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Introductory

SPECIES: Artemisia californica | California Sagebrush
ABBREVIATION : ARTCAL SYNONYMS : NO-ENTRY SCS PLANT CODE : ARCA11 COMMON NAMES : California sagebrush coast sagebrush California sagewort old man TAXONOMY : The currently accepted scientific name of California sagebrush is Artemisia californica Less. [11,62,63]. There are two recognized varieties: Artemesia californica var. californica and Artemisia californica var. insularis. The latter occurs on Santa Barbara Island, San Clemente Island, and San Nicholas Island. It is distinguished from the typical variety by wider leaf segments [9,62]. LIFE FORM : Shrub FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS : No special status OTHER STATUS : NO-ENTRY COMPILED BY AND DATE : Janet L. Howard, January 1993 LAST REVISED BY AND DATE : NO-ENTRY AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION : Howard, Janet L. 1993. Artemisia californica. In: Remainder of Citation

DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE

SPECIES: Artemisia californica | California Sagebrush
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION : California sagebrush is endemic to California. It is distributed along the coast from Marin County and Napa County south to San Diego County [62,91]. It also occurs on the Channel islands of San Clemente, Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz, San Miguel, San Nicholas, and Santa Rosa [63]. ECOSYSTEMS : FRES28 Western hardwoods FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub FRES35 Pinyon - juniper FRES42 Annual grasslands STATES : CA ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS : CABR CHIS PINN PORE SAMO BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS : 3 Southern Pacific Border KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS : K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland K030 California oakwoods K033 Chaparral K035 Coastal sagebrush K036 Mosaic of K030 and K035 K048 California steppe SAF COVER TYPES : 239 Pinyon - juniper 250 Blue oak - Digger pine 255 California coast live oak SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES : NO-ENTRY HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES : California sagebrush is the most important member of the coastal sage scrub community [10,30,38,44,78]. Coastal sage scrub is primarily composed of uneven-aged stands of low, nonsclerophyllous subshrubs. The community has been geographically subdivided into several distinct floristic associations which are described in the literature [36,78,85]. California sagebrush is dominant or codominant in most of these associations, providing from 25 to 100 percent cover [4]. The most commonly occurring codominants are white, black, or purple sage (Salvia apiana, S. mellifera, S. leucophylla), California encelia (Encelia californica), and California buckwheat (Erigonium fasciculatum) [15,30,36,78]. Coastal sage scrub is part of a landscape mosaic that also comprises several other communities which may include chaparral, annual grassland, oak (Quercus spp.) woodland, pinyon-juniper (Pinus spp.-Juniperus spp.) woodland, and various coniferous forests (see Value and Use: Site Characteristics). California sagebrush is a frequent associate in each of these other communities. Coastal sage scrub patches average approximately 0.25 acres (0.1 ha), but the extent of the community varies widely depending on site characteristics and fire history [14]. Coastal sage scrub also interfaces with urban and agricultural areas [15,42,45]. Publications describing California sagebrush as a dominant or codominat species are as follows: Plant communities of Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands National Park [10] Vegetation types of the San Gabriel Mountains [30] Terrestrial natural communities of California [36] Vegetation types of the San Bernadino Mountains [38] The community composition of California coastal sage scrub [44] Vegetation of the San Bernadino Mountains [55] Vegetation of Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina Islands [56] Southern coastal sage scrub [59] The southern California islands [69] An introduction to the plant communities of the Santa Ana and San Jacinto Mountains [81] The vascular plant communities of California [78] Plant associates: Coastal sage scrub associates of California sagebrush not discussed in Habitat Types and Plant Communities include coast buckwheat (Erigonum parvifolium), chaparral yucca (Yucca whipplei), coyotebrush (Baccharis pilularis), goldenbush (Haplopappus squarrosus), laurel sumac (Malosma laurina), common deerweed (Lotus scoparius), giant wildrye (Elymus condensatus), prickly pear cactus (Opuntia littoralis, O. oricola) and white brittlebrush (Encelia farinosa) [9,10,19,30,38,55,69]. Santa Barbara giant erigonum (Erigonum giganteum ssp. compactum) is an associate of insular populations [9]. Chaparral associates include chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), bigpod ceanothus (Ceanothus megacarpus), hoaryleaf ceanothus (C. crassifolius), California scrub oak (Quercus dumosa), curlleaf mountain-mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius), and hollyleaf cherry (Prunus ilicifolia) [20,30,55,78]. Associates at the coastal sage scrub-desert interface include big saltbush (Atriplex lentiformis), fathen saltbush (A. patula), California seablite (Sueda californica), Europe swampfire (Salifornia europaea), and saltgrass (Distichlis spicata) [68]. Overstory associates of California sagebrush in other plant communities adjacent to coast sage scrub include bigcone Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga macrocarpa), Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), bishop pine (P. muricata), singleleaf pinyon (P. monophylla), California juniper (Juniperus californica), and Tecate cypress (Cupressus forbesii) [1,52,53,82] (also see SAF Cover Types).

VALUE AND USE

SPECIES: Artemisia californica | California Sagebrush
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE : NO-ENTRY IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE : Little information concerning animal consumption or preferrence for California sagebrush browse has been published. Sampson and Jesperson [73] reported it as "limitedly" browsed by black-tailed deer and rarely, if at all, browsed by livestock. Spurlock and others (in [64]), however, reported it as highly preferred by goats year-round. Feral sheep and goats on the Channel Islands browse California sagebrush heavily [6,56]. PALATABILITY : California sagebrush foliage is stronger in aroma and more bitter in taste than other sagebrush species, which may tend to repel some browsing animals [73]. NUTRITIONAL VALUE : The percent crude protein (oven-dry basis) of California sagebrush browse is as follows [3]: March 13.1 May 12.6 July 10.4 September 8.8 October 10.7 The leaves contain 3.1 percent nitrogen and 0.25 percent phosphorus (Mooney and Chu, in [59]). COVER VALUE : As a dominant species and one of the tallest subshrubs in the coastal sage scrub community, California sagebrush provides thermal and escape cover for small birds and mammals. Many species of birds utilize it for roosting and nesting cover, including the California knatcatcher [93]. The orange-throated whiptail lizard, another threatened species, habituates openings between California sagebrush and other coastal sage scrub shrubs [76]. VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES : California sagebrush is commonly selected for rehabilitation of degraded coastal sage scrub and watershed, and for improvement of wildlife habitat. A natural colonizer, it is easily established from commercially available seed. It also transplants well [7]. Hydroseeding is the common method of seed application. One such seeding involved the replanting of a coastal sage scrub community following construction of the Point Pederrales Pipeline in Santa Barbara County. In the first year, average frequency of seedlings was 33 percent, and average seedling density in 100-meter-square plots was 50.7 [12]. Project leaders working at other sites have reported similar success in establishing California sagebrush by hydroseeding [5,33,35]. Hillyard and Black [35] provide a list of coastal sage scrub species suggested for coplanting and the ratio of seed of each species included in various seed mixes. California sagebrush seedlings outplanted in an old field in the Sepulveda Wildlife Reserve near Van Nuys showed 75 percent survival in the first year [33,67]. Transplantings on other project site have also been successful [18,39]. OTHER USES AND VALUES : Chumash Indians used California sagebrush for windbreaks. Branches were used as firesticks and arrow foreshafts. Poultices or hairwashes were applied for treating headaches. The shrubs were also used for ritual purification, especially in ceremonies relating to death. Plants were soaked in water used for ceremonial bathing or sprinkling, or were burned. Bundles of California sagebrush were erected along paths to shrines [79]. Spanish settlers regarded California sagebrush as a panacea for most ailments. They drank tea made from the shrub to treat bronchial problems and used it externally as a wash for wounds and swellings [11]. Early miners put California sagebrush sprays in their beds to repel fleas [11]. MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Coastal sage scrub occupies about 2 percent of the state's total area: about one-fourth of the total area of chaparral. Because it occurs at low elevation, coastal sage scrub not under the public domain has been greatly reduced in size due to agricultural and urban development [75]. Rangeland: A bare zone often develops around California sagebrush, particularly on coastal sage scrub-annual grassland ecotones. Causes of this bare zone are complex and are at least partially attributable to climate, herbivory, and allelopathic inhibition [59,71]. Halligan [26,27] found that ecotonal bare zones were revegetated in one growing season where small animal exclosures were constructed. In a later study [28], he found that California sagebrush leaf leachate inhibited growth of some herbaceous species, especially exotic annuals, while growth of other herbaceous species was not affected. Establishment and survival of coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia) seedlings were significantly greater (p<0.4) under California sagebrush than in adjacent open areas [8]. California sagebrush populations have greatly decreased in numbers on Santa Catalina and Santa Cruz Islands under heavy browsing by feral sheep and goats. On portions of these islands where livestock has been excluded, California sagebrush has rapidly colonized denuded areas [6,56]. Control: California sagebrush is sensitive to aerosol application of 2,4-D and sensitive to intermediate to such application of 2,4,5-T [66].

BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

SPECIES: Artemisia californica | California Sagebrush
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS : California sagebrush is a native subshrub with multiple stems arising from the root crown. It grows from 2 to 5 feet (0.6-1.5 m) in height [11,25,62,63]. The lower branches are woody and usually do not exceed 0.2 inch (50 mm) in diameter. Ring counts of large lower branches show ages of 15 to 25 years [50]. Leaves are seasonally dimorphic. Slightly larger leaves attached to main branches or stems appear early. Most of these leaves remain on the stem through the dry season, although they may wilt [19,20,85,93]. Side-shoots develop from the leaf axils of larger leaves on lower branches. These side-shoots develop smaller, persistent leaves [20,21]. The smaller leaves can remain wilted for long periods of time under water stress and rehydrate within hours of rainfall [85,93]. Both types of leaves are highly aromatic due to the presence of terpenes [34,87]. The inflorescense is a dense panicle [63]. The fruit is a small achene with a minute pappus [41]. Roots are shallow [54]. RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM : Phanerophyte REGENERATION PROCESSES : Sexual: The light seeds of California sagebrush are wind dispersed and may travel for long distances before addition to the seedbank [56]. Burkhart [7] reported the seeds as nondormant. Keeley [41], however, found that under laboratory conditions, seeds buried near the soil surface readily germinated in moist soil without special treatment, but that seeds buried below the level of light penetration failed to germinate until exposed to charred wood leachate. California sagebrush is rated as moderate to high in rate of seed germination during fire-free intervals [90]. Because of steady germination of soil-stored seeds, California sagebrush often fails to develop a seedbank adequate for recruitment of large numbers of seedlings during the first postdisturbance growing season [41]. Seedling density usually increases after growth and flowering of young plants. Seedling establishment is poor in mature coastal sage scrub communities; mature California sagebrush may allelopathically inhibit growth of its seedlings [61]. Vegetative: California sagebrush sprouts from the root crown following damage to aboveground portions of the plant unless adventitious buds of the root crown have been damaged by heat [41,86]. Shrubs often develop adventitious roots where basal portions of stems are covered with soil [47]. SITE CHARACTERISTICS : California sagebrush attains greatest development on the coastal side of mountains [31]. In the outer Coast Ranges, it generally occupies low-elevation sites (< 2,000 feet [610 m]) beneath chaparral [19,44,42,85]. It may, however, occupy higher elevations where soils are shallow [42]. Outer Coast Range populations typically occur on all aspects [50]. Inner Coast Range populations occur on shallow or droughty soils within a narrow margin between chaparral and desert or chaparral and semiarid annual grassland. Aspect is usually south or west [72]. Channel Island populations are typically found on south or east-facing slopes with shallow soil [57]. California sagebrush tolerates a wide range in degree of slope, but slopes are most frequently steep [45]. It does not occur at elevations above 2,500 feet (762 m) [62]. Soil textures supporting California sagebrush include sand, sandy loam, clay, and gravelly clay-loam [14,45,82]. It also grows in unconsolidated soils that occur in gravel washes, tallus slopes, and colluvial deposits [13,32,38]. Soil parent materials include granite, andesite, shale, sandstone, and mudstone [45,50,82]. Climate is generally Mediterranean with a strong maritime influence [13]. The climate of insular populations is maritime [69]. Ninety percent of annual precipitation falls between November and April. Climatic stations in coastal sage scrub receive between 1 to 18 inches (250-450 mm) of precipitation per annum [45]. Northeasterly Santa Ana foehn winds occur in the Transverse Ranges from mid-fall to December and prevailing westerly winds are common in spring, summer, and early fall [43]. SUCCESSIONAL STATUS : Facultative Seral Species California sagebrush is a pioneer in primary and secondary succession and persists as a dominant species through climax in coast sage scrub communities [8,32,90]. Its persistence in other communities varies from early to late seral stages, but California sagebrush is rare in climax communities other than coastal sage scrub [20,30]. Various successional progressions have been suggested for lower elevation regions of southwestern California. The community boundaries are dynamic, with successional patterns influenced by intervals between fire or other disturbance, the relative success of different species at establishing seed in the seedbank, and competitive interactions following disturbance [20]. Hanes [31] suggests that California sagebrush and other coastal sage scrub species invade chaparral after fire or other disturbance but are gradually replaced by chaparral species in the absence of disturbance. Keeley and Keeley [42] also support this hypothesis, stating that frequent disturbance of coastal sage scrub results in further successional regression to annual grassland. Horton [37], however, has suggested that coastal sage scrub is replaced by coast live oak in the absence of disturbance. Investigations of postfire succession in the Santa Monica and San Gabriel mountains showed that California sagebrush readily established in burned areas previously occupied by either coastal sage scrub or chaparral, but was eventually outcompeted by chamise or bigpod ceanothus in areas previously occupied by chaparral [20,30]. SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT : Stem growth is initiated in winter. New leaf growth begins in February, and leaf production is continuous until late summer. Old leaves are shed after 30 to 50 days. Side-shoots of lower branches begin growth in May. The period of maximum stem elongation begins in March and ends in summer, when drought dormancy begins. Die-back of upper stems occurs in late summer or early fall under water stress [19,20,21]. Various times of flowering have been reported, including periods from August through December [62], November thorough mid-May [59], and year-round [11].

FIRE ECOLOGY

SPECIES: Artemisia californica | California Sagebrush
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS : Fire Ecology: Historical documentation of fire in coast sage scrub is too sparse to allow for estimation of natural fire intervals of that community. The intervals vary widely. Total area burned strongly correlates with precipitation during the previous winter, with heaviest burning occurring after wet years. Fire is rare following drought [58]. Vogl [81] estimated an average fire interval of 20 years for lightning-ignited fire in chaparral adjacent to coastal sage scrub. Fire intensity is generally higher in coastal sage scrub than in seral chaparral due to higher litter loading and the higher percentage of terpenes in coastal sage scrub vegetation [22,50]. Fire intensity is higher, however, in chaparral that has not burned for over 20 years [58]. Average litterfall per annum in coastal sage scrub is 0.6 ounces per square foot (194.1 g/sq m) [21]. Decomposition of the litter layer is extrememly slow [74]. Fuel loadings vary from 3 to 10 tons per acre (7-22 t/ha), 70 to 85 percent of which is typically consumed [23,65]. California sagebrush leaves are 15.6 percent ether extractives (ovendry mass) [22]. Dead attached stems account for about 19 percent of total aboveground biomass of mature shrubs [21]. Plant Adaptations: California sagebrush establishes by seed and by sprouting in postfire communities [89]. The breaking of dormancy of more deeply-buried seeds by charred wood leachate is probably an adaptation to fire [41]. Field studies of this germination response, however, are lacking. California sagebrush is classified as a weak sprouter following burning of aboveground portions of the plant [50,91]. POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY : Small shrub, adventitious-bud root crown Ground residual colonizer (on-site, initial community) Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community) Secondary colonizer - off-site seed

FIRE EFFECTS

SPECIES: Artemisia californica | California Sagebrush
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT : Light-severity fire top-kills California sagebrush; severe fire causes plant mortality [45,84,86]. The effect of moderate-severity fire is not well documented. Shallowly buried seed is often killed by fire [50]. DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT : NO-ENTRY PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE : Because California sagebrush seeds are fire sensitive and their seedbank numbers moderate, seedling density may by low in the first postfire year [41,50]. California sagebrush seedling density following a wildfire in chamise chaparral near Pasedena was 0.25 per square foot (2.69/sq m), while density in adjacent unburned chaparral was 0.34 per square foot (3.67/sq m) [83]. Seedling recruitment is usually good after the first postfire year. Population buildup is most rapid when fires are not severe and top-killed plants consequently sprout. Sprouts usually flower at postfire year 1, although flowering is sometimes delayed until postfire year 2 [42,84,86]. Seed resulting from sprout flowering, in addition to windblown seed disseminated to burn areas, results in favorable seedling establishment beginning at postfire year 2 or 3. Sauer [74] reported a California sagebrush seedling frequency of 12 percent in Big Sycamore Canyon 3 years following the Mugu Fire in the Santa Monica Mountains. He also reported a frequency of 12 percent for seedlings 3 years after the nearby Topanga-Tuna Canyon Fire. Crown density recovers to preburn levels by postfire year 10 in coastal sage scrub unless the site is poor or severe soil erosion occurs [38]. In a study comparing adjacent coastal sage scrub and bigpod ceanothus-dominated chaparral communities at postfire year 26, Gray [20] found that 33 percent of California sagebrush in coastal sage scrub appeared to have resulted from crown sprouting, while 10 percent of California sagebrush in chaparral appeared to have done so. All California sagebrush plants in the chaparral community were dead. Density of California sagebrush in coastal sage scrub was 0.012 plants per square foot (0.13/sq m). DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE : California sagebrush seedlings may sprout when aboveground portions of seedlings are damaged. Coastal sage srub and chaparral communities rarely burn in consecutive years, but unusual circumstances may trigger this plant response. Germination of California sagebrush seed following an arsonist-set fire on August 1979 on Otay Mountain, San Diego County, resulted in a seedling density of 0.24 plants per square foot (2.62/sq m) at postfire year 1. In July 1980, another arsonist-set fire occurred at the same site. Fifteen percent of California sagebrush seedlings established after the 1979 fire sprouted following the 1980 fire [92]. FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS : Fire suppression in coastal sage scrub has been generally successful during summer months but not during extreme conditions of high temperature accompanied by Santa Ana winds in fall. In areas where fire suppression has been successful yearround, delayed burning has resulted in the burning of abnormally large areas during the abovementioned weather conditions [49]. In other areas, fire intervals have increased due to human-caused fires. Because coastal sage scrub is generally closer to developed areas than is chaparral, it is more vulnerable to accidentally- and arsonist-set fire. Analysis of the fire history of coastal sage scrub on Burton Mesa near Lompoc revealed that all of the 27 fires occurring between 1938 and 1986 were started by humans. Only eight of these fires were prescribed. The wildfires occurred in fall and spread in the direction of southwesterly-blown Santa Ana winds. These wildfires were arrested or extinguished at roads, fields, or firebreaks [13]. Zedler [89] stated that the current high fire frequencies of some coastal sage scrub communities may not be natural and that some suppression may be neccessary in these areas to restore presettlement ecological conditions. The long-term effect of fire suppression on California sagebrush and other coastal sage scrub species is unclear. Some authorities suggest that coastal sage scrub under the public domain is expanding in size by invasion into adjacent communities. Epling and Lewis [15] state that California sagebrush and other coastal sage scrub species are successfully invading chaparral dominated by sprouting species because unusually hot, stand-replacing fires occurring as a result of fuel buildup have killed such sprouting species. Thomas [77] reported that California sagebrush in coastal sage scrub of the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreational Area is invading adjacent valley oak (Quercus lobabta) woodland. A computer model, however, indicates that the shortened fire frequencies common to many coastal sage scrub areas will result in the disappearance of California sagebrush and other weakly sprouting, nonobligate seeders from that community. This model suggests that given a fire interval of 30 years or less, California sagebrush will be absent from coastal sage scrub after 100 years. There is therefore some concern that California sagebrush may be declining in numbers [49]. Field studies comparing area of expansion and decline of coastal sage scrub because of fire are lacking. Modern fire regimes may result in no net loss of coastal sage scrub or California sagebrush. Managers practicing prescribed burning should be aware, however, that California sagebrush populations may require longer fire intervals than have been proposed for hazard reduction [49]. Because of the less intense heat generated by spring burning of coastal sage scrub and chaparral [22], it may be the most favorable season in which to burn California sagebrush if consequent sprouting is desired. Special measures such as seeding may eventually be neccessary following burning during other seasons in order to insure continuance of California sagebrush populations. Firebreaks and fuelbreaks are easily constructed in coastal sage scrub, and are easily maintained by mechanical, herbicide or other treatment [49]. In a 4-year study, Green and Newall [24] successfully used goats to control growth of California sagebrush and other plants on fuelbreaks on the Los Padres National Forest. Considerations for development of a fire prescription in coastal sage scrub and chaparral communities are available in the literature [22,23].

REFERENCES

SPECIES: Artemisia californica | California Sagebrush
REFERENCES : 1. Allen-Diaz, Barbara H.; Holzman, Barbara A. 1991. Blue oak communities in California. Madrono. 38(2): 80-95. [15424] 2. Bernard, Stephen R.; Brown, Kenneth F. 1977. Distribution of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians by BLM physiographic regions and A.W. Kuchler's associations for the eleven western states. Tech. Note 301. Denver, CO: U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. 169 p. [434] 3. Bissell, Harold D.; Strong, Helen. 1955. The crude protein variations in the browse diet of California deer. California Fish and Game. 41(2): 145-155. [10524] 4. Bolsinger, Charles L. 1989. Shrubs of California's chaparral, timberland, and woodland: area, ownership, and stand characteristics. Res. Bull. PNW-RB-160. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Experiment Station. 50 p. [7426] 5. Bowcutt, Frederica. 1990. Restoring coastal sage scrub at San Onofre State Beach (California). Restoration & Management Notes. 8(2): 120. [13679] 6. Brumbaugh, Robert W.; Leishman, Norman J. 1982. Vegetation change on Santa Cruz Island, California: the effect of feral animals. In: Conrad, C. Eugene; Oechel, Walter C., technical coordinators. Proceedings of the symposium on dynamics and management of Mediterranean-type ecosystems; 1981 June 22-26; San Diego, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-58. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 589. [6064] 7. Burkhart, Brad. 1987. A nurseryman's view of revegetation. In: Rieger, John P.; Williams, Bradford K., eds. Proceedings of the second native plant revegetation symposium; 1987 April 15-18; San Diego, CA. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Arboretum, Society for Ecological Restoration & Management: 17-21. [4089] 8. Callaway, Ragan M.; D'Antonio, Carla M. 1991. Shrub facilitation of coast live oak establishment in central California. Madrono. 38(3): 158-169. [17102] 9. Clark, Ronilee A.; Halvorson, William L. 1990. Endangered and rare plants of Santa Barbara Island, Channel Islands National Park. Tech. Rep. No. 37. Davis, CA: University of California, Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit. 69 p. [18599] 10. Clark, Ronilee A.; Halvorson, William L.; Sawdo, Andell A.; Danielsen, Karen C. 1990. Plant communities of Santa Rosa Island, Channel Islands National Park. Tech. Rep. No. 42. Davis, CA: University of California at Davis, Institute of Ecology, Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit. 93 p. [18245] 11. Dale, Nancy. 1986. Flowering plants: The Santa Monica Mountains, coastal and chaparral regions of southern California. Santa Barbara, CA: Capra Press. In coooperation with: The California Native Plant Society. 239 p. [7605] 12. D'Antonio, Carla M.; Howald, Ann M. 1990. Evaluating the effectiveness of hydroseed mixes, topsoil conservation & other reveg techniques: a case study in Santa Barbara Co., California. In: Hughes, H. Glenn; Bonnicksen, Thomas M., eds. Restoration `89: the new management challange: Proceedings, 1st annual meeting of the Society for Ecological Restoration; 1989 January 16-20; Oakland, CA. Madison, WI: The University of Wisconsin Arboretum, Society for Ecological Restoration: 338-348. [14710] 13. Davis, Frank W.; Hickson, Diana E.; Odion, Dennis C. 1988. Composition of maritime chaparral related to fire history and soil, Burton Mesa, Santa Barbara County, California. Madrono. 35(3): 169-195. [6162] 14. Desimone, Sandra A.; Burk, Jack H. 1992. Local variation in floristics and distributional factors in Californian coastal sage scrub. Madrono. 39(3): 170-188. [19079] 15. Epling, Carl; Lewis, Harlan. 1942. The centers of distribution of the chaparral and coastal sage associations. American Midland Naturalist. 27: 445-462. [9793] 16. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Washington, DC: Society of American Foresters. 148 p. [905] 17. Garrison, George A.; Bjugstad, Ardell J.; Duncan, Don A.; [and others]. 1977. Vegetation and environmental features of forest and range ecosystems. Agric. Handb. 475. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 68 p. [998] 18. Goldner, Bernard H. 1984. Riparian restoration efforts associated with structurally modified flood control channels. In: Warner, Richard E.; Hendrix, Kathleen M., eds. California riparian systems: Ecology, conservation, and productive management: Proceedings of the conference; 1981 September 17-19; Davis, CA. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press: 445-451. [5852] 19. Gray, John T. 1982. Community structure and productivity in Ceanothus chaparral and coastal sage scrub of southern California. Ecological Monographs. 52(4): 415-435. [3045] 20. Gray, John T. 1983. Competition for light and a dynamic boundary between chaparral and coastal sage scrub. Madrono. 30(1): 43-49. [3763] 21. Gray, John Timothy; Schlesinger, William H. 1981. Biomass, production, and litterfall in the coastal sage scrub of southern California. American Journal of Botany. 68(1): 24-33. [19799] 22. Green, Lisle R. 1981. Burning by prescription in chaparral. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-51. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. 36 p. [19800] 23. Green, Lisle R. 1982. Prescribed burning in the California Mediterranean ecosystem. In: Conrad, C. Eugene; Oechel, Walter C., technical coordinators. Proceedings of the symposium on dynamics and management of Mediterranean-type ecosystems; 1981 June 22-26; San Diego, CA. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-58. Berkeley, CA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station: 464-471. [6052] 24. Green, Lisle R.; Newell, Leonard A. 1982. Using goats to control brush regrowth on fuelbreaks. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-59. 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