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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Carex geyeri | Elk Sedge
ABBREVIATION :
CARGEY
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
CAGE2
COMMON NAMES :
elk sedge
Geyer's sedge
pine sedge
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name for elk sedge is Carex geyeri
Boott (Cyperaceae) [31]. There are no recognized subspecies, varieties,
or forms.
LIFE FORM :
Graminoid
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
S. A. Snyder, July 1992
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Snyder, S. A. 1992. Carex geyeri. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Carex geyeri | Elk Sedge
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Elk sedge occurs from southern Alberta and British Columbia south
through eastern Washington, Oregon, and northern California. It occurs
in western Montana and throughout Idaho south into Wyoming, Colorado,
Utah, the western edge of Nevada, and into the northern portions of New
Mexico and Arizona [31,53].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES44 Alpine
STATES :
AZ CA CO HI ID MT NV NM OR UT
WA WY AB BC
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
BIHO BLCA CODA FOBU GLAC GRTE
MEVE MORA NOCA ROMO TICA YELL
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K014 Grand fir - Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K022 Great Basin pine forest
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
SAF COVER TYPES :
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
208 Whitebark pine
210 Interior Douglas-fir
212 Western larch
213 Grand fir
217 Aspen
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
237 Interior ponderosa pine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Elk sedge is dominant in the western habitat types, community types, and
plant associations listed below.
A preliminary description of plant communities found on the Sawtooth,
White Cloud, Boulder, and Pioneer Mountains [42]
Aspen community types of the Intermountain Region [37]
Aspen community types of Utah [38]
Coniferous forest habitat types of central and southern Utah [57]
Coniferous forest habitat types of northern Utah [36]
Forest habitat types of central Idaho [52]
Forest habitats of eastern Idaho-western Wyoming [46]
Forest habitat types of northern Idaho: A second approximation [11]
Forest habitat types of Montana [40]
Forest vegetation of the Arapaho and Roosevelt Natioanl Forest in
central Colorado: A habitat type classification [11]
Forest vegetation of the Medicine Bow National Forest in southeastern
Wyoming: A habitat type classification [1]
Forest vegetation of the Routt National Forest in northwestern Colorado:
A habitat type classification [23]
Forest vegetation of the White River National Forest in western
Colorado: A habitat type classification [24]
Habitat types on selected parts of the Gunnison and Uncompahgre National
Forest [26]
Plant associations and management guide for the gand fir zone, Gifford
Pinchot National Forest [54]
Plant communities of the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon and
southeastern Washington [19]
Riparian classification for the Upper Salmon/Middle Fork Salmon River
Drainages, Idaho [55]
Sagebrush-grass habitat types of southern Idaho [22]
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Carex geyeri | Elk Sedge
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Elk sedge is an important spring and summer forage for elk [32]. It is
also eaten by deer, bear, and livestock [31]. It has been rated as good
forage for cattle, horse, and elk; and fair for sheep and deer [13,53].
PALATABILITY :
NO-ENTRY
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
A food value study in western Montana showed that the total
nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) of elk sedge root crowns were lowest
in spring and summer during leaf emergence, flowering, and fruiting
[28]. Carbohydrate levels increased in late summer. TNC was greater on
forested sites than on open sites. Food values during dormancy have
been listed [39]:
crude protein = 10.2 percent
phosphorous = 0.18 percent
calcium = 0.58 percent
Stark [45] has listed elk sedge values for 11 nutrients.
COVER VALUE :
Elk sedge provides good cover for small mammals and nongame birds [13].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Because of its extensive root system and its ability to tolerate high
soil temperatures and moisture stress, elk sedge has been used to
revegetate severely eroded slopes of the Cascade Range in Oregon and
Washington [25].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Native Americans used elk sedge culms for food [53].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Elk sedge decreases under heavy grazing pressure. Grazing trials in
Oregon, Wyoming, and Idaho have shown reductions in cover and seed
production with continued use [1,3,14,58]. Elk sedge recovers well
following tree harvest [5]. A clearcut subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)
stand in Colorado showed an increase in elk sedge cover from 0.2 percent
before harvest to 14.1 percent 5 years after harvest [12]. Chaining and
spraying elk sedge can result in an initial increase followed by a
decrease in production a few years later [30]. Elk sedge competes with
pine seedlings following harvest [1].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Carex geyeri | Elk Sedge
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Elk sedge is a rhizomatous graminoid 6 to 12 inches (15-30 cm) tall
[31]. Its clustered stems and scaley leaves remain green throughout the
winter, until they are replaced with new leaves in early spring. Leaf
blades are 0.04 to 0.12 inch (1-3 mm) wide and flat or channelled [53].
Elk sedge has a solitary spike with a dark brown flower head at the top.
Its fruit is an achene.
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Chamaephyte
Geophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Elk sedge reproduces mainly by rhizomes but also reproduces by seed
[53]. Elk sedge usually produces only one seed per spike, and its
viability is low [25]. Seeds can be stored in the soil for several
decades and germinate following disturbance that opens up the canopy
[27].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Elk sedge occurs from the foothills to subalpine and dry montane forests
[31]. It occurs in a variety of habitats from mesic to dry and on all
slopes and aspects. Elk sedge tends to occur more frequently on the dry
phases of the wetter habitat types. Soil types vary from clay loam to
gravelly, sandy loam and can be deep or shallow [38,40,52]. Parent
materials include sandstone, shale, granite, andesite, rhyolite, and
latite [21,52].
Elk sedge associates not listed under Distribution and Occurrence
include Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii), common juniper (Juniperus
communis), Rocky Mountain juniper (J. scopulorum), mountain big
sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata ssp. vaseyana), rose (Rosa spp.),
snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.), chokecherry (Prunus spp.), pinegrass
(Calamagrostis rubescens), lupine (Lupinus spp.), heartleaf arnica
(Arnica cordifolia), and Fendler meadowrue (Thalictrum fendleri)
[11,22,23,26,37,40].
Elevational ranges have been listed for elk sedge in some western states
[13,52]:
Idaho from 3,700 to 8,700 feet (1,128-2,652 m)
Montana from 3,400 to 7,800 feet (1,036-2,377 m)
Wyoming from 6,800 to 10,000 feet (2,073-3,048 m)
Colorado from 6,000 to 11,000 feet (1,829-3,353 m)
Utah from 6,000 to 10,800 feet (1,829-3,292 m)
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
Elk sedge is a native, moderately shade-tolerant, cool-season, perennial
graminoid 53]. It is listed as a dominant, climax ground cover in
several western habitat types.
The quaking aspen/chokecherry/elk sedge type of Utah can be climax or
seral to the subalpine fir/Oregon grape type in northern Utah or the
subalpine fir/elk sedge type in southern and central Utah [38]. The
quaking aspen-lodgepole pine/elk sedge type in central Idaho is seral to
the lodgepole pine/pinegrass type [37].
Elk sedge is an indicator of late seral stages of succession or the
climax type on dry sites for several habitat types in Idaho
[47,48,49,50,51]. In grand fir/beargrass (Xerophyllum tenax)-blue
huckleberry (Vaccinium globulare) habitat types with an elk sedge layer
group, elk sedge can be replaced by pinegrass, arnica, or beargrass as
the overstory cover increases [43].
Elk sedge is an indicator of the wetter sites of the ponderosa pine
series and an indicator of the lowest elevation lodgepole pine series in
southeastern Wyoming habitat types [1]. Elk sedge also indicates the
drier sites of the subalpine fir series in western Montana, as well as
the coldest climatic conditions of the elk sedge phase within the
subalpine fir/elk sedge habitat type [40].
In habitat types where elk sedge is the dominant ground cover species,
it is often the first to sprout following fire [42]. It is also
dominant in early successional stages following fire in spruce-fir
habitat types of Colorado [10].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Elk sedge remains green throughout the winter, retaining its leaves
until new ones emerge in the spring [28]. It is usually one of the
first species to green up in the spring, using soil moisture and then
going dormant as later species emerge [50]. It flowers from April
through July in Montana [13].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Carex geyeri | Elk Sedge
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Elk sedge has rhizomes that allow it to survive fires [7].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
Ground residual colonizer (onsite, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Carex geyeri | Elk Sedge
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Fire may top-kill elk sedge, but rhizomes, sometimes buried as as deep
as 63 inches (160 cm) below the soil surface, usually survive [17,44].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
Following a clearcut and February broadcast burn in a
Douglas-fir-dominated forest in central Idaho, elk sedge cover remained
the same compared to cut but unburned sites [17]. Elk sedge was present
in small amounts on this low-elevation site. On another higher site in
the same drainage, elk sedge cover was significantly reduced on the
broadcast burned sites compared to the unburned sites. (Burns were
conducted in December). Cover on the burned sites was half that of
cover on the unburned sites immediately following the burn and 2 and 5
years later. At postfire year 10 cover on the burned site was 60
percent of the unburned site. Elk sedge rhizomes may have been shallow
in these areas, and the fire could have destroyed them [17].
An early August prescribed fire in a Douglas-fir forest of central Idaho
drastrically reduced elk sedge frequency, from 52 percent to 12 percent,
by the second post-fire year [33]. By the fourth year, elk sedge had
increased to half of its prefire frequency and remained stable through
the seventh postfire year.
A prescribed burn in a mixed aspen-conifer forest in Idaho had little
effect on elk sedge cover, which remained similar to that on the
unburned sites [8].
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Elk sedge usually sprouts following fire and increases to form dense
cover [2,7]. It can, however, decrease following fire if rhizomes are
too close to the surface and become damaged [2,17].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
Following a July wildfire in Waterfalls Canyon, Grand Teton National
Park, elk sedge had a 50 percent frequency on moderately burned areas,
and a 67 percent frequency on severely burned areas [4]. These figures
were compared to a severe wildfire that burned 40 years earlier in an
adjacent area. On the older burn elk sedge had a 58 percent frequency
the 40th postfire year, compared to a 47 percent frequency on unburned
sites. Elk sedge cover was high on all sites but was particularly
abundant on the more recently burned site.
A prescribed fire to improve elk winter range was conducted in July on
the Clearwater National Forest, Idaho [32]. By the second growing
season, frequency of elk sedge on burned areas almost doubled compared
to unburned areas, where it remained stable. Some plots on the burned
areas were seeded with elk sedge following the burn. Frequency doubled
on these sites as well, but there was no significant difference in elk
sedge response between the seeded and unseeded sites.
Eight years following an August wildfire on the Bitterroot National
Forest, Montana, elk sedge had an average of a 2 percent cover [34]. No
prefire cover figures were given.
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
High-intensity broadcast burning is recommended in Douglas-fir/elk sedge
habitat types in Idaho following clearcutting in order to promote
natural regeneration of the same habitat type [18].
Periodic underburning in the Blue Mountains of Oregon has enhanced elk
sedge subjected to grazing pressure [20].
Equations for estimating fuel loadings from ground cover and plant
height have been developed for elk sedge [9].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Carex geyeri | Elk Sedge
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Index
Related categories for Species: Carex geyeri
| Elk Sedge
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