|
Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
|
|
Introductory
SPECIES: Arctostaphylos glandulosa | Eastwood Manzanita
ABBREVIATION :
ARCGLA
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
ARGL3
ARGLA2
ARGLC4
ARGLG3
ARGLM2
ARGLZ2
COMMON NAMES :
Eastwood manzanita
crown manzanita
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of Eastwood manzanita is
Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw., in the family Ericaceae [7,29,43].
There are eight recognized subspecies and five recognized forms:
A. glandulosa ssp. adamsii (Munz) Munz [30,37,43]
f. adamsii (Munz) Wells [43]
f. wieriana Wells [43]
A. glandulosa ssp. campbelliae (Eastw.) Adams ex McMinn [7,37]
A. glandulosa ssp. crassifolia (Jeps.) Wells [19,37,43]
A. glandulosa ssp. cushingiana (Eastw.) Adams ex. McMinn [7,43]
A. glandulosa ssp. glandulosa [43]
A. glandulosa ssp. glaucomollis Wells [43]
A. glandulosa ssp. mollis (Adams) Wells [37,43]
A. glandulosa ssp. zacaensis (Eastw.) Wells [7,37,43]
f. glaucoides (Eastw.) Wells [43]
f. howelii (Eastw.) Wells [43]
f. zacaensis (Eastw.) Wells [43]
LIFE FORM :
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
Arctostaphylos glandulosa ssp. crassifolia is listed as endangered.
It occurs on siliceous sandstone coastal bluffs from Oceanside,
California southward to northern Baja California [43].
OTHER STATUS :
No entry
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Janet L. Howard, March 1992
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Howard, Janet L. 1992. Arctostaphylos glandulosa. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Arctostaphylos glandulosa | Eastwood Manzanita
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Eastwood manzanita occurs primarily in the Coastal Ranges of California
from Del Norte County to Los Angeles County [2,7,19,29]. Arctostaphylos
glandulosa ssp. glandulosa is also found in southwestern Oregon, and A.
glandulosa ssp. crassifolia sometimes occurs in extreme northern Baja
California [43].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
STATES :
CA OR MEXICO
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
SAMO
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K030 California oakwoods
K033 Chaparral
K034 Montane chaparral
SAF COVER TYPES :
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
232 Redwood
233 Oregon white oak
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
246 California black oak
248 Knobcone pine
249 Canyon live oak
250 Blue oak - Digger pine
255 California coast live oak
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Eastwood manzanita is a common dominant in coastal chaparral
communities. It frequently codominates or associated with chamise
(Adenostoma fasciculatum) [1,13,24]. Eastwood manzanita is also
associated with chaparral whitethorn (Ceanothus leucodermis) and
bigberry manzanita (Arctostaphylos glauca) [15,24].
The following published classifications list Eastwood manzanita as a
dominant species:
Vegetation types of the San Bernardino Mountains [17]
An introduction to the plant communities of the Santa Ana and San
Jacinto Mountains [42]
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Arctostaphylos glandulosa | Eastwood Manzanita
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Eastwood manzanita is useless as livestock browse but is a valuable
source of food for wildlife. Manzanita spp. fruits are eaten by various
chaparral mammals including coyote, dusky-footed woodrat, deer mouse,
and brush rabbit. The fruits are also consumed birds, including wild
turkey and band-tailed pigeon [41]. Older leaves are sometimes eaten by
black-tailed deer, although they prefer sprouts or seedlings [2,4].
PALATABILITY :
The palatability of Eastwood manzanita leaves is rated as poor for
goats, sheep, cattle, horses, and black-tailed deer [33]. The
palatability of the fruits and seeds is fair [22].
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
No species of manzanita provides high-quality browse [33,41]. The
protein content of Eastwood manzanita leaves varies from 11 percent in
April to 5 percent in October. Bissell and Strong [6] state that
deer need a minimum of 7 percent protein in their diet for normal
maintence.
COVER VALUE :
Eastwood manzanita often forms dense stands that provide good hiding,
resting and nesting sites for small birds and mammals. Horton [17] has
reported dusky-footed woodrat using Eastwood manzanita as cover for
their food caches.
Open stands of Eastwood manzanita provide good hiding and resting cover
for black-tailed deer [35].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Eastwood manzanita's deep litter layer and deep root system help
stabilize steep hillsides and road cuts. It has been underutilized for
rehabilitative purposes in the past because it is difficult to germinate
and to transplant [8]. It can, however, be successfully propagated from
stem cuttings [2].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Food: The fruits of Eastwood manzanita can be used to make jelly [2].
Native Americans dried and ground the fruits to make flour [36].
Landscaping: Eastwood manzanita is used for ornamental landscaping [2].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Watershed: Eastwood manzanita is valuable for soil erosion control
because its roots and litter layer bind soil. Kittredge [23] states
that it may have the greatest ability to build and maintain a stable
ground floor of all the chaparral shrubs.
Timber: Eastwood manzanita allelopathically inhibits growth of
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) and knobcone pine (P. attenuata)
seedlings [6,38,42].
Control: Eastwood manzanita can be controlled by aerosol application of
2,4-D in late June or July. Precautions for its use with ponderosa pine
seedlings have been detailed [38].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Arctostaphylos glandulosa | Eastwood Manzanita
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Eastwood manzanita is a long-lived, erect, spreading evergreen shrub.
It ranges from 5 to 8 feet (1.5-2.5 m) in height, with a lignotuber from
2 to 15 feet (0.6-2.5 m) in diameter. Root depth is from 8 to 28 inches
(20-70 cm). The leaves, stems, and fruits are glandular. The fruit is
a small drupe bearing hardcoated seeds [5,7,19,29].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Sexual: Eastwood manzanita reproduces by seed [2,20,14]. Seeds are
dispersed by birds and mammals and can remain dormant for years [21].
Germination does not occur until after a fire, and is triggered by an
oligosaccharin leached from charred wood [20]. Seedling success rates
are low [14].
Vegetative: Eastwood manzanita sprouts from the lignotuber [7,14,18,19,20,44].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Eastwood manzanita is found on dry, rocky, often steep slopes [16,29].
Soil: Eastwood manzanita grows in gravelly-clay soil. The soil layer
is typically less than 10 inches (25 cm) with a pH of 5.7 [10].
Elevation: Eastwood manzanita occurs between 1,000 to 6,000 feet
(305-1,829 m) [29].
Climate: Eastwood manzanita grows in a mediterranean climate, with cool
moist winters and hot dry summers [7,29].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Eastwood manzanita is shade-intolerant. It occurs in climax chaparral,
but is replaced by oak (Quercus spp.) woodland or coniferous forest in
the absence of fire [14,31,44].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Eastwood manzanita flowers from February to April. The fruit ripens
from April to August, and seeds are disseminated from August to
November. Older leaves are dropped from August to February [2].
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Arctostaphylos glandulosa | Eastwood Manzanita
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Plant adaptations: Eastwood manzanita sprouts from the lignotuber
after aboveground portions of the plant have burned [7,14,18,19,20,44].
It also regenerates by fire-stimulated germination of dormant
soil-stored seed [21].
Fire ecology: Eastwood manzanita produces more ground litter than most
chaparral shrubs. Kittredge [24] has measured its litter volume at 1.1
tons per acre (2.5 t/ha) per year. The leaves, twigs, and fruits contain
flammable resins [6].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Small shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Arctostaphylos glandulosa | Eastwood Manzanita
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Fire top-kills Eastwood manzanita [42].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Charate-induced germination of a few seedlings occurs the first year
following fire [21]. Lignotubers of top-killed plants sprout during the
first postfire growing season. Rapid growth continues, and preburn
cover is regained by postfire year 4 [17].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Effects of fire supression: Fuel build-up resulting from fire
supression can result in extreme fire and flood danger. Manzanita
fires are severe and typically comsume all standing material down to
ground level [42]. Loss of watershed vegetation results in downstream
flooding and the filling in of reservoirs with debris [26].
Fuel management: Manzanita communities have a natural fire cycle of 10
to 25 years [34]. To reduce fire danger in these communities,
prescribed winter burns are recommended at intervals of 10 to 20 years.
Humidity should be under 30 percent and winds less then 10 miles per
hour [12,39].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Arctostaphylos glandulosa | Eastwood Manzanita
REFERENCES :
1. Bentley, Jay R. 1967. Conversion of chaparral areas to grassland:
techniques used in California. Agric. Handb. 328. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 35 p. [195]
2. Berg, Arthur R. 1974. Arctostaphylos Adans. manzanita. In: Schopmeyer,
C. S., technical coordinator. Seeds of woody plants in the United
States. Agric. Handb. 450. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service: 228-231. [7428]
3. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals,
reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's
associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO:
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p.
[434]
4. Bissell, Harold D.; Strong, Helen. 1955. The crude protein variations in
the browse diet of California deer. California Fish and Game. 41(2):
145-155. [10524]
5. Conrad, C. Eugene. 1987. Common shrubs of chaparral and associated
ecosystems of southern California. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-99. Berkeley, CA:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest
and Range Experiment Station. 86 p. [4209]
6. del Moral, Roger; Cates, Rex G. 1971. Allelopathic potential of the
dominant vegetation of western Washington. Ecology. 52(6): 1030-1037.
[4794]
7. Eastwood, Alice. 1934. A revision of Arctostaphylos with key and
descriptions. Leaflets of Western Botany. 1(11): 105-127. [12207]
8. Everett, Percy C. 1957. A summary of the culture of California plants at
the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden 1927-1950. Claremont, CA: The Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden. 223 p. [7191]
9. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and
Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905]
10. Gardner, Robert A. 1958. Soil-vegetation associations in the redwood -
Douglas-fir zone of California. In: Proceedings, 1st North American
forest soils conference; [Date of conference unknown]; East Lansing, MI.
East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University, Agricultural Experiment
Station: 86-101. [12581]
11. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others].
1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range
ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998]
12. Green, Lisle R. 1970. An expermintal prescribed burn to reduce fuel
hazard in chaparral. Res. Note PSW-216. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range
Experiment Station. 6 p. [16164]
13. Griffin, James R. 1974. Notes on environment, vegetation and flora:
Hastings Natural History Reservation. Memo Report. On file at: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research
Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT. 90 p. [10531]
14. Hanes, Ted L. 1971. Succession after fire in the chaparral of southern
California. Ecological Monographs. 41(1): 27-52. [11405]
15. Hanes, Ted L. 1976. Vegetation types of the San Gabriel Mountians. In:
Latting, June, ed. Symposium proceedings: plant communities of southern
California; 1974 May 4; Fullerton, CA. Special Publication No. 2.
Berkeley, CA: California Native Plant Society: 65-76. [4227]
16. Holland, Robert F. 1986. Preliminary descriptions of the terrestrial
natural communities of California. Sacramento, CA: California Department
of Fish and Game. 156 p. [12756]
17. Horton, Jerome S. 1960. Vegetation types of the San Bernardino
Mountains. Tech. Rep. PSW-44. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range
Experiment Station. 29 p. [10687]
18. James, Susanne Marie. 1983. Lignotubers and vegetative regeneration of
Arctostaphylos in the California chaparral--anatomy , morphology and
ecological significance. Riverside, CA: University of California. 133 p.
Dissertation. [12197]
19. Jepson, Willis L. 1916. Regeneration in Manzanita. Madrono. 1: 3-11.
[12206]
20. Keeley, Jon E. 1987. Role of fire in seed germination of woody taxa in
California chaparral. Ecology. 68(2): 434-443. [5403]
21. Keeley, Jon E. 1987. Ten years of change in seed banks of the chaparral
shrubs, Arctostaphylos glauca and A. glandulosa. American Midland
Naturalist. 117(2): 446-448. [5607]
22. Keeley, Jon E.; Hays, Robert L. 1976. Differential seed predation on two
species of Arctostaphylos (Ericaceae). Oecologia. 24: 71-81. [13728]
23. Kittredge, Joseph. 1955. Litter and forest floor of the chaparral in
parts of the San Dimas Experimental Forest, California. Hilgardia.
23(13): 563-596. [10931]
24. Klinger, Robert C.; Kutilek, Michael J.; Shellhammer, Howard S. 1989.
Population responses of black-tailed deer to prescribed burning. Journal
of Wildlife Management. 53(4): 863-871. [10686]
25. Kuchler, A. W. 1964. Manual to accompany the map of potential vegetation
of the conterminous United States. Special Publication No. 36. New York:
American Geographical Society. 77 p. [1384]
26. Lee, Robert G.; Bonnicksen, Thomas M. 1978. Brushland watershed fire
management policy in southern California: biosocial considerations.
Contribution No. 172. Davis, CA: University of California, California
Water Resources Center. 74 p. [11886]
27. Lyon, L. Jack; Stickney, Peter F. 1976. Early vegetal succession
following large northern Rocky Mountain wildfires. In: Proceedings, Tall
Timbers fire ecology conference and Intermountain Fire Research Council
fire and land management symposium; 1974 October 8-10; Missoula, MT. No.
14. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station: 355-373. [1496]
28. Moore, Michael. 1979. Medicinal plants of the Mountain West. Santa Fe,
NM: Museum of New Mexico Press. 200 p. [12905]
29. Munz, Philip A. 1973. A California flora and supplement. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press. 1905 p. [6155]
30. Munz, Philip A. 1974. A flora of southern California. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press. 1086 p. [4924]
31. Patric, James H.; Hanes, Ted L. 1964. Chaparral succession in a San
Gabriel Mountain area of California. Ecology. 45(2): 353-360. [9825]
32. Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant
geography. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 632 p. [2843]
33. Sampson, Arthur W.; Jespersen, Beryl S. 1963. California range
brushlands and browse plants. Berkeley, CA: University of California,
Division of Agricultural Sciences, California Agricultural Experiment
Station, Extension Service. 162 p. [3240]
34. Sweeney, James R. 1956. Responses of vegetation to fire: A study of the
herbaceous vegetation following chaparral fires. Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press. 249 p. [3776]
35. Taber, Richard D. 1953. Studies of black-tailed deer reproduction on
three chaparral cover types. California Fish and Game. 39(2): 177-186.
[16373]
36. Timbrook, Jan. 1990. Ethnobotany of Chumash Indians, California, based
on collections by John P. Harrington. Economic Botany. 44(2): 236-253.
[13777]
37. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1994. Plants
of the U.S.--alphabetical listing. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 954 p. [23104]
38. U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of the Interior; Range
Seeding Equipment Committee. 1959. Handbook: Chemical control of range
weeds. Washington, DC: [Publisher unknown]. 93 p. [12129]
39. Linne, James. [n.d.]. Prescribed burning. BLM Manual 9215. [Place of
publication unknown]: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land
Management. 217 p. [1460]
40. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1990. 50 CFR
Pt 17. Endangered & threatened wildlife & plants; review of plant taxa
for listing as endangered or threatened species; notice of review.
Federal Register. 55(35): 6184-6229. [14528]
41. Van Dersal, William R. 1938. Native woody plants of the United States,
their erosion-control and wildlife values. Washington, DC: U.S.
Department of Agriculture. 362 p. [4240]
42. Vogl, Richard J. 1976. An introduction to the plant communities of the
Santa Ana and San Jacinto Mountains. In: Latting, June, ed. Symposium
proceedings: plant communities of southern California; 1974 May 4;
Fullerton, CA. Special Publication No. 2. Berkeley, CA: California
Native Plant Society: 77-98. [4230]
43. Wells, Philip V. 1987. The leafy-bracted, crown-sprouting manzanitas, an
ancestral group in Arctostaphylos. Four Seasons. 7(4): 4-27. [8799]
44. Zedler, Paul H. 1981. Vegetation change in chaparral and desert
communities in San Diego County, California. In: West, D. C.; Shugart,
H. H.; Botkin, D. B., eds. Forest succession: Concepts and application.
New York: Springer-Verlag: 406-430. [4241]
45. Stickney, Peter F. 1989. Seral origin of species originating in northern
Rocky Mountain forests. Unpublished draft on file at: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Fire
Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MT; RWU 4403 files. 7 p. [20090]
46. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Biological Survey. [n.d.]. NP
Flora [Data base]. Davis, CA: U.S. Department of the Interior, National
Biological Survey. [23119]
Index
Related categories for Species: Arctostaphylos glandulosa
| Eastwood Manzanita
|
 |
