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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Arctostaphylos nevadensis | Pinemat Manzanita
ABBREVIATION :
ARCNEV
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
ARNE
COMMON NAMES :
pinemat manzanita
kinnikkinnick
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of pinemat manzanita is
Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray [6,11,12,25,41]. There are no currently
recognized infrataxa [41]. Pinemat manzanita hybridizes with bearberry
(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) and hairy manzanita (A. columbiana) [12,17],
and possibly with Eastwood manzanita (A. glandulosa) subspecies,
forming A. xknightii R. Gankin & W. Hildreth and A. xparvifolia Howell
[41].
LIFE FORM :
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
Janet L. Howard, February 1993
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
NO-ENTRY
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Arctostaphylos nevadensis. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Arctostaphylos nevadensis | Pinemat Manzanita
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Pinemat manzanita is distributed from the Cascade Range in Washington
south through the North Coast Ranges and the Sierra Nevada of California
and east to the Blue Mountains of Washington and Oregon [12,25].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES22 Western white pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES26 Lodgepole pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
STATES :
CA OR WA
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
CRLA KICA LAVO MORA NOCA REDW
SEQU WHIS YOSE
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K002 Cedar - hemlock - Douglas-fir forest
K003 Silver fir - Douglas-fir forest
K004 Fir - hemlock forest
K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K007 Red fir forest
K008 Lodgepole pine - subalpine forest
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K034 Montane chaparral
SAF COVER TYPES :
205 Mountain hemlock
206 Engelmann spruce - subalpine fir
207 Red fir
208 Whitebark pine
211 White fir
213 Grand fir
218 Lodgepole pine
219 Limber pine
229 Pacific Douglas-fir
230 Douglas-fir - western hemlock
231 Port-Orford-cedar
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
238 Western juniper
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
247 Jeffrey pine
248 Knobcone pine
256 California mixed subalpine
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Pinemat manzanita is a common dominant of montane chaparral and
understories of west coast coniferous forests [2,22,24,36].
Overstory associates not listed in Distribution and Occurrence are
foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana), shore pine (P. contorta var.
contorta), Washoe pine (P. washoensis), Brewer spruce (Picea
breweriana), golden chinquapin (Chrysolepis chrysophylla), tanoak
(Lithocarpus densiflora), and California bay (Umbellularia californica)
[19,32,34].
Understory shrub associates include greenleaf manzanita (Arctostaphylos
patula), bearberry (A. uva-ursi), antelope bitterbrush (Purshia
tridentata), Fremont silktassel (Garrya fremontii), huckleberry oak
(Quercus vaccinifolia), snowbrush (Ceanothus velutinous), squaw carpet
(C. prostraus), mountain big sagebrush (Artemesia tridentata var.
vaseyana), Oregon-grape (Mahonia nervosa), blue huckleberry (Vaccinium
membranaceum), and prince's pine (Chimaphila umbellata) [5,14,24,32,37].
Herbaceous associates are long-stolon sedge (Carex pensylvanica),
California fescue (Festuca californica), Lemmon needlegrass (Stipa
lemmoni), Hall bentgrass (Agrostis hallii), Rocky Mountain gentian
(Gentiana affinis), purple mountain parsley (Oreonana purpurascens),
spreading phlox (Phlox diffusa), and Brewer lupine (Lupinus breweri)
[15,26].
Publications naming pinemat manzanita as a dominant component of forest
understories are as follows:
Preliminary plant associations of the southern Oregon Cascade Mountain
Province [2]
Terrestrial natural communities of California [13]
Plant associations of south Chiloquin and Klamath Ranger
Districts--Winema National Forests [14]
Montane and subalpine vegetation of the Klamath Mountains [32]
Plant associations of the central Oregon Pumice Zone [37]
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Arctostaphylos nevadensis | Pinemat Manzanita
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Black bear, black-tailed deer, coyote, and various birds and rodents eat
pinemat manzanita fruits [12,31]. Black-tailed deer browse seedlings
for the first 3 years following fire. Foliage of older plants is rarely
consumed by wildlife or livestock [31].
PALATABILITY :
Mature pinemat manzanita browse is unpalatable to all classes of
livestock and wildlife [31].
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
COVER VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Pinemat manzanita is recommended for stabilizing soils on steep slopes
[2,10]. Plants are started from stem cuttings. Containerized pinemat
manzanita planted to prevent erosion of soil into Lake Tahoe, California
showed 63 percent survival after 12 years when planted in spring.
Survival of fall-planted pinemat manzanita was 23 percent at year 12
[33].
If soil excavations are shallow, pinemat manzanita recovers rapidly from
log skidding damage via adventitious rooting and stem growth [9].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Pinemat manzanita is used for ornamental landscaping [11].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Arctostaphylos nevadensis | Pinemat Manzanita
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Pinemat manzanita is a native, spreading to prostrate, evergreen
sclerophyllous shrub from 1 to 2 feet (0.3-0.6 m) in height. It is
much-branched, with branchlets becoming viscid with age. It typically
lacks a lignotuber (see Taxonomy). The bark is thin and freely
exfoliating. A description of its root system was not found in the
literature. The fruit is a berrylike drupe containing several nutlets
[6,17,21,25].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Vegetative: Pinemat manzanita roots adventitiously where stems contact
soil [3]. Plants buried under tephra following the 1980 eruption of
Mount St. Helens produced 5 to 10 adventitious roots per centimeter of
stem during the next growing season [1]. Manzanita species such as
pinemat manzanita that lack a lignotuber generally do not sprout after
aboveground portions of the plant are damaged [3,25].
Sexual: Little is known about pinemat manzanita sexual regeneration
except that it establishes from soil-stored seed in large numbers
following fire [27]. Seedling recruitment at other times is not
documented in the literature.
Manzanita species seeds are disseminated by frugivorous birds and
mammals [31].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Pinemat manzanita is an indicator of cold, dry sites [23]. It occurs in
a modified maritime climate: winters are wet, but high pressure systems
in summer result in clear, dry weather [24]. Precipitation may be rain
or snow, depending upon elevation. Pinemat manzanita occurs from 2,000
to 10,000 feet (610-3,049 m) in elevation, and is most common above
5,000 feet (1,524 m) [25]. The typical growing season is therefore
short; snowpack often does not melt until July [2,24].
Soils supporting pinemat manzanita are typically shallow, infertile, and
poorly developed [2]. Textures vary from sand to loam and often contain
coarse fragments [26,30,37]. Pinemat manzanita tolerates serpentine
soils but is not restricted to them [16,39].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
Pinemat manzanita colonizes disturbed sites [17]. It grows well in open
plant communities where light levels are high, and persists until late
seres. It does not tolerate the low light levels of closed canopy
forests. McNeil and Zobel [22] reported that pinemat manzanita in the
understory of a white fir (Abies concolor) forest of Crater Lake
National Park, Oregon, died where the canopy had closed.
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Pinemat manzanita phenological development in the Cascade Range of
central Oregon is as follows [29]:
growth begins: late May
flowering: late May to mid-June
fruit develops: mid-June to early July
fruit sets: mid-July to late September
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Arctostaphylos nevadensis | Pinemat Manzanita
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Pinemat manzanita establishes from seed following fire [17,27].
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Shrub without adventitious-bud root crown
Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Arctostaphylos nevadensis | Pinemat Manzanita
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Fire kills pinemat manzanita [17].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Pinemat manzanita establishes from seed during the first postfire
growing season [17]. It may be an obligate seeder, requiring fire
and/or charred wood lechate to break seed dormancy. The seed, however,
has not been tested under laboratory or other conditions for such
fire-stimulated germination responses.
Data on postfire density, frequency, or growth rates of pinemat
manzanita seedlings are not available.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
NO-ENTRY
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Arctostaphylos nevadensis | Pinemat Manzanita
REFERENCES :
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Index
Related categories for Species: Arctostaphylos nevadensis
| Pinemat Manzanita
|
 |
