,65,68,73,76,81,88]. Occurrences of garlic mustard have also been recorded in Utah, eastern Colorado, and around Portland, Oregon, and Seattle, Washington [31,55,76,85,86]. The PLANTS database provides a map of garlic mustard's distribution in the United States. ECOSYSTEMS [25]:FRES10 White-red-jack pine FRES11 Spruce-fir FRES14 Oak-pine FRES15 Oak-hickory FRES17 Elm-ash-cottonwood FRES18 Maple-beech-birch FRES19 Aspen-birch FRES39 Prairie STATES:
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [8]:None KUCHLER [38] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:K074 Bluestem prairie K081 Oak savanna K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100 K098 Northern floodplain forest K100 Oak-hickory forest K101 Elm-ash forest K102 Beech-maple forest K104 Appalachian oak forest K106 Northern hardwoods K107 Northern hardwoods-fir forest K108 Northern hardwoods-spruce forest SAF COVER TYPES [22]:20 White pine-northern red oak-red maple 25 Sugar maple-beech-yellow birch 27 Sugar maple 31 Red spruce-sugar maple-beech 39 Black ash-American elm-red maple 42 Bur oak 50 Black locust 52 White oak-black oak-northern red oak 53 White oak 55 Northern red oak 59 Yellow-poplar-white oak-northern red oak 60 Beech-sugar maple 61 River birch-sycamore 62 Silver maple-American elm 63 Cottonwood 95 Black willow 108 Red maple 110 Black oak 235 Cottonwood-willow SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [69]:601 Bluestem prairie HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:In the eastern U.S., garlic mustard occurs in the understory of a variety deciduous forests and woodlands. It is rarely reported as being associated with conifers, although Cavers and others [15] state that 7 of 37 tree and shrub species found growing over garlic mustard in eastern Canada were coniferous. While not intended as an exhaustive or definitive list, the following are specific examples of communities in which garlic mustard has been found. Oak savanna/eastern prairie: In northern Illinois prairie and savanna remnants, garlic mustard is an important herb layer species in areas with greater relative shade. Associated herbs include rue anemone (Thalictrum thalictroides), broadleaf enchanter's nightshade (Circaea lutetiana), starry false lily-of-the-valley (Maianthemum stellatum), jumpseed (Polygonum virginianum), Atlantic camas (Camassia schilloides), spotted geranium (Geranium maculatum), and avens (Geum spp.) [11]. Garlic mustard was present along the fringes of a white oak-northern red oak (Quercus alba-Q. rubra) savanna in northern Illinois [29]. Xeric upland eastern deciduous forest: Garlic mustard is present in black oak (Q. velutina)-dominated sand forest in central Illinois, especially in disturbed areas, and along nearby shaded roadsides. Herbaceous associates at 1 site included hog peanut (Amphicarpa bracteata), lambsquarters (Chenopodium album), broadleaf enchanter's nightshade, white snakeroot (Ageratina altissima), licorice bedstraw (Galium circaezans), beggarslice (Hackelia virginiana), Carolina leaf-flower (Phyllanthus caroliniensis), and feathery false lily-of-the-valley (Maianthemum racemosum) [54]. Mesic upland eastern deciduous forest: Midwest - In southwestern Ohio it is found under sugar maple, white oak, northern red oak, American elm (Ulmus americana), and hickory (Carya spp.), along with herbaceous associates cutleaf toothwort (Cardamine concatenata), stickywilly (Galium aparine), Virginia springbeauty (Claytonia virginica), toadshade (Trillium sessile), Jack-in-the-pulpit, mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum), Clayton's sweetroot (Osmorhiza claytonii), downy yellow violet (Viola pubescens), and touch-me-not (Impatiens spp.) [19]. In west-central Ohio, garlic mustard is associated with sugar maple, American beech (Fagus grandifolia), hickories, oaks, and slippery elm (Ulmus rubra). Herbaceous associates include toadshade, wild blue phlox (Phlox divaricata), running strawberry bush (Euonymus obovata), common periwinkle (Vinca minor), white panicle aster (Symphyotrichum lanceolatum), whiteflower leafcup (Polymnia canadensis) , wild leek (Allium tricoccum), Adam-and-Eve (Aplectrum hyemale), and goldenrod (Solidago spp.) [24]. In central Indiana native forest remnants in a rural agricultural matrix, garlic mustard occurred across the field-forest ecotone, from open areas into the forest interior. Dominant overstory species were sugar maple and American beech at some sites; other sites also included American basswood (Tilia americana), white ash, and several oak and hickory species [12]. Garlic mustard is listed as an understory associate in several sugar maple-basswood and sugar maple-basswood-white ash habitat types in southern Wisconsin. Common ground flora for these similar habitat types include broadleaf enchanter's nightshade, feathery false lily-of-the-valley, spotted geranium (Geranium maculatum), white avens (Geum canadense), mayapple, Jack-in-the-pulpit, whip-poor-will flower (Trillium cernuum), American lopseed (Phryma leptostachya), riverbank grape (Vitis riparia), Clayton's sweetroot, pointedleaf tick trefoil (Desmodium glutinosum), rattlesnake fern (Botrychium virgianum), Maryland sanicle (Sanicula marilandica), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis), blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), early meadow-rue (Thalictrum dioicum), Shawnee salad (Hydrophyllum virginianum), bristly greenbrier (Smilax tamnoides), sharplobe hepatica (Hepatica nobilis), and Canadian woodnettle (Laportea canadensis) [36]. Garlic mustard was invasive in the herb layer of a northern Illinois mesic upland white oak forest, with additional herbaceous layer components consisting of cutleaf toothwort (Cardamine concatenata), snow trillium (Trillium grandiflorum), bloody butcher (Trillium recurvatum), dogtooth violet (Erythronium americanum), Shawnee salad, wild leek, rock polypody (Polypodium virginianum), mayapple, and whip-poor-will flower [30], and was abundant in a northern Illinois dry-mesic forest with a white oak and black oak overstory [49]. Another northern Illinois location mentioning the presence of garlic mustard included a forested site dominated by a slippery elm, white oak and white ash overstory and nodding wakerobin (Trillium flexipes), bloody butcher, spotted geranium and feathery false lily-of-the-valley in the herb layer, as well as a sugar maple, white ash, white oak forest with a variety of herbaceous spring ephemerals [53]. Also in northern Illinois, a large population of garlic mustard was found in a white oak-northern red oak-black walnut (Juglans nigra) woodland with a native herbaceous layer of broadleaf enchanter's nightshade, Jack-in-the-pulpit, stickywilly, and spotted geranium [67]. Garlic mustard, Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), and wild grape (Vitis vulpina) are common in the understory of a northern Kentucky hardwood forest dominated by white ash (Fraxinus americana), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and American elm [39]. Another Kentucky forest with an overstory of sugar maple and white ash is dominated by garlic mustard in the herb layer. Downy yellow violet, stickywilly, wild blue phlox, Virginia creeper, Canadian wildginger (Asarum canadense), Virginia springbeauty, mayapple, common chickweed (Stellaria media), largeleaf waterleaf (Hydrophyllum macrophyllum), nodding fescue (Festuca subverticillata), bleeding heart (Dicentra spp.), and sedge (Carex spp.) are associated herbs [41]. Lowland eastern deciduous forest: Midwest - Trimbur [74] studied garlic mustard from 4 floodplain sites in central Ohio. Common overstory associates for these sites were: i) boxelder, sugar maple, and American sycamore; ii) elm, boxelder, eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), and American sycamore; iii) elm, maple, swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor); and iv) ash cherry (Prunus spp.), elm, Ohio buckeye (Aesculus glabra), honey-locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), and black locust. Common herbaceous species for the same sites were: i) violet (viola spp.), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), white avens, common cowparsnip (Heracleum maximum), jewelweed, and Maryland sanicle; ii) Canadian wildginger, common cowparsnip, Canadian woodnettle, Maryland sanicle, pale touch-me-not, and Canadian honewort (Cryptotaenia canadensis); iii) sweetroot spp., white avens, Canadian wildginger, fragrant bedstraw (Galium triflorum), whiteflower leafcup (Polymnia canadensis), and poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans); and iv) sweetroot spp., white avens, jewelweed, and Maryland sanicle. Garlic mustard was found in a southwestern Ohio floodplain under sugar maple, black walnut and white ash, along with Canadian wildginger, cutleaf toothwort, clustered blacksnakeroot (Sanicula odorata), feathery-false-lily-of-the-valley, longstyle sweetroot (Osmorhiza longistylis), jumpseed (Polygonum virginianum), wild leek, nodding wakerobin, Canadian clearweed, limestone bittercress (Cardamine douglassii), Canadian woodnettle, smooth Solomon's seal (Polygonatum biflorum), and touch-me-not [19]. Garlic mustard was also found in the understory of a young red maple (Acer rubrum)-silver maple stand in lowland forest in west central Ohio along with herb layer associates jewelweed, Greek valerian (Polemonium reptans), nightcaps (Anemone quinquefolia), violet, meadow parsnip, sanicle, and sweetroot [24]. Garlic mustard was a common understory component in ravine bottoms in a northern Kentucky hardwood forest dominated by sugar maple, white ash, American sycamore, and box elder. Additional herb layer components included common chickweed, Canadian clearweed, trumpet creeper (Campsis radicans), mayapple, hairy wildrye (Elymus villosus) and Canadian wildginger [41]. Garlic mustard was present in a black maple (Acer nigrum)-American basswood-black walnut-dominated forest with a rich herbaceous cover in the floodplain of the Pecatonica River in northern Illinois [53].
Related categories for SPECIES: Alliaria petiolata | Fringed Onion |
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