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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants |
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INTRODUCTORY
ABBREVIATION:
SYNONYMS:No entry
NRCS PLANT CODE [82]:SPAI
COMMON NAMES:alkali sacaton
TAXONOMY:The accepted scientific name of alkali sacaton is Sporobolus airoides (Torr.) Torr. (Poaceae) [33,40,90]. Alkali sacaton probably hybridizes and intergrades with big sacaton (S. wrightii). Some authorities include S. wrightii as a variety of alkali sacaton: S. airoides var. wrightii (Munro ex Scribn.) Gould [18,90].
LIFE FORM:Graminoid
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS:No special status
OTHER STATUS:
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION:Johnson, Kathleen A. (2000, July). Sporobolus airoides. In: Remainder of Citation DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION:Alkali sacaton occurs in all western states in the U.S. It is distributed from Missouri, Arkansas, and North Dakota to eastern Washington and south to California and Texas. Isolated populations occur to the East. A U.S. distributional map for alkali sacaton appears on the PLANTS database [81]. In Canada alkali sacaton in southern British Columbia and Alberta [51,78,81]. In Mexico it is reported from as far south as Aguascalientes and San Luis Potosi [16].
ECOSYSTEMS [27]:FRES29 Sagebrush FRES30 Desert shrub FRES32 Texas savanna FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe FRES35 Pinyon-juniper FRES38 Plains grasslands FRES39 Prairie FRES40 Desert grasslands
STATES:
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS [7]:3 Southern Pacific Border 5 Columbia Plateau 6 Upper Basin and Range 7 Lower Basin and Range 8 Northern Rocky Mountains 9 Middle Rocky Mountains 10 Wyoming Basin 11 Southern Rocky Mountains 12 Colorado Plateau 13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont 14 Great Plains 15 Black Hills Uplift 16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER [45] PLANT ASSOCIATIONS:K023 Juniper-pinyon woodland K038 Great Basin sagebrush K039 Blackbrush K040 Saltbush-greasewood K041 Creosote bush K044 Creosote bush-tarbush K046 Desert: vegetation largely lacking K058 Grama-tobosa shrubsteppe K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna KO61 Mesquite-acacia savanna K065 Grama-buffalo grass K068 Wheatgrass-grama-buffalo grass K085 Mesquite-buffalo grass
SAF COVER TYPES [76]:239 Pinyon-juniper 242 Mesquite
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES [71]:401 Basin big sagebrush 403 Wyoming big sagebrush 405 Black sagebrush 412 Juniper-pinyon woodland 414 Salt desert shrub 501 Saltbush-greasewood 502 Grama-galleta 504 Juniper-pinyon pine woodland 505 Grama-tobosa shrub 508 Creosotebush-tarbush 611 Blue grama-buffalo grass 615 Wheatgrass-saltgrass-grama 701 Alkali sacaton-tobosagrass 702 Black grama-alkali sacaton 705 Blue grama-galleta 706 Blue grama-sideoats grama 712 Galleta-alkali sacaton 725 Vine mesquite-alkali sacaton 727 Mesquite-buffalo grass 728 Mesquite-granjeno-acacia
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES:Because salty soils capable of supporting alkali sacaton are dispersed throughout thousands of acres in the Great Plains and Great Basin regions of the United States and Canada [71], the plants listed below represent only a fraction of the species associated with alkali sacaton. Alkali sacaton is common in the Southern Great Plains, where it occurs with numerous other grasses including tobosa (Pleuraphis mutica), galleta (P. jamesii), black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda), blue grama (B. gracilis), sideoats grama (B. curtipendula), buffalo grass (Buchloe dactyloides), western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii), and vine-mesquite (Panicum obtusum). Commonly associated shrubs are winterfat (Krascheninnikovia lanata), fourwing saltbush (Atriplex canescens), coldenia (Coldenia spp.), Bigelow sagebrush (Artemisia bigelovii), and honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa) [71,88]. In the Central and Northern Great Plains, alkali sacaton is reported in habitats characterized by buffalo grass, western wheatgrass, blue grama, sideoats grama, hairy grama (B. hirsuta), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), red threeawn (Aristida purpurea), and saltgrass (Distichlis spicata). Associated shrub species include big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata), rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.), black greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus), shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia), and Gardner's saltbush (A. gardneri) [11,46,71]. In the desert shrub and grassland communities that occupy low-lying areas of the Great Basin, alkali sacaton is associated with saltgrass, galleta, Indian ricegrass (Achnatherum hymenoides), bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), and basin wildrye (Leymus cinereus). Though vegetation cover is often low in these sites, important shrub species include fourwing saltbush, winterfat, black greasewood, rabbitbrush, Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma), and numerous sagebrush species including basin big sagebrush (A. t. var. tridentata), Wyoming big sagebrush (A. t. var. wyomingensis), black sagebrush (A. nova), and budsage (A. spinescens) [9,70,71,73,80]. In the southwestern states and northern Mexico, grasses associated with alkali sacaton may include tobosa, galleta, Indian ricegrass, bottlebrush squirreltail, black grama and blue grama. Co-occurring woody species include shadscale, greasewood, winterfat, fourwing saltbush, big sagebrush, broom snakeweed (Gutierrezia sarothrae), creosotebush (Larrea tridentata), tarbush (Flourensia cernua), and mesquite species. Associated succulents include prickly-pear and cholla (Opuntia spp.) and yucca (Yucca spp.) [45,71,72,87]. Publications listing alkali sacaton as a community dominant or codominant are listed below. Arizona [30] Colorado [6] Montana [63] New Mexico [23,24,71] Texas [71] VALUE AND USE
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE:Alkali sacaton is a valuable forage species in arid and semiarid regions. Plants are tolerant to moderate grazing and can produce abundant herbage utilized by livestock and wildlife [9,17,20,54,60,86]. The western saltdesert shrub and grassland communities where alkali sacaton is common support an abundance of mule deer, pronghorn, carnivores, small mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles [9,62].
PALATABILITY:The palatability of alkali sacaton has been rated as follows [20]:
CO MT UT WY
Cattle Good Good Good Good
Domestic sheep Good Good Fair Good
Horses Good Good Fair Good
Pronghorn ---- Poor Fair Poor
Elk ---- Poor Fair Fair
Mule deer ---- Poor Fair Poor
White-tailed deer ---- ---- Poor ----
Small mammals ---- ---- Good Fair
Small nongame birds ---- ---- Fair Fair
Upland game birds ---- ---- Fair Fair
Waterfowl ---- ---- Fair Poor
NUTRITIONAL VALUE:In a New Mexico study, protein content in alkali sacaton ranged from 4.2% in January to 8.7% in October. Calcium content ranged from 0.26% to 0.56%. Phosphorus content ranged from 0.04% to 0.17% [54]. Koostra and others [44] detected levels of in-vitro digestible dry matter in alkali sacaton ranging from 25% to 37%.
COVER VALUE:
UT WY
Pronghorn Poor Fair
Elk Poor Poor
Mule deer Poor Poor
White-tailed deer Poor ----
Small mammals Good Good
Small nongame birds Fair Good
Upland game birds Fair Fair
Waterfowl Fair Poor
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES:Alkali sacaton is 1 of the most commonly used species for seeding and stabilizing disturbed lands in the semiarid Southwest [2,4,25,55,60]. Due to its salt tolerance, it has been recommended for native grass seeding on subirrigated saline sites in mixtures with western wheatgrass and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) [78]. It is planted in riparian zones in major plant communities in the Intermountain region [52]. It was found superior to western wheatgrass for seeding in the drier climates of the southern and northern desert shrub types [2,50,57]. Alkali sacaton has been used in reclamation seedings on sagebrush-grasslands, pinyon-juniper communities, and shadscale saltbrush, blackbrush, and saltgrass ranges [57,75]. Alkali sacaton has shown promise as a remediation species on oil well reserve pits [51] and saline waste from coal-fired electrical generating stations [65]. Retana and others [61] determined that alkali sacaton has the potential to remove selenium from contaminated soil by accumulating it in shoot biomass. In a greenhouse study, Fuller and others [26] found that soil amendment with sewage sludge improved growth of alkali sacaton in bauxite residues. Alkali sacaton can provide abundant leafy ground cover. Establishment of seedlings is difficult without frequent irrigation. Once established, plants need little maintenance. They tolerate drought and perform well in the 12- to 18-inch (200-460 mm) mean annual precipitation zone or, with occasional irrigation, in areas of less precipitation [21,31,47,58,79,89]. Cox and others [16] asserted that a "waving sea" of alkali sacaton could not be maintained where mean annual precipitation is only 6 to 16 inches (150-400 mm). Aldon [1] developed the following guidelines for establishing alkali sacaton from seed on harsh sites:
OTHER USES AND VALUES:Species in the genus Sporobolus, probably including alkali sacaton, were used by Native Americans in California for basketry and weaving [5].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:Alkali sacaton is notable for its tolerance to alkaline soil, drought, flooding, moderate grazing, and mining disturbance. It is an important forage species in many areas, particularly the Southwest. Stands of this grass stabilize eroding soil [1,3,9,16,17,65]. Numerous ecotypes, accessions, and cultivars of alkali sacaton have been evaluated [16,19,21,31,58]. Discussion about the reclamation potential of this species can be found in "Value for Rehabilitation of Disturbed Sites" above. Historical research in central California and the arid Southwest indicates that alkali sacaton grasslands were once much more abundant than they are today. Pure stands of alkali sacaton grew on playas, floodplains, hills, and terraces. Today the species is found growing only on playas and low alluvial floodplains where water and excessive concentrations of soluble salts, exchangeable sodium, or both, accumulate. The decline is attributed to overgrazing, competition from other salt-adapted plant species, and human population pressure [5,16,17,19]. BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS:Alkali sacaton is a native, long-lived, warm-season, densely tufted perennial bunchgrass ranging from 20 to 40 inches (50-100 cm) in height. Panicles are nearly half the length of the plant with stiff, slender, widely spreading branches. Spikelets have 1 flower and tend to diverge from the panicles, appearing scattered. Seeds are free from the lemma and fall readily from the spikelet at maturity [9]. The species is a facultative halophyte, having a broad tolerance to salinity [83,84,85]. Alkali sacaton forms vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae. In a greenhouse study of effects of mycorrhizal inoculation, mean dry mass of inoculated grass plants of this species was significantly greater (p <0.001) than dry mass of uninoculated plants after 16 weeks [91].
RAUNKIAER [59] LIFE FORM:Hemicryptophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES:Alkali sacaton reproduces from seeds and tillers. Seed production is abundant, and seeds remain viable for many years [9]. Seedcoats need not be scarified, but seeds must undergo an afterripening period of several months for good germination. Water movement in floodplains disperses seeds, some of which are deposited in saturated sediments where they later germinate [2]. The effects of moisture stress on germination were studied in the Rio Puerco Watershed near Albuquerque, New Mexico. The study showed that alkali sacaton is more severely affected by moisture stress than galleta and blue grama. This supports observations that alkali sacaton is restricted to frequently flooded sites, while galleta and blue grama can establish on drier sites [43]. Germination percentages decrease with increasing salt increments. Soils rich in magnesium and low in calcium inhibit germination [37,84]. Alkali sacaton seed germinates best between temperatures of 80 and 90 degrees Fahrenheit (27 and 32 oC) [1,2,42]. Minimum germination temperature was measured at 54 degrees Fahrenheit (12 oC)[39].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS:Alkali sacaton grows in saline and nonsaline soils, sometimes in dense, pure stands. It has a broad pH and salinity tolerance, and is common in moist alkaline flats [9,11,13,19,22,28,64,71,86]. It adapted to soils containing high sodium chloride concentrations and soils containing mixtures of other salts including bicarbonate and sulfate compounds [83,84,85]. Ungar [83,84] (and references therein) reported alkali sacaton on sites with soil salinity ranging from 0.003% to 3%, with optimum levels between 0.3% and 0.5%. This species grows in soil textures ranging from sand to clay, usually with low organic matter [19,81,84]. After establishment, it is tolerant of both drought [84] and inundation by water [74]. Elevations ranges for alkali sacaton are as follows: Arizona 2,500 to 6,500 ft (760-1,980 m) [35] Colorado 4,000 to 8,000 ft (1,220-2,440 m) [29] New Mexico 3,100 to 7,500 ft (950-2,290 m) [58,71] Utah 2,625 to 7,710 ft (800-2,350 m) [90]
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS:Alkali sacaton is intolerant of shade [81]. It is commonly found as a primary or secondary invader on saline soils. It invades saline flats directly or follows a stage where "succulents" are dominant. In successional series on marsh borders, alkali sacaton represents the vegetation stage just prior to prairie, possibly playing a part in a cycle involving periods of decreased and increased salinity. With decreased salinity its dense root system produces hummocks. As succession proceeds, prairie species invade the hummocks [84]. A study of succession following lowered water tables caused by groundwater pumping in the Owens Valley of California found alkali meadow (dominated by alkali sacaton and saltgrass) was followed by either Nevada saltbush-meadow or rubber rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus nauseosus)-meadow [49].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT:Alkali sacaton is a warm-season grass. It blooms from July to August in the Northwest [34], from June to October in the Great Plains [28], and from April to May in the Southwest [53]. Seeds are produced from late summer to October. They usually germinate in July after a 9-month afterripening period [2]. FIRE ECOLOGY
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS:Records of fire occurrence in sacaton grasslands are rare. Wright and Bailey [93] associated the fire ecology of alkali sacaton with that of tobosa because the species occur together in southern desert floodplains and are similar in density, coarseness, and structure [93]. Humphrey [36] characterized the vegetation in tobosa floodplains as flammable and sometimes dense enough to carry a fire, but suggests that because of the relatively limited area and sparse surrounding vegetation, floodplain tobosa stands probably burned less frequently than adjoining grasslands and shrublands. Factors contributing to increased fire frequency in sacaton grasslands include a lower water table, less frequent flooding, and the expansion of mesquite and acacia [93]. Although not specific to alkali sacaton, Payson and others [56] provide a review of fire in shrublands and grasslands where this species is present. Among these are such widespread vegetation types [27,45] as Great Basin sagebrush, blackbrush, saltbush-greasewood, creosotebush, mesquite-acacia savanna, grama-tobosa shrubsteppe, pinyon-juniper, and Trans-Pecos and Texas savanna. These vegetation types are characterized by mixed or stand-replacing fire regimes, with varying fire return intervals. Fire return intervals for some communities where alkali sacaton occurs are listed below. Please refer to FEIS summaries of the dominant species in these vegetation types for information about their fire ecology.
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY [76]:Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community) FIRE EFFECTS
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT:
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT:
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE:
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE:
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS:
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Related categories for SPECIES: Sporobolus airoides | Alkali Sacaton |
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