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Wildlife, Animals, and Plants
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Introductory
SPECIES: Artemisia cana ssp. bolanderi | Bolander Silver Sagebrush
ABBREVIATION :
ARTCANB
SYNONYMS :
Artemisia bolanderi Gray
Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. bolanderi (Gray) Hall & Clements
Artemisia tridentata var. bolanderi (Gray) McMinn
SCS PLANT CODE :
ARCAB3
COMMON NAMES :
Bolander silver sagebrush
Bolander sagebrush
white sagebrush
silver sagebrush
TAXONOMY :
The fully documented scientific name for Bolander silver sagebrush is
Artemisia cana ssp. bolanderi (Gray) Ward. The taxonomy presented here
follows that of Beetle [1], who differentiated three subspecies of
silver sagebrush based on morphological, geographical, and ecological
characteristics. Silver sagebrush occurs in both diploid and tetraploid
forms [17,38].
LIFE FORM :
Shrub
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
COMPILED BY AND DATE :
N. McMurray, September 1986
LAST REVISED BY AND DATE :
N. McMurray, December 1988
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
McMurray, Nancy E. 1986. Artemisia cana ssp. bolanderi. In: Remainder of Citation
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Artemisia cana ssp. bolanderi | Bolander Silver Sagebrush
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Bolander silver sagebrush has the most western distribution and most
restricted range of the three silver sagebrush subspecies. It occurs
primarily in the central basins of Oregon south through the Great Basin
areas of eastern California and extreme western Nevada [1,4,26,35]. An
isolated population has been described in the San Bernardino Mountains
of California [1]. Bolander silver sagebrush has also been recorded in
western Idaho [35].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES35 Pinyon - juniper
STATES :
CA ID NV OR
ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS :
NO-ENTRY
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
4 Sierra Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
6 Upper Basin and Range
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K010 Ponderosa shrub forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper - steppe woodland
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K040 Saltbush - greasewood
K055 Sagebrush steppe
SAF COVER TYPES :
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Mature stands of Bolander silver sagebrush are indicative of climax
conditions within nonforested communities. Little identification of
habitat types has been done for communities occupied by this subspecies.
A Bolander silver sagebrush/mat muhly (A. cana ssp. bolanderi/
Muhlenbergia richardsonis) habitat type has been described for Idaho
[10]. These sites generally have a sparse understory dominated by mat
muhly and Baltic rush (Juncus balticus). Apparently similar sites in
Oregon are characterized by a Nevada bluegrass (Poa nevadensis)
understory. A silver sagebrush community has also been described for
upland sites surrounding seasonal ponds in California [36]. Bottlebrush
squirreltail (Elymus elymoides) was the herbaceous dominant on these
sites.
VALUE AND USE
SPECIES: Artemisia cana ssp. bolanderi | Bolander Silver Sagebrush
WOOD PRODUCTS VALUE :
NO-ENTRY
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Bolander silver sagebrush basins are unique habitats that add to
diversity and increase edge in areas dominated by low and tall sagebrush
species. These sites are important foraging areas for mule deer,
pronghorn, and sage grouse [4]. In Oregon, Bolander silver sagebrush is
a highly preferred mule deer winter browse [24]. Mule deer use Bolander
silver sagebrush communities more often than expected given their
availability on central Oregon winter ranges [414]. Although browse use
declines throughout the spring and summer, deer heavily utilize
associated forage plants that are created by spring flooding,
particularly Newberry cinquefoil (Potentilla newberryi) and desert
combleaf (Polyctenium fremontii) [14]. Throughout the summer these
"flats" are frequently used by pronghorn as resting and bedding areas.
Generally, livestock utilization of Bolander silver sagebrush basins is
slight; in most cases the herbaceous understory is not maintained
through the grazing season.
PALATABILITY :
Bolander silver sagebrush is a highly palatable forage species on mule
deer winter ranges in Oregon [14]. In feeding trials with captive
animals this subspecies was among the more highly preferred of the seven
sagebrush taxa compared [24]. It was highly preferred by mule deer in
both the fall and winter and was utilized but not preferred by domestic
sheep.
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
The silver sagebrush complex is rated as fair in energy value and fair
to good in protein value [5].
COVER VALUE :
Cover is typically sparse in alkaline basins dominated by Bolander
silver sagebrush. Not only do stands occupy sites of low productive
potential [11], but many have been seriously overgrazed. Plants are
seldom tall enough or dense enough to provide cover for animals larger
than geese, swans, coyotes, or rabbits [4].
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Bolander silver sagebrush appears to be a good revegetation candidate on
sites to which it is adpated. Not only do plants sprout and layer, but
they are also able to tolerate wide fluctuations in soil moisture
conditions. However, no information was located regarding its use in
rehabilitation projects. Plains silver sagebrush (A. cana ssp. cana)
has been successfully established on coal spoils in eastern Montana [9].
McArthur [16] indicated that Bolander silver sagebrush is generally
adapted for planting on sites having poorly drained, heavy soils.
Monsen [19] recommended that silver sagebrush be used for riparian
plantings in mountain brush and sagebrush/desert communities. Plants
can be propagated via stem or root cuttings and also by wildlings [6,9].
Transplant material should consist of rooted cuttings, 1-0 nursery
stock, or hardened-off, containerized stock.
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Waterholes are often developed in basins dominated by Bolander silver
sagebrush. Drainage ditches are dug across the basin floor to rapidly
concentrate spring-runoff from wide, shallow naturally occurring ponds
into deeper reserviors where the water does not evaporate as readily.
Consequently, a reliable water source is maintained further into the
livestock grazing season [14]. In smaller basins the drainage is so
greatly improved that big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) and
rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus ssp.) are able to invade and sometimes
replace stands of silver sagebrush [4,14]. Another method of creating
additional water sources without sacrificing the unique qualities of
silver sagebrush communities involves the installation of "guzzlers"
(catchment aprons with storage tanks) in adjacent community types [14].
Silver sagebrush has been used as an ornamental in England. In America,
this species has been used historically as fuelwood by both Indians and
white settlers [17].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Opportunities to increase forage production within Bolander silver
sagebrush basins are low. Few introduced species are adapted to the
heavy clay soils and seasonal flooding characteristic of these sites
[3]. Stands are best left untilled and unsprayed.
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Artemisia cana ssp. bolanderi | Bolander Silver Sagebrush
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Bolander silver sagebrush is an erect or spreading, thickly branched,
long-lived, evergreen shrub usually 12 to 24 inches (30 to 60 cm) tall
[1,30,35]. This species is both highly drought resistant and also able
to tolerate temporary flooding [4,11,31]. Bolander silver sagebrush is
the shortest of the three subspecies of silver sagebrush. Branching
patterns produce crowns that are somewhat irregularly shaped. Although
leaf morphology is highly variable, leaves are generally tapered at both
ends, unlobed, and candescent. This subspecies is morphologically quite
similar to mountain silver sagebrush except for its characteristic dense
stem tomentum [26]. Although allelopathy has been documented in plains
silver sagebrush [9], its occurrence in this subspecies has not been
verified. Plants of the silver sagebrush complex typically produce a
shallow to deep, well-branched root system [31].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Phanerophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Bolander silver sagebrush is generally thought to employ both sexual and
vegetative modes of reproduction. Within the Artemisia genus, the
silver sagebrush complex is distinguished by its ability to resprout
following disturbance; however, resprouting abilities vary between the
three subspecies [37]. Bolander silver sagebrush plants can sprout from
the root crown and also readily layers [1,4]. Vegetative regeneration
would appear to be important on sites subjected to annual spring
flooding. Reporting on the results of rangeland revegetation projects
along the east slope of the Sierra Nevada, Cornelius and Talbot [3]
found that mechanical control of Bolander silver sagebrush was most
effective when soils were plowed to depths of 6 to 8 inches (15 to 20
cm). Severing plants several inches (approximately 5 cm) below the soil
surface or mowing caused crown sprouting in the majority of plants [3].
The role of seedling establishment remains unclear within the ecology of
this subspecies. Sagebrush reestablishment occurred via the growth of
new or resprouted individuals on sites in Oregon where plants were
top-killed following prolonged spring flooding [4]. A number of studies
have reported on regeneration of plains silver sagebrush. See Artemisia
cana ssp. cana regeneration slot for details.
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Bolander silver sagebrush is restricted to internally drained, alkaline
basins scattered along the western edge of the sagebrush-grass region at
elevations ranging from 3,500 to 6,000 feet (1,067-1,830 m) [4,11,35].
Mean annual precipitation on these semiarid sites ranges from 8 to 10
inches (20-25 cm) [31]. In Oregon, plants apparently grade into
mountain silver sagebrush at elevations above 5,500 feet (1,677 m).
The silver sagebrush complex is unique among the Artemisia genus in its
ability to tolerate soil saturation and seasonal flooding. Bolander
silver sagebrush is typically associated with sites that have standing
water for at least a month in the late winter or early spring; water
depths may reach 1 to 2 feet (0.3-0.6 m). Occassionally the persistence
of standing water extends beyond the limits of this subspecies, and
plants die back to the root. Resprouts and new individuals, however,
are able to regain coverages within approximately 3 years [4]. Most
soils are extremely clayey and are often derived from granite [26,35].
Summer drying produces wide, deep cracks in these clay soils into which
flaking surface layers readily slough [3]. This subspecies typically
occupies the relatively level terrain of alkaline basins, but stands
occasionally occur on cold, wet slopes between 7,000 and 8,000 feet
(2,134 and 2,440 m) in California [3].
Historically, vegetal cover has been sparse in basins dominated by
Bolander sagebrush. Winward [35] suggests that this condition is more a
function of soil chemistry than an evidence of past abuse. Seasonal
flooding of sites basically eliminates most plants common to
sagebrush-steppe communities. Bolander sagebrush is typically the only
shrub present, and shrub interspaces remain essentially barren. Moist
spring conditions create a lush herbaceous undergrowth; these plants,
however, are not maintained through the livestock grazing season.
Species adapted to such extremes of flooding and drying include mat muly
(Muhlenburgia richardsonis), spike rush (Eleocharis spp.), wire rush
(Juncus spp.), Baltic rush (Juncus balticus), Douglas sedge (Carex
douglasii), Newberry cinquefoil, showy downingia (Downingia elegans),
desert combleaf, tiny mousetail (Myosurus minimus), bottlebrush
squirreltail (Elymus elymoides), and cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) [4].
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Mature, self-perpetuating stands of Bolander silver sagebrush are
indicative of climax conditions. Plants are established during early
seral stages and coexist with later arriving species. Apparently,
management activities which improve drainage on Bolander silver
sagebrush sites result in stands being invaded and in some instances
replaced by big sagebrush and rabbitbrush [3].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Phenological development of Bolander silver sagebrush is not well
documented. The following generalized sequence has been described by
Beetle [1]:
Immature flower heads early August
Flowering late August or early September
Seeds ripe October
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Artemisia cana ssp. bolanderi | Bolander Silver Sagebrush
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Bolander silver sagebrush resprouts vigorously from the crown and
rhizomes following most fires. Postfire regeneration also involves the
germination of wind-dispersed seed [28,348,10]. In most cases, recovery
is relatively rapid.
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Small shrub, adventitious-bud root crown
Rhizomatous shrub, rhizome in soil
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Artemisia cana ssp. bolanderi | Bolander Silver Sagebrush
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Little fire effects information is available for Bolander silver
sagebrush; plants are probably top-killed by most fires.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Bolander silver sagebrush regenerates via root sprouting and
wind-dispersed seed following disturbance. Specific fire response
information for this subspecies is lacking; fire response information on
the silver sagebrush complex as a whole indicates that densities are
rapidly regained and even enhanced following burning.
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
NO-ENTRY
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
The ability of Bolander silver sagebrush stands to carry fire is
low because of seasonally high water tables and sparse understories.
Plant manipulation via prescribed burning in communities dominated by
this subspecies appears questionable since few species are adapted to
the moisture regimes and alkaline soils characterized by these sites
[4,32].
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Artemisia cana ssp. bolanderi | Bolander Silver Sagebrush
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Index
Related categories for Species: Artemisia cana ssp. bolanderi
| Bolander Silver Sagebrush
|
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