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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Centaurea solstitialis | Yellow Starthistle
ABBREVIATION :
CENSOL
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
CESO3
COMMON NAMES :
yellow starthistle
St. Barnaby's thistle
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name for yellow starthistle is
Centaurea solstitialis L. (Asteraceae) [12,13,14,15].
LIFE FORM :
Forb
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
G. Winkler, November 1987
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
Jennifer H. Carey, April 1995
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Carey, Jennifer H. 1995; Winkler, G. 1987. Centaurea solstitialis. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Centaurea solstitialis | Yellow Starthistle
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Yellow starthistle, native to southern Europe, was introduced into
western North America in the mid-1800's, possibly as a contaminant in
alfalfa (Medicago sativa) seed [39]. Yellow starthistle is naturalized
across southern Canada and most of the United States with the possible
exception of the southeastern states [12,13,23,25]. High densities are
concentrated in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho [33]. Yellow
starthistle is adventitious in Hawaii [45].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES13 Loblolly-shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak-pine
FRES15 Oak-hickory
FRES18 Maple-beech-birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES34 Chaparral-mountain shrub
FRES35 Pinyon-juniper
FRES36 Mountain grasslands
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
STATES :
AZ AR CA CO CT DE HI ID IL IN
IA KS KY ME MD MA MI MN MO MT
NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK
OR PA RI SD TN TX UT VT VA WA
WV WI WY AB BC MB ON SK MEXICO
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
CABR CHIS DEVA LABE PINN SAMO
WHSH
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
7 Lower Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
SAF COVER TYPES :
210 Interior Douglas-fir
233 Oregon white oak
237 Interior ponderosa pine
255 California coast live oak
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
244 Pacific ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
246 California black oak
249 Canyon live oak
250 Blue oak-foothills pine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
101 Bluebunch wheatgrass
102 Idaho fescue
104 Antelope bitterbrush-bluebunch wheatgrass
109 Ponderosa pine shrubland
110 Ponderosa pine-grassland
201 Blue oak woodland
202 Coast live oak woodland
203 Riparian woodland
214 Coastal prairie
215 Valley grassland
304 Idaho fescue-bluebunch wheatgrass
318 Bitterbrush-Idaho fescue
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Yellow starthistle occurs in grasslands, pastures, disturbed sites, and
open woodlands [39]. It commonly occurs with other exotic annuals.
Yellow starthistle is present in the California annual grasslands which
are dominated by nonnative grasses in the genera of oat (Avena spp.),
brome (Bromus spp.), and barley (Hordeum) [17]. Yellow starthistle is
codominant with cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) on rangeland in
southeastern Washington [21].
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Centaurea solstitialis | Yellow Starthistle
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Livestock browse yellow starthistle in the rosette and early bolting
stages [40]. Consumption of yellow starthistle over an extended time
causes an untreatable neurological disease in horses called equine
nigropallidal encephalomalacia [29]. Yellow starthistle is not toxic to
ruminants [40].
Ring-necked pheasant, California quail, house finch, and American
goldfinch were observed eating large quantities of yellow starthistle
seed in southeastern Washington [32]. Yellow starthistle was used in 1
of 32 nests built by Bell's vireo along the Santa Ynez River, California
[28].
PALATABILITY :
Yellow starthistle is palatable to livestock in the rosette and bolting
stages. Sharp spines on flowerheads deter grazing during the flowering
stage [32].
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Yellow starthistle is acceptable forage for ruminants. Protein levels
ranged from 10 to 13 percent and 11 to 13 percent during rosette and
bolting stages, respectively. Acid detergent fiber was between 26 and
32 percent [40].
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
NO-ENTRY
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
NO-ENTRY
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Yellow starthistle is an important rangeland and pasture weed in western
North America. It rapidly invades overgrazed rangeland and other
disturbed sites. Once established, yellow starthistle is difficult to
eradicate. Effective control involves a combination of herbicide
treatments, biological control agents, establishment of competitive
perennial grasses, and livestock management designed to prevent
overgrazing. Although yellow starthistle can be temporarily controlled
with spring herbicide treatments, it establishes from long-lived seed
after chemicals have dissipated [39]. In addition, yellow starthistle
exhibits a high degree of phenotypic plasticity and may be able to adapt
to specific chemical or biological controls [41].
Herbicide application rates and yellow starthistle susceptibility are
described [4,27,39]. Picloram-resistant strains of yellow starthistle
have recently been observed [6,22]. Establishment of perennial grasses
after herbicide treatment is necessary to prevent reinvasion by yellow
starthistle. Grasses with early growth, strong seedling vigor, and a
large root system with good lateral spread have the greatest potential
to compete successfully with yellow starthistle [3,18,20].
Most authors recommend initially controlling yellow starthistle with
herbicides while grasses establish [18,20,26,30], but grass seeding of
yellow starthistle-infested sites without initial herbicide treatment
has been tested [20,26,30]. An infested site in Idaho was disked and
seeded with 12 perennial grass species. Only intermediate wheatgrass
(Thinopyrum intermedium ssp. intermedium), pubescent wheatgrass (T.
intermedium ssp. barbulatum), and crested wheatgrass (Agropyron
cristatum) were able to establish. They did not begin to suppress
yellow starthistle seed production until their third growing season
[26]. Prather and Callihan [30] suggest established pubescent
wheatgrass may be able to deny resources to yellow starthistle
seedlings. Without herbicide control, seeding of orchardgrass (Dactylis
glomerata) and tall oatgrass (Arrhenatherum elatius) did not improve
forage on an infested northeastern Oregon site [20].
Fertilizer increased yellow starthistle densities in northeastern Oregon [20].
Well-timed mowings or controlled grazing with cattle can contain large
yellow starthistle infestations. Yellow starthistle continues to grow
after heavy grazing but produces fewer seeds per plant. Intensive
grazing in May and June reduces yellow starthistle size, summer and fall
canopy size, and seed production in annual rangeland [40]. Mowing
during the early flowering stage minimizes regrowth but plants should be
monitored and mowed again if regrowth and flowering occur [39].
Biological control agents which utilize flowerheads have the greatest
potential for controlling yellow starthistle [10,41]. Biota associated
with yellow starthistle in southern Europe have been described [7,35].
Five insects (a gall fly, a seed fly, and three weevils) have been
released in the United States, the first in 1984 and the most recent in
1992. The four earliest released insects are established but their
effectiveness is not yet known. A rust fungus is undergoing field
testing. Insects, release dates, and establishment information are
described [10,24,41].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Centaurea solstitialis | Yellow Starthistle
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Yellow starthistle is an introduced winter annual with a deep taproot.
The stems, which grow 0.7 to 2.6 feet (0.2-0.8 m) tall, are rigid and
branch from the base. Flowerhead bracts have 0.2- to 1-inch (0.6-2.5
cm) long, sharp, rigid spines [12,13,14]. Yellow starthistle has two
types of seeds, plumed and plumeless. A fine, white pappus (plume) is
0.12- to 0.16-inch (3-4 mm) long on seeds in the flowerhead center but
is lacking from those at the margin of the flowerhead [32].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Therophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Yellow starthistle reproduces exclusively by seed. Vigorous plants may
produce 170,000 seeds per plant, but seed production is generally much
lower when plant densities are high [39]. A site in southeastern
Washington with an average of 16 mature yellow starthistle plants per
square foot (180/sq m) produced an average of 1,890 seeds per square
foot (21,000/sq m). Individual plants averaged 2 seedheads and 120
seeds per plant [21].
Plumed and plumeless seeds are dispersed at different times, which may
maximize seed survival. Plumed seeds are dispersed shortly after
maturity. Plumeless seeds remain in the seedhead until repeated drying
and wetting cause the seedhead to fall apart in the fall or winter [32].
Plumed seeds are dispersed by wind, but yellow starthistle has a small
plume relative to seed size. Andersen [1] reports that yellow
starthistle had the second highest seed settling velocity of 19 tested
wind-dispersed species in the Asteraceae family. Ballistic dispersal
may be as important as wind dispersal. When the plant sways in the
wind, seeds can be launched over distances roughly equal to the height
of the plant [1]. Roche [32] used seed traps to study yellow
starthistle seed dispersal. Ninety-two percent of seeds were trapped
within 2 feet (0.6 m) of the leeward edge of 1,550 square foot (144 sq
m) stands of yellow starthistle. No seeds were found farther than 32
feet (9.8 m) from the stand edge. Gusty winds and dry conditions
maximized seed dispersal [32].
Yellow starthistle seeds are also dispersed by animals, people, and
vehicles. Seeds may remain viable after passing through the digestive
tract of larger birds such as California quail and ring-necked pheasant.
These birds do not remove the seed hull prior to ingesting yellow
starthistle seed [32].
One hundred percent of plumed and plumeless yellow starthistle seeds
initiated germination within 108 hours after being rinsed with 5 percent
sodium hypochloride solution and placed in dark, moist conditions at 54
to 57 degrees Fahrenheit (12-14 deg C). Plumed seeds initiated
germination more rapidly than unplumed seeds [36].
Seeds remain dormant in the soil. At a yellow starthistle site in
southeastern Washington, the seedbank contained 270 yellow starthistle
seeds per square foot (3,000/sq m) [21]. In California, after 6 years
of burial in sandy loam, yellow starthistle seeds averaged 38 percent
germination. Burial depths greater than 2 inches (5 cm) offered maximum
survival [16]. Joley and others [16] found no difference in total
germination between plumed and plumeless seeds. However, Callihan and
others [5] reported that buried plumed seeds remained viable for at
least 10 years whereas buried plumeless seeds remained viable only for 6
years. Burial depths of 1, 2, and 6 inches (2.5, 5, and 15 cm) did not
affect longevity in this southeastern Washington study [5].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Yellow starthistle requires light on the soil surface for winter rosette
and taproot development, and it requires ample soil moisture in early to
mid-summer [34]. The current northern limit of yellow starthistle is 49
degrees north latitude [33]. In northern Washington, yellow starthistle
is restricted to warm microclimates such as steep, south-facing slopes
[34]. In south-central Washington, which is dry and hot, yellow
starthistle is restricted to deep soils that receive or store adequate
water [34].
Optimal growing conditions in southeastern Washington include deep silt
loam soils, south-facing slopes, and adequate moisture. Yellow
starthistle cover was positively correlated (P<=0.001) with increasing
soil depth [34]. In California, yellow starthistle occurs below 4,260
feet (<1,300 m) elevation [14]. In Utah, it occurs from 3,000 to 6,200
feet (915-1,900 m) elevation [44].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Yellow starthistle is intolerant of shade [33]. Rosettes are
susceptible to shading from overtopping vegetation in the fall and
spring. Yellow starthistle successfully invaded established perennial
grass stands that were clipped, but did not invade unclipped areas [34].
Root growth during the winter enables yellow starthistle to outcompete
other species for moisture during spring and summer [34]. Yellow
starthistle utilizes moisture below the reach of most competing
vegetation [33].
Yellow starthistle colonizes disturbed sites such as roadsides,
overgrazed rangeland and pasture, orchards, and irrigation ditch banks
[39]. In the absence of major disturbance, yellow starthistle invaded
communities dominated by bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata)
where site conditions were ideal for yellow starthistle growth [34].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Seedlings usually emerge in the fall, form rosettes, and begin growing a
taproot. Root length after 10 days on a Washington site with cheatgrass
averaged 3.7 inches (9.3 cm) [21]. In a greenhouse study, root length
averaged 6.0 inches (15.2 cm) after 10 days [36]. Root growth continues
throughout the winter. In early April in southeastern Washington,
taproots of fall germinated yellow starthistle rosettes averaged 11.8
inches (30 cm) in length; the rosettes were less than 2.4 inches (6 cm)
in diameter. By early July, 10-inch (25 cm) tall plants had taproots
averaging 30 inches (66 cm) in length [34]. Yellow starthistle bolts in
late spring and flowers June through August [33].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Centaurea solstitialis | Yellow Starthistle
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Yellow starthistle probably regenerates after fire from seeds buried in
soil or from off-site sources.
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Centaurea solstitialis | Yellow Starthistle
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Most fires probably kill yellow starthistle. Seeds buried in the soil
probably survive most fire.
A grassland in northern California was burned in October to remove brush
and improve grass vigor. The fire spread and burned quickly, consuming
most of the perennial growth and annual grass litter. Germinating
annual plants beneath the litter, probably including yellow starthistle,
were not visibly affected [8].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Buried seed may germinate after fire, as after other disturbances, if
moisture conditions are favorable. The removal of existing vegetation
by fire may increase survival of postfire yellow starthistle seedlings
by reducing shade.
According to Thomsen and others [39], the ability of yellow starthistle
to regrow following defoliation surpasses most, if not all other annual
plants on California ranges. Yellow starthistle may regrow after spring
or early summer fire if damage is not severe.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Prescribed fire may be used to control yellow starthistle seed
production if plants are burned in the early flowering stage before seed
matures. Yellow starthistle is still green prior to seed maturity so
there must be adequate dry fuel from other plants for fire to carry [39].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Centaurea solstitialis | Yellow Starthistle
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Index
Related categories for Species: Centaurea solstitialis
| Yellow Starthistle
|
 |
